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Trindade GF, Sul S, Kim J, Havelund R, Eyres A, Park S, Shin Y, Bae HJ, Sung YM, Matjacic L, Jung Y, Won J, Jeon WS, Choi H, Lee HS, Lee JC, Kim JH, Gilmore IS. Direct identification of interfacial degradation in blue OLEDs using nanoscale chemical depth profiling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8066. [PMID: 38052834 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the degradation mechanism of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) is essential to improve device performance and stability. OLED failure, if not process-related, arises mostly from chemical instability. However, the challenges of sampling from nanoscale organic layers and interfaces with enough analytical information has hampered identification of degradation products and mechanisms. Here, we present a high-resolution diagnostic method of OLED degradation using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a gas cluster ion beam to gently desorb nanometre levels of materials, providing unambiguous molecular information with 7-nm depth resolution. We chemically depth profile and analyse blue phosphorescent and thermally-activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) OLED devices at different degradation levels. For OLED devices with short operational lifetimes, dominant chemical degradation mainly relate to oxygen loss of molecules that occur at the interface between emission and electron transport layers (EML/ETL) where exciton distribution is maximised, confirmed by emission zone measurements. We also show approximately one order of magnitude increase in lifetime of devices with slightly modified host materials, which present minimal EML/ETL interfacial degradation and show the method can provide insight for future material and device architecture development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soohwan Sul
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonghyuk Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Anya Eyres
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Sungjun Park
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsik Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Bae
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Yongsik Jung
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungyeon Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Jeon
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Sug Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Cheol Lee
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
- Korea Research Institute of Material Property Analysis (KRIMPA), 712, Nongseo-dong 455, Yongin, 17111, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 130 Samsung-ro, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, NiCE-MSI, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
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Schneider P, Verloh F, Dürr M. Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization of Polystyrene: Desorption Mechanism and Effect of Polymer Chain Length on Desorption Probability. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:832-839. [PMID: 35426303 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft cluster-induced desorption/ionization of polystyrene oligomers was investigated with respect to application in mass spectrometry. Clear peak progressions corresponding to intact polystyrene molecules were observed in the mass spectra, and no fragmentation was detected; efficient desorption was deduced from quartz crystal microbalance measurements. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the process revealed that even in the case of the nonpolar polystyrene molecules cluster-induced desorption proceeds via dissolvation in the polar clusters. Experimentally, a significantly lower desorption efficiency was observed for polystyrene molecules with larger chain length. Taking into account MD simulations and further experiments with mixed samples consisting of long- and short-chain polystyrene oligomers, the reduced desorption efficiency for longer chain polystyrene molecules was attributed to a stronger entanglement of the larger polystyrene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schneider
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Zentrum für Materialforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix Verloh
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Zentrum für Materialforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Dürr
- Institut für Angewandte Physik and Zentrum für Materialforschung, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Iacobucci C, Suder P, Bodzon‐Kulakowska A, Antolak A, Silberring J, Smoluch M, Mielczarek P, Grasso G, Pawlaczyk A, Szynkowska MI, Tuccitto N, Stefanowicz P, Szewczuk Z, Natale G. Instrumentation. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119377368.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Vitale S, Laramée-Milette B, Amato ME, Hanan GS, Tuccitto N, Licciardello A. A nano-junction of self-assembled mixed-metal-centre molecular wires on transparent conductive oxides. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:4788-4793. [PMID: 30698580 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of stable, highly conductive molecular nano-junctions is one of the main research goals in the field of molecular electronics. In this paper we report on the self-assembly and functional characterisation of highly conductive molecular wires, based on mixed-metal polynuclear complexes, at the surface of a transparent conductive oxide. The adopted synthetic approach involves metal-coordination reactions on oxide surfaces, pre-functionalised with a monolayer of terpyridine moieties that are used as anchoring sites for the integration of ditopic, redox-active ruthenium-bisterpyridine molecules through iron(ii) centres. By the stepwise iteration of the iron-coordination reaction, molecular wires of the desired length can be prepared, which alternate iron and ruthenium centres in the wire backbone. The stepwise assembly of the wires at the transparent conductive oxide surface was characterised by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy and, at the nanoscale, by means of ToF-SIMS measurements. The electrical characteristics of the wires were obtained by the liquid-metal eutectic-gain nano-junction technique, with results that show good electron transport capabilities along the wires. The demonstrated feasibility of the integration of these metal-polypyridinic, redox-active, conductive wires at the surface of a transparent and conductive oxide, and the evidence for good electrical conduction indicates prospective applications in the field of nanoscale molecular optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vitale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and CSGI, Università degli Studi di Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, I 95125, Catania, Italy.
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Tuccitto N, Capizzi G, Torrisi A, Licciardello A. Unsupervised Analysis of Big ToF-SIMS Data Sets: a Statistical Pattern Recognition Approach. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2860-2866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Tuccitto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica
e Informatica, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Capizzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica
e Informatica, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alberto Torrisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica
e Informatica, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche and ‡Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Elettronica
e Informatica, Università di Catania, viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy
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Terlier T, Zappalà G, Marie C, Leonard D, Barnes JP, Licciardello A. ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of PS-b-PMMA Block Copolymers Using Ar n+, C 60++, and Cs + Sputtering Ions. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6984-6991. [PMID: 28617583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a high performance tool for molecular depth profiling of polymer films, in particular when they are structured in microphases. However, a major issue is the degradation of polymer materials under ion irradiation in reactions such as cross-linking, chain breaking, or reorganization processes of polymers which have been demonstrated for materials such as polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This work aims at comparing ToF-SIMS molecular depth profiling of structured polymers (polystyrene (PS)-b-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) block copolymers (BCP)) using either ultralow energy cesium or the more recently introduced C60++ (under NO dosing and with sample cooling) and argon cluster ion beams (using Ar1500+ ions at 5 keV). The latter improved the quality of the depth profiles, especially the argon cluster ion beam, as it is characterized by a greater homogeneity for the sputter yields of PS and PMMA. No significant artifacts were observed, and this was confirmed by the comparison of depth profiles obtained from films with variable thickness, annealing time, and morphology (cylindrical blocks vs spherical blocks). Comparison to a theoretical model (hexagonal centered pattern) ensured that the ToF-SIMS depth profiles described the real morphology and may thus be a relevant characterization tool to verify the morphology of the films as a function of the deposition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terlier
- University Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France.,Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques , UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - G Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania and CSGI , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - C Marie
- University Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - D Leonard
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques , UMR 5280, 5, rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - J-P Barnes
- University Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - A Licciardello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania and CSGI , Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Naderi-Gohar S, Huang KMH, Wu Y, Lau WM, Nie HY. Depth profiling cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) films: a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry approach. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:381-388. [PMID: 27933719 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to determine the degree of cross-linking on the surface and its variations in a nanometer-scale depth of organic materials, we developed an approach based on time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), which provides rich chemical information in the form of fragment ions. TOF-SIMS is extremely surface-sensitive and capable of depth profiling with the use of a sputter ion beam to remove controllable amounts of substance. METHODS Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films spin-coated on a Si substrate were cross-linked using a recently developed, surface sensitive, hyperthermal hydrogen projectile bombardment technique. The ion intensity ratio between two ubiquitous hydrocarbon ions, C6 H- and C4 H- , detected in TOF-SIMS, denoted as ρ, was used to assess the degree of cross-linking of the PMMA films. The cross-linking depth of the PMMA films was revealed by depth profiling ρ into the polymer films using a C60+ sputter beam. RESULTS The control PMMA film spin-coated on a Si substrate was characterized by ρ = 32% on its surface when using a 25 keV Bi3+ primary ion beam. This parameter on the PMMA films subjected to HHIC treatment for 10, 100 and 500 s increased to 45%, 56% and 65%, respectively. The depth profiles of ρ obtained using a 10 keV C60+ ion beam resembled an exponential decay, from which the cross-linking depth was estimated to be 3, 15 and 39 nm, respectively, for the three cross-linked PMMA films. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the ion intensity ratio of C6 H- to C4 H- detected in TOF-SIMS provides a unique and simple means to assess the degree of cross-linking of the surface of PMMA films cross-linked by the surface sensitive hyperthermal hydrogen projectile bombardment technique. With a C60+ sputter beam, we were able to depth profile the PMMA films and determine cross-linking depths of the cross-linked polymer films at nanometer resolutions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Naderi-Gohar
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, 999 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 0J3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
- Advanced Mineral Technology Laboratory, 100 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Kevin M H Huang
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, 999 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 0J3, Canada
- Amec Foster-Wheeler, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X6, Canada
| | - Yiliang Wu
- Advanced Materials Laboratory, Xerox Research Centre of Canada, Mississauga, Ontario, L5K 2L1, Canada
- TE Connectivity, 306 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Woon Ming Lau
- Chengdu Green Energy and Green Manufacturing Technology R&D Center, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610207, China
| | - Heng-Yong Nie
- Surface Science Western, The University of Western Ontario, 999 Collip Circle, London, Ontario, N6G 0J3, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 3K7, Canada
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Improved 3D-imaging of a sirolimus/probucol eluting stent coating using laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Biointerphases 2016. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4964687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Chu YH, Liao HY, Lin KY, Chang HY, Kao WL, Kuo DY, You YW, Chu KJ, Wu CY, Shyue JJ. Improvement of the gas cluster ion beam-(GCIB)-based molecular secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) depth profile with O2(+) cosputtering. Analyst 2016; 141:2523-33. [PMID: 27000483 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, cluster ion beams have displayed their capability to analyze organic materials and biological specimens. Compared with atomic ion beams, cluster ion beams non-linearly enhance the sputter yield, suppress damage accumulation and generate high mass fragments during sputtering. These properties allow successful Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis of soft materials beyond the static limit. Because the intensity of high mass molecular ions is intrinsically low, enhancing the intensity of these secondary ions while preserving the sample in its original state is the key to highly sensitive molecular depth profiles. In this work, bulk poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was used as a model material and analyzed using Time-of-Flight SIMS (ToF-SIMS) with a pulsed Bi3(2+) primary ion. The optimized hardware of a 10 kV Ar2500(+) Gas Cluster Ion Beam (GCIB) with a low kinetic energy (200-500 V) oxygen ion (O2(+)) as a cosputter beam was employed for generating depth profiles and for examining the effect of beam parameters. The results were then quantitatively analyzed using an established erosion model. It was found that the ion intensity of the PET monomer ([M + H](+)) and its large molecular fragment ([M - C2H4O + H](+)) steadily declined during single GCIB sputtering, with distortion of the distribution information. However, under an optimized GCIB-O2(+) cosputter, the secondary ion intensity quickly reached a steady state and retained >95% intensity with respect to the pristine surface, although the damage cross-section was larger than that of single GCIB sputtering. This improvement was due to the oxidation of molecules and the formation of -OH groups that serve as proton donors to particles emitted from the surface. As a result, the ionization yield was enhanced and damage to the chemical structure was masked. Although O2(+) is known to alter the chemical structure and cause damage accumulation, the concurrently used GCIB could sufficiently remove the surface layer and allow the damage to be masked by the enhanced ionization yield when the ion-solid interaction volume was kept shallow with a low O2(+) energy. This low O2(+) energy (200 V) cosputtering also produced a smoother surface than a single GCIB. Because the oxidized species were produced by O2(+) and removed by GCIB simultaneously, a sufficiently high O2(+) current density was required to produce adequate enhancements. Therefore, it was found that 10 kV with 2 × 10(-6) A per cm(2) Ar2500(+) and 200 V with 3.2 × 10(-4) A per cm(2) O2(+) produced the best profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsuan Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tuccitto N, Zappalà G, Vitale S, Torrisi A, Licciardello A. A wavelet-PCA method saves high mass resolution information in data treatment of SIMS molecular depth profiles. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Tuccitto
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; Viale A Doria n 6 95125 Catania Italy and CSGI
| | - Gabriella Zappalà
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; Viale A Doria n 6 95125 Catania Italy and CSGI
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; Viale A Doria n 6 95125 Catania Italy and CSGI
| | - Alberto Torrisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; Viale A Doria n 6 95125 Catania Italy and CSGI
| | - Antonino Licciardello
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Catania; Viale A Doria n 6 95125 Catania Italy and CSGI
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Zappalà G, Motta V, Tuccitto N, Vitale S, Torrisi A, Licciardello A. Nitric oxide assisted C60 secondary ion mass spectrometry for molecular depth profiling of polyelectrolyte multilayers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2204-2210. [PMID: 26522311 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) with polyatomic primary ions provides a successful tool for molecular depth profiling of polymer systems, relevant in many technological applications. Widespread C60 sources, however, cause in some polymers extensive damage with loss of molecular information along depth. We study a method, based on the use of a radical scavenger, for inhibiting ion-beam-induced reactions causing sample damage. METHODS Layered polystyrene sulfonate and polyacrylic acid based polyelectrolyte films, behaving differently towards C60 beam-induced damage, were selected and prepared as model systems. They were depth profiled by means of time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS in dual beam mode, using fullerene ions for sputtering. Nitric oxide was introduced into the analysis chamber as a radical scavenger. The effect of sample cooling combined with NO-dosing on the quality of depth profiles was explored. RESULTS NO-dosing during C60-SIMS depth profiling of >1 micrometer-thick multilayered polyelectrolytes allows detection, along depth, of characteristic fragments from systems otherwise damaged by C60 bombardment, and increases sputtering yield by more than one order of magnitude. By contrast, NO has little influence on those layers that are well profiled with C60 alone. Such leveling effect, more pronounced at low temperature, leads to a dramatic improvement of profile quality, with a clear definition of interfaces. CONCLUSIONS NO-dosing provides a tool for extending the applicability, in SIMS depth profiling, of the widely spread fullerene ion sources. In view of the acceptable erosion rates on inorganics, obtainable with C60, the method could be of relevance also in connection with the 3D-imaging of hybrid polymer/inorganic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zappalà
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - V Motta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - N Tuccitto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - S Vitale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - A Torrisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - A Licciardello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
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Bailey J, Havelund R, Shard AG, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Sharp JS, Scurr DJ. 3D ToF-SIMS imaging of polymer multilayer films using argon cluster sputter depth profiling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2654-2659. [PMID: 25562665 DOI: 10.1021/am507663v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ToF-SIMS imaging with argon cluster sputter depth profiling has provided detailed insight into the three-dimensional (3D) chemical composition of a series of polymer multilayer structures. Depths of more than 15 μm were profiled in these samples while maintaining uniform sputter rates. The 3D chemical images provide information regarding the structure of the multilayer systems that could be used to inform future systems manufacturing and development. This also includes measuring the layer homogeneity, thickness, and interface widths. The systems analyzed were spin-cast multilayers comprising alternating polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layers. These included samples where the PVP and PS layer thickness values were kept constant throughout and samples where the layer thickness was varied as a function of depth in the multilayer. The depth profile data obtained was observed to be superior to that obtained for the same materials using alternative ion sources such as C60(n+). The data closely reflected the "as manufactured" sample specification, exhibiting good agreement with ellipsometry measurements of layer thickness, while also maintaining secondary ion intensities throughout the profiling regime. The unprecedented quality of the data allowed a detailed analysis of the chemical structure of these systems, revealing some minor imperfections within the polymer layers and demonstrating the enhanced capabilities of the argon cluster depth profiling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bailey
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, England
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Cristaudo V, Poleunis C, Czerwinski B, Delcorte A. Ar cluster sputtering of polymers: effects of cluster size and molecular weights. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Cristaudo
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; 1 Croix du Sud box L7.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Claude Poleunis
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; 1 Croix du Sud box L7.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; 1 Croix du Sud box L7.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences - Bio and Soft Matter (IMCN/BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; 1 Croix du Sud box L7.04.01 B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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Comparison of fullerene and large argon clusters for the molecular depth profiling of amino acid multilayers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:201-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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