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Ferrão AR, Pestana P, Borges L, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Martinez-de-Oliveira J. Quantification of Ions in Human Urine-A Review for Clinical Laboratories. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1848. [PMID: 39200312 PMCID: PMC11351741 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Urine is an organic fluid produced by the kidney, and its analysis is one of the most requested laboratory tests by clinicians. The ionic composition of urine has been shown to be a good health indicator: it is useful for the diagnosis of several diseases, as well as monitoring therapeutics. This review considers laboratorial techniques that have been used throughout time for the quantification of ions in urine, and also considers some methodologies that can potentially be used in clinical laboratories for this kind of analysis. Those methods include gravimetry, titration, flame emission spectrophotometry (flame photometry), fluorimetry, potentiometry (ion selective electrodes), ion chromatography, electrophoresis, kinetic colorimetric tests, enzymatic colorimetric tests, flow cytometry, atomic absorption, plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and paper-based devices. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and magnesium are among the most important physiological ions, and their determination is frequently requested in hospitals. There have been many advances regarding the analysis of these ions in 24 h urine. However, there is still some way to go concerning the importance of intracellular ions in this type of sample as well as the use of occasional urine for monitoring these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Ferrão
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, EPE, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.)
| | - Paula Pestana
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, EPE, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.)
| | - Lígia Borges
- Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.P.-d.-O.)
| | | | - Ana Palmeira-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.)
- Labfit-HPRD, 6200 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.P.-d.-O.)
| | - José Martinez-de-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6201 Covilhã, Portugal; (A.P.-d.-O.); (J.M.-d.-O.)
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2
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Guo Z, Cao Y, Fan L, Liu W, Wei L, Ma Y, Ren J, Zhang Q, Cao C. A temperature-independent model of dual calibration standards for onsite and point-of-care quantification analyses via electrophoresis titration chip. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342207. [PMID: 38245206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Electrophoresis titration chip (ETC) is a versatile tool for onsite and point-of-care quantification analyses because it affords naked-eye detection and a straightforward quantification format. However, it is vulnerable to changes in environmental temperature, which regulates the electrophoretic migration by affecting the ion mobility and the target recognition by influencing the enzyme activity. Therefore, the quantification accuracy of the ETC tests was severely compromised. Rather than using the dry bath or heating/cooling units, we proposed a facile model of dual calibration standards (DCS) to mathematically eliminate the effects of temperature on quantification accuracy. To verify our model, we deployed the ETC device at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 °C. We further utilized the DCS-ETC to determine the protein content and uric acid concentration in real samples outside the laboratory. All the experimental results showed that our model significantly stabilized the quantification recovery from 35.31-153.44 % to 99.38-103.44 % for protein titration; the recovery of uric acid titration is also stable at 96.25-106.42 %, suggesting the enhanced robustness of the ETC tests. Therefore, DCS-ETC is a field-deployable test that can offer reliable quantification performance without extra equipment for temperature control. We envision that it is promising to be used for onsite applications, including food safety control and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehua Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yiren Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liuyin Fan
- Student Innovation Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weiwen Liu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Yixin Ma
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Chengxi Cao
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information & Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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3
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Classification of clinical Cutibacterium acnes isolates at phylotype level by capillary electrophoretic methods in roughened fused silica capillary. Talanta 2022; 247:123565. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Isotachophoresis (ITP) is a versatile electrophoretic technique that can be used for sample preconcentration, separation, purification, and mixing, and to control and accelerate chemical reactions. Although the basic technique is nearly a century old and widely used, there is a persistent need for an easily approachable, succinct, and rigorous review of ITP theory and analysis. This is important because the interest and adoption of the technique has grown over the last two decades, especially with its implementation in microfluidics and integration with on-chip chemical and biochemical assays. We here provide a review of ITP theory starting from physicochemical first-principles, including conservation of species, conservation of current, approximation of charge neutrality, pH equilibrium of weak electrolytes, and so-called regulating functions that govern transport dynamics, with a strong emphasis on steady and unsteady transport. We combine these generally applicable (to all types of ITP) theoretical discussions with applications of ITP in the field of microfluidic systems, particularly on-chip biochemical analyses. Our discussion includes principles that govern the ITP focusing of weak and strong electrolytes; ITP dynamics in peak and plateau modes; a review of simulation tools, experimental tools, and detection methods; applications of ITP for on-chip separations and trace analyte manipulation; and design considerations and challenges for microfluidic ITP systems. We conclude with remarks on possible future research directions. The intent of this review is to help make ITP analysis and design principles more accessible to the scientific and engineering communities and to provide a rigorous basis for the increased adoption of ITP in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department
of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Horká M, Růžička F, Siváková A, Karásek P, Šalplachta J, Pantůček R, Roth M. Capillary electrophoretic methods for classification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1227:340305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Jon JS, Ri WK, Sin KR, Son YC, Pak JS, Kim SJ, Choe CB, Jang MC. Derivation of limiting ion mobility equation based on the application of solvation effect-incorporated Poisson-Boltzmann equation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Dynamic pH and Thermal Analysis of Paper-Based Microchip Electrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111433. [PMID: 34832844 PMCID: PMC8620811 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based microchip electrophoresis has the potential to bring laboratory electrophoresis tests to the point of need. However, high electric potential and current values induce pH and temperature shifts, which may affect biomolecule electrophoretic mobility thus decrease test reproducibility and accuracy of paper-based microfluidic electrophoresis. We have previously developed a microchip electrophoresis system, HemeChip, which has the capability of providing low-cost, rapid, reproducible, and accurate point-of-care (POC) electrophoresis tests for hemoglobin analysis. Here, we report the methodologies we implemented for characterizing HemeChip system pH and temperature during the development process, including utilizing commercially available universal pH indicator and digital camera pH shift characterization, and infrared camera characterizing temperature shift characterization. The characterization results demonstrated that pH shifts up to 1.1 units, a pH gradient up to 0.11 units/mm, temperature shifts up to 40 °C, and a temperature gradient up to 0.5 °C/mm existed in the system. Finally, we report an acid pre-treatment of the separation media, a cellulose acetate paper, mitigated both pH and temperature shifts and provided a stable environment for reproducible HemeChip hemoglobin electrophoresis separation.
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8
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Jiang Q, Ramachandran A, Santiago JG. Species Abundance and Reaction Off-Rate Regulate Product Formation in Reactions Accelerated Using Isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12541-12548. [PMID: 34492181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present a model for second-order and pseudo-first-order reversible chemical reactions accelerated using peak-mode isotachophoresis (ITP). In such systems, ITP preconcentrates and co-locates the reactants between the leading and trailing electrolyte zones, and this significantly accelerates chemical reactions. Our model quantifies the effects of reaction rate constants and species abundance on product formation rate. We identify two key non-dimensional parameters, which are specific groupings of reaction rate constants, species concentrations, and influx rates. We then use a regular perturbation to study the effects of reverse reaction rate and relative species abundance (and relative rates of species accumulation) on production rate. We also use this perturbation method to derive an analytical expression for the quasi-steady-state production rate achievable by ITP. Our analytical models and numerical solutions are generally applicable to a wide range of systems, which use ITP to enhance reactions. The model is also an interesting case study of the complex coupling of electric field-driven species transport and reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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9
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Markandran K, Xuan JVLE, Yu H, Shun LM, Ferenczi MA. Mn 2+ -Phos-Tag Polyacrylamide for the Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation Levels. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e221. [PMID: 34411463 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a guideline for optimizing and utilizing Mn2+ Phos-tag gel technology to separate phosphorylated proteins from their unphosphorylated counterparts. It provides key insights into methods for careful sample preparation and experimental directions for determining the appropriate Phos-tag gel compositions and electrophoresis and western blotting conditions. This protocol has been used to successfully resolve proteins extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscles. The guidelines can be extended for optimizing protocols to resolve proteins from other cells or tissue sources. With this, phosphoproteomics and the elucidation of underlying mechanisms of disease progression can be accelerated. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Markandran
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jane Vanetta Lee En Xuan
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lim Meng Shun
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Michael A Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Brunel Medical School, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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10
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Terzis A, Ramachandran A, Kang J, Santiago JG. Simultaneous optical and infrared thermal imaging of isotachophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1131:9-17. [PMID: 32928483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Joule heating in isotachophoresis (ITP) can limit minimum assay times and efforts to scale up processed sample volumes. Despite its significance, the dynamics of Joule heating on spatiotemporal temperature fields in ITP systems have not been investigated. We here present novel measurements of spatiotemporal temperature and electromigration fields in ITP. To achieve this, we obtain simultaneous and registered optical and infrared thermal images of the ITP process. We conduct a series of experiments at constant current operation and vary the leading electrolyte concentration to study and highlight the importance of buffer-dependent ionic conductivity on the resulted temperature rise. The measurements demonstrate a substantial increase of temperature in the adjusted trailing electrolyte region, and the propagation of a thermal wave in the ITP channel with a velocity equal to that of the electromigration front. We present scaling of the experimental data that indicates the dependence of front velocity and temperature rise on current density and ionic conductivity. The current study has direct application to the design and optimization of scaled-up ITP systems and the validation of numerical models of Joule heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Terzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jinliang Kang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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11
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Peli Thanthri SH, Ward CL, Cornejo MA, Linz TH. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Separation of Native Protein Variants Using Thermal Gel Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6741-6747. [PMID: 32249567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins must maintain proper folding conformations and express the correct post-translational modifications (PTMs) to exhibit appropriate biological activity. However, assessing protein folding and PTMs is difficult because routine polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) methods lack the separation resolution necessary to identify variants of a single protein. Additionally, standard PAGE denatures proteins prior to analysis precluding determinations of folding states or PTMs. To overcome these limitations, a microfluidic thermal gel electrophoresis platform was developed to provide high-sensitivity, high-resolution analyses of native protein variants. A thermally reversible gel was utilized as a separation matrix while in its solid state (30 °C). This thermal gel provided sufficient separation resolution to identify three variants of a fluorescently labeled model protein. To increase detection sensitivity, analyte preconcentration was conducted in parallel with the separation. Continuous analyte enrichment afforded detection limits of 500 fg of protein (250 pM) while simultaneous baseline separation resolution was achieved between variants. The effects of temperature on thermal gel electrophoresis were also characterized. The unique temperature-dependent outcomes illustrated how method performance can be tuned through a thermal dimension. Ultimately, the high detection sensitivity and separation resolution provided by thermal gel electrophoresis enabled rapid screening of native protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila H Peli Thanthri
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, United States
| | - Cassandra L Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, United States
| | - Mario A Cornejo
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, United States
| | - Thomas H Linz
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202-3489, United States
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12
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Ward CL, Linz TH. Characterizing the impact of thermal gels on isotachophoresis in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:691-696. [PMID: 32045492 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermally reversible Pluronic gels have been employed as separation matrices in microfluidic devices in the analysis of biological macromolecules. The phase of these gels can be tuned between liquid and solid states using temperature to vary fluidic resistance and alter peak resolution. Although separations in thermal gels have been characterized, their effect on isotachophoresis has not. This study used fluorescein as a model analyte to evaluate isotachophoretic preconcentration as a function of thermal polymer concentration and temperature. Results demonstrated that increasing polymer concentration in microfluidic channels increased the apparent analyte concentration. A critical minimum of 10% (w/v) Pluronic was required to achieve efficient preconcentration with maximum focusing occurring in 20 and 25% polymer gels. Temperature of the thermal gel also impacted analyte focusing. Most efficient focusing was achieved at 25°C with diminishing analyte accumulation at higher and lower temperatures. Under optimal conditions, isotachophoretic preconcentration increased an additional threefold simply by including thermal gels in the system. This approach can be readily implemented in other applications to increase detection sensitivity and measure low-concentration analytes within simple microfluidic devices.
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13
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Pan Q, Yamauchi KA, Herr AE. Controlling Dispersion during Single-Cell Polyacrylamide-Gel Electrophoresis in Open Microfluidic Devices. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13419-13426. [PMID: 30346747 PMCID: PMC6777840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New tools for measuring protein expression in individual cells complement single-cell genomics and transcriptomics. To characterize a population of individual mammalian cells, hundreds to thousands of microwells are arrayed on a polyacrylamide-gel-coated glass microscope slide. In this "open" fluidic device format, we explore the feasibility of mitigating diffusional losses during lysis and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (PAGE) through spatial control of the pore-size of the gel layer. To reduce in-plane diffusion-driven dilution of each single-cell lysate during in-microwell chemical lysis, we photopattern and characterize microwells with small-pore-size sidewalls ringing the microwell except at the injection region. To reduce out-of-plane-diffusion-driven-dilution-caused signal loss during both lysis and single-cell PAGE, we scrutinize a selectively permeable agarose lid layer. To reduce injection dispersion, we photopattern and study a stacking-gel feature at the head of each <1 mm separation axis. Lastly, we explore a semienclosed device design that reduces the cross-sectional area of the chip, thus reducing Joule-heating-induced dispersion during single-cell PAGE. As a result, we observed a 3-fold increase in separation resolution during a 30 s separation and a >2-fold enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio. We present well-integrated strategies for enhancing overall single-cell-PAGE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Pan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin A. Yamauchi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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14
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van Kooten XF, Truman-Rosentsvit M, Kaigala GV, Bercovici M. Focusing analytes from 50 μL into 500 pL: On-chip focusing from large sample volumes using isotachophoresis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10467. [PMID: 28874694 PMCID: PMC5585209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of on-chip isotachophoresis assays for diagnostic applications is often limited by the small volumes of standard microfluidic channels. Overcoming this limitation is particularly important for detection of 'discrete' biological targets (such as bacteria) at low concentrations, where the volume of processed liquid in a standard microchannel might not contain any targets. We present a novel microfluidic chip that enables ITP focusing of target analytes from initial sample volumes of 50 μL into a concentrated zone with a volume of 500 pL, corresponding to a 100,000-fold increase in mean concentration, and a 300,000-fold increase in peak concentration. We present design considerations for limiting sample dispersion in such large-volume focusing (LVF) chips and discuss the trade-off between assay time and Joule heating, which ultimately governs the scalability of LVF designs. Finally, we demonstrate a 100-fold improvement of ITP focusing performance in the LVF chip as compared to conventional microchannels, and apply this enhancement to achieve highly sensitive detection of both molecular targets (DNA, down to 10 fM) and whole bacteria (down to 100 cfu/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xander F van Kooten
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
| | - Moran Bercovici
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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15
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Nowak PM, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. Seven Approaches to Elimination of the Inherent Systematic Errors in Determination of Electrophoretic Mobility by Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3630-3638. [PMID: 28207231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrophoretic mobility is a basic parameter that describes the electromigration of an ionized particle, which is used in many fields of analytical and physicochemical science. Its determination by capillary electrophoresis (CE), using a routine method, is intrinsically affected by the generation of Joule heating, entailing a drop in viscosity and possible alteration of the degree of ionization, and also by other commonly overlooked effects: axial electric field distortion and voltage ramping. The objective of this work was to provide the first theoretical overview and experimental comparison of all accessible methods that could be used to prevent these sources of inaccuracy. We have discussed seven independent approaches: (i) extrapolation of mobility to the zero power, (ii) initial buffer resistance-based correction, (iii) rational cooling adjustment, (iv) elimination of the nonthermostated capillary part, (v) inter/extrapolation to the nominal temperature, (vi) internal standard-based correction, and (vii) simple recalculation based on the temperature rise. Two methodologies (v and vi) have been proposed for the first time. Furthermore, we have shown how some approaches can be further developed, obtaining several novel and more sophisticated methods, which are also included in the comparison. Our investigation will help researchers to choose the optimal approach. We have also demonstrated for the first time how to measure the independent impact of four different effects. The outcomes reveal the compensatory character of some phenomena and explain the highly diverse and unpredictable magnitude of the total errors. The use of a correction method seems crucial for ensuring the high reliability of CE-based analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mateusz Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry , Ingardena St. 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry , Ingardena St. 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Faculty of Chemistry , Ingardena St. 3, 30-060 Kraków, Poland
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16
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Dietzel M, Hardt S. Thermoelectricity in Confined Liquid Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:225901. [PMID: 27314730 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.225901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The electric field in an extended phase of a liquid electrolyte exposed to a temperature gradient is attributed to different thermophoretic mobilities of the ion species. As shown herein, such Soret-type ion thermodiffusion is not required to induce thermoelectricity even in the simplest electrolyte if it is confined between charged walls. The space charge of the electric double layer leads to selective ion diffusion driven by a temperature-dependent electrophoretic ion mobility, which-for narrow channels-may cause thermovoltages larger in magnitude than for the classical Soret equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Dietzel
- Institute for Nano- and Microfluidics, Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Hardt
- Institute for Nano- and Microfluidics, Center of Smart Interfaces, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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17
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Del Bonis-O'Donnell JT, Pennathur S, Fygenson DK. Changes in Spectra and Conformation of Hairpin DNA-Stabilized Silver Nanoclusters Induced by Stem Sequence Perturbations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:569-76. [PMID: 26685711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that even small perturbations of the DNA sequence can drastically and unpredictably disrupt or alter the fluorescence of DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs). Understanding how the structure of DNA affects the nanocluster that it stabilizes is the key to rationalizing such effects. We approach this challenge by strategically modifying the stem sequence of a hairpin DNA that hosts a spectrally pure, red-emitting nanocluster. Most of our modifications (base composition, sequence orientation, and loop location) reduce AgNC fluorescence in purity and shift it in wavelength, but one modification (appending poly(thymidine) to the 3' end of the stem) is inert with respect to fluorescence. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis reveals that all of the modifications induce conformational changes of the DNA and that the original, spectrally pure nanocluster exists in two structurally distinct conformations. Interestingly, appending five or more thymidines, despite having no effect on fluorescence, eliminates this structural degeneracy. To explain this result, we propose that the original spectrally pure cluster is stabilized by a pair of hairpins whose stems can arrange in either a cis or trans orientation. Finally, we quantify the extent to which thymidine appendages of different lengths can be used to fine-tune the electrophoretic mobility of DNA-AgNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Travis Del Bonis-O'Donnell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Program in Biomolecular Science & Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara 93106, United States
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Program in Biomolecular Science & Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara 93106, United States
| | - Deborah K Fygenson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, ‡Department of Physics, and §Program in Biomolecular Science & Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara 93106, United States
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Agostino FJ, Krylov SN. Advances in steady-state continuous-flow purification by small-scale free-flow electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gagliardi LG, Tascon M, Castells CB. Effect of temperature on acid–base equilibria in separation techniques. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:35-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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