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Geng X, Wang Y, Li H, Chen DDY. Characterization of cigarette smokeomics by in situ solid-phase microextraction and confined-space direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 280:126680. [PMID: 39128317 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Characterization of chemical composition in cigarette smoke is essential for establishing smoke-related exposure estimates. Currently used methods require complex sample preparation with limited capability for obtaining accurate chemical information. We have developed an in situ solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for online processing of smoke aerosols and directly coupling the SPME probes with confined-space direct analysis in real time (cDART) ion source for high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. In a confined space, the substances from SPME probes can be efficiently desorbed and ionized using the DART ion source, and the diffusion and evaporation of volatile species into the open air can be largely avoided. Using SPME-cDART-MS, mainstream smoke (MSS) and side-stream smoke (SSS) can be investigated and the whole analytical protocol can be accomplished in a few min. More than five hundred substances and several classes of compounds were detected and identified. The relative contents of 13 tobacco alkaloids were compared between MSS and SSS. Multivariate data analysis unveiled differences between different types of cigarette smoke and also discovered the characteristic ions. The method is reliable with good reproducibility and repeatability, and has the potential to be quantitative. This study provides a simple and high-efficiency method for smokeomics profiling of complex aerosol samples with in situ online extraction of volatile samples, and direct integration of extracted probes with a modified ambient ionization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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2
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Kachhadia A, Burkhardt T, Scherer G, Scherer M, Pluym N. Development of an LC-HRMS non-targeted method for comprehensive profiling of the exposome of nicotine and tobacco product users - A showcase for cigarette smokers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1247:124330. [PMID: 39366037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024]
Abstract
The global prevalence of electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and other smokeless alternatives has grown significantly in the last ten years. These products have been suggested as combustion-free alternatives for conventional tobacco products like cigarettes, aiming to reduce the negative health impacts associated with smoking. However, the impact of those products on the health and safety of the general population are still unclear, as the absolute exposure from those products has not been thoroughly studied, yet. In this project, a non-targeted LC-HRMS method was developed comprising four different analytical modes for the investigation of the exposure profile in urine of the product users. The method is characterized by its high sensitivity and reproducibility, as shown during method validation. As a proof of concept, we first applied this method to detect significant differences in biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) between smokers and non-smokers. We observed a total of 171 BoEs significantly elevated in smokers, including several well-known biomarkers of smoke exposure like nicotine and its metabolites, mercapturic acid derivatives, and phenolic compounds. Some of the detected biomarkers are present at low ng/mL concentrations in urine, proving the high sensitivity needed for a holistic exploration of the exposome. Moreover, we were able to identify BoEs that have not been reported previously for smoking, such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol and 7-methyl-1-naphthol glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpeshkumar Kachhadia
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Therese Burkhardt
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Max Scherer
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Nikola Pluym
- ABF Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor GmbH, Semmelweisstraße 5, 82152 Planegg, Germany.
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Qian B, Hu Y, Xu M, Yang J, Liu C, Pan Y. Online Exploring the Gaseous Oil Fumes from Oleic Acid Thermal Oxidation by Synchrotron Radiation Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2680-2690. [PMID: 37983183 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cooking oil fumes are an intricate and dynamic mixture containing a variety of poisonous and hazardous substances, and their real-time study remains challenging. Based on tunable synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS), isomeric/isobaric compounds in the gaseous oil fumes from oleic acid thermal oxidation were determined in real time and distinguished by photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve simulation combined with multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. A series of common carcinogens such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and several unreported chemicals including diethyl ether and formylcyclohexane were successfully characterized. Moreover, time-resolved profiles of certain components in gaseous oil fumes were monitored for 55 h. Distinct evolutionary processes were observed, indicating the consumption and formation of parent molecules, intermediates, and final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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Qian B, Hu Y, Xu M, Yang J, Liu C, Pan Y. Study on the thermal oxidation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids by synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9634. [PMID: 37799030 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cooking oil fumes contain numerous hazardous and carcinogenic chemicals, posing potential threats to human health. However, the sources of these species remain ambiguous, impeding health risk assessment, pollution control and mechanism research. METHODS To address this issue, the thermal oxidation of three common unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), namely oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, present in vegetable oils was investigated. The volatile and semi-volatile products were comprehensively characterized by online synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS) with two modes, which were validated and complemented using offline gas chromatography (GC)/MS methods. Tunable SR-PIMS combined with photoionization efficiency curve simulation enabled the recognition of isomers/isobars in gaseous fumes. RESULTS SR-PIMS revealed over 100 products, including aldehydes, alkenes, furans, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc., such as small molecules of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, ethylene and furan, which are not readily detected by conventional GC/MS; and some unreported fractions, e.g. ketene, 4-ethylcyclohexene and cycloundecene(E), were also observed. Furthermore, real-time monitoring of product emissions during the thermal oxidation of the three UFAs via SR-PIMS revealed that linolenic acid may be the major source of acrolein. CONCLUSION SR-PIMS has been demonstrated as a powerful technique for online investigation of cooking oil fumes. This study achieved comprehensive characterization of volatile and semi-volatile products from the thermal oxidation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, facilitating the traceability of species in cooking fumes and aiding in exploring the thermal reactions of different vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Qian
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co. Ltd, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Minggao Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Wang S, Jiang B, Henzie J, Xu F, Liu C, Meng X, Zou S, Song H, Pan Y, Li H, Yu J, Chen H, Ye J. Designing reliable and accurate isotope-tracer experiments for CO 2 photoreduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2534. [PMID: 37137896 PMCID: PMC10156805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The photoreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into renewable synthetic fuels is an attractive approach for generating alternative energy feedstocks that may compete with and eventually displace fossil fuels. However, it is challenging to accurately trace the products of CO2 photoreduction on account of the poor conversion efficiency of these reactions and the imperceptible introduced carbon contamination. Isotope-tracing experiments have been used to solve this problem, but they frequently yield false-positive results because of improper experimental execution and, in some cases, insufficient rigor. Thus, it is imperative that accurate and effective strategies for evaluating various potential products of CO2 photoreduction are developed for the field. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate that the contemporary approach toward isotope-tracing experiments in CO2 photoreduction is not necessarily rigorous. Several examples of where pitfalls and misunderstandings arise, consequently making isotope product traceability difficult, are demonstrated. Further, we develop and describe standard guidelines for isotope-tracing experiments in CO2 photoreduction reactions and then verify the procedure using some reported photoreduction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyao Wang
- College of Science, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
| | - Joel Henzie
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Feiyan Xu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xianguang Meng
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, 063210, Tangshan, P. R. China
| | - Sirong Zou
- College of Science, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Hui Song
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, 230029, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Hexing Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Joint International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaguo Yu
- Laboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 430074, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Science, Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| | - Jinhua Ye
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan.
- Graduates School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan.
- TU-NIMS International Collaboration Laboratory, Tianjin University, 300072, Tianjin, P. R. China.
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Wen Z, Gu X, Tang X, Li X, Pang Y, Hu Q, Wang J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zhang W. Time-resolved online analysis of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke generated by a heated tobacco product using vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 238:123062. [PMID: 34801915 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We present a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) lamp-based photoionization time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer coupled with a capillary inlet and an aerodynamic lens to online analyze the chemical compositions of the gas- and particulate-phase of cigarette smoke of a heated tobacco product (HTP). Both phase compositions of the fresh cigarette smoke, without dilution and pretreatment, are softly photoionized and their mass spectra are measured with a time resolution of 1 s. It is shown that the gas-phase compositions with low mass are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the particulate-phase compositions are also clearly identified and cover the full mass range of the mass spectrometer. The time- or puff-by-puff resolved dynamic data are obtained for each species and provide abundant information to unravel the chemistry of the HTP smoke. In addition, the present results show that besides thermal vaporization, a couple of chemical reactions including pyrolysis and degradation have also occurred in the HTP smoking process, although its operation temperature is less than 350 °C. Even if not done here, this study paves the way to analyze the gas- and particulate-phase chemical compositions of a complex system in real time, like the cigarette smoke presented here, by using advanced soft ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoying Wen
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yongqiang Pang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision & Test Centre, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Combustion and Pyrolysis, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, 230088, Anhui, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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Geng X, Zhao Z, Li H, Chen DDY. Tee-Shaped Sample Introduction Device Coupled with Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry for Gaseous Analytes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16813-16820. [PMID: 34825821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) is simple to operate for analytes adsorbed on the surface of various shaped probes. However, gaseous substances or liquids that are easy to evaporate, diffuse, and escape in the atmosphere are harder to capture. In this work, a Tee-shaped sample introduction device coupled with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) is developed. The Tee-shaped device is placed between the DART ion source and the MS inlet with a heated sample transfer tube. Gaseous samples from either a Tedlar sampling bag or liquids evaporated from a graduated syringe were tested. The Tee-shaped device was used for several volatile organic compounds with a wide range of boiling points, and detection limits of ng/mL to fg/mL were obtained. To test the device for real-life samples, puff-by-puff analysis of a complex gaseous mainstream smoke was performed. Individual puffs can be analyzed rapidly, and there is no cross contamination between consecutive puffs. The dynamic changes of chemical components among different puffs for different types of cigarettes can be observed. This work provides a universal Tee-shaped sampling device to enhance AIMS for the analysis of volatile compounds and gases, which is adapted to different sampling modules applicable for various forms of samples. The device enables direct exploration of chemical components in complex gaseous samples without tedious sample preparation and time-consuming LC or GC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhengyan Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - David Da Yong Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Hu Y, Liu C, Xu Y, Yang J, Pan Y. Identification of Isobars and Isomers in Cigarette Sidestream Smoke in Real Time by Synchrotron Radiation Photoionization Mass Spectrometry and Multiple Linear Regression. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5718-5726. [PMID: 33797228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of chemical components in fresh cigarette smoke in real time is a challenging task. In this work, by using a novel continuous cigarette-pushing and smoke-introducing setup combined with synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry (SR-PIMS), the photoionization mass spectra of fresh gaseous cigarette sidestream smoke (SSS) from the combustion of solid tobacco could be recorded in real time, and the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves of each mass peak could be obtained for the first time. Hence, lots of well-known chemical components and even isomers could be identified by their discriminated onsets or PIE curve simulation. Moreover, diimine, 2H-azirine, and sulfur monoxide, which have never been reported in cigarette smoke, were observed in cigarette SSS, and even two intermediates, ethenol and propen-2-ol, anticipated to exist were actually observed and distinguished. To increase the qualification accuracy, a new simulation method based on multiple linear regression (MLR) was developed and applied for the PIE curve simulation, where qualification mistakes caused by subjective judgements could be eliminated as far as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Hu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yingbo Xu
- Center of Technology, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co, Ltd, Hefei, Anhui 230088, P. R. China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, P. R. China
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Wang J, Peng X, Xie Y, Hu L, Lei Z, Ge S. Fast analysis of selected compounds in inhaled and exhaled vapor phase of cigarette smoke to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8996. [PMID: 33140431 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aim of this work is to use a new design of online sampling photoionization mass spectrometer to analyze chemical ingredients in inhaled and exhaled cigarette smoke directly without separation. METHODS Based on vacuum ultraviolet photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-PI-TOFMS) and a sampling system, a newly developed rapid online sampling design approach was used for the upper respiratory tract retention study of gaseous mainstream cigarette smoke components during smoking. The cigarette smoke inhaled or exhaled by seven subjects who displayed three different smoking patterns was directly sampled into a vacuum chamber, photoionized, and analyzed using TOFMS. RESULTS Fourteen species, comprising aldehydes, ketones, phenol, methanethiol, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds and unsaturated hydrocarbons, were identified in the cigarette smoke obtained from Virginia-type cigarettes. The upper respiratory tract results for these compounds were similar for smokers with the three different smoking patterns: aldehyde and ketone constituents had a high retention level of more than 60%; phenol, methanethiol, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds were retained at between 30% and 70%; and the retention of unsaturated hydrocarbons was about 20%-60%. The retention trend of the same smoke components in Virginia-type cigarettes by subjects from the three smoking patterns (A, B, and C) was consistent, and the retentions all increased with increased smoking age (A < B < C). CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a new online sampling design approach to the study of cigarette smoke components in inhaled and exhaled breath, to evaluate components retained in the upper respiratory tract by subjects with different smoking patterns. This method has good repeatability, and the results indicated that this is a very promising tool for the study of the retention of cigarette smoke constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Peng
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yingsong Xie
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Lizhong Hu
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Lei
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Shaolin Ge
- Research and Development Centre, China Tobacco Anhui Industrial Co., Ltd., Hefei, P. R. China
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10
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Wang X, Jiang Q, Li H, Chen DDY. Rapid determination of chemical composition in the particulate matter of cigarette mainstream smoke. Talanta 2020; 217:121060. [PMID: 32498828 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter from mainstream smoke (MSS) is significantly hazardous when inhaled into the human body. An ambient ionization mass spectrometric method, direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), was applied to rapidly and simultaneously measure multiple particulate components in MSS. A variety of compounds were obtained in seconds, where different types of cigarettes and different solvent extracts generated distinct chemical constituents as validated by principle component analysis. Chemical formula assignment and compound identification were based on accurate m/z values with mass errors <10 ppm. Quantitation of nicotine was achieved using an isotope internal standard with DART-MS. Method validation with chromatographic-MS analysis further proved the advantages of DART-MS with respect to analysis speed and operational simplicity for the direct evaluation of complex samples. DART-MS is feasible for the rapid acquisition of cigarette fingerprints for quality control as well as for quantitative assessment of carcinogens for harm reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongli Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - David D Y Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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11
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Chen X, Zhu L, Cui C, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Qi F. In Situ Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometric Monitoring of Initial Pyrolysis Products of Biomass in Real Time. Anal Chem 2020; 92:603-606. [PMID: 31846300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge on the initial and intermediate pyrolysis products of biomass is essential for the mechanistic investigation of biomass pyrolysis and further optimization of upgrading processes. The conventional method can only detect the final products, which do not resemble the initial or intermediate pyrolysis products. Here, we introduce a direct orifice sampling combined with atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS) for in situ online analysis of the evolved volatile initial products from the pyrolysis of biomass. Pyrolysis experiments of both dimeric model compound (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether, GGGE) and poplar wood were carried out to validate the generality of the method. Generally, secondary reactions can be reduced by shortening the distance between the sample and sampling orifice. Large molecular-weight initial products up to trimers were detected during the pyrolysis of poplar wood, and no initial products larger than trimers were detected. It is inferred that in situ APPI immediately after sample extraction ensures efficient and effective product detection. Furthermore, the present work offers a promising feasible method for online tracing of reaction intermediates not only in pyrolysis but also in various reactive processes (e.g., catalytic reaction, oxidation) under operando conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiamin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Cunhao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road , Shanghai 200240 , P.R. China
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12
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Wen Z, Tang X, Wang C, Fittschen C, Wang T, Zhang C, Yang J, Pan Y, Liu F, Zhang W. A vacuum ultraviolet photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer with high sensitivity for study of gas-phase radical reaction in a flow tube. INT J CHEM KINET 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuoying Wen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
- Graduate School; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Xiaofeng Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
- Graduate School; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Christa Fittschen
- University Lille; PC2A, UMR CNRS-ULille 8522 Villeneuve d'Ascq France
| | - Tao Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
| | - Cuihong Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
- Graduate School; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Fuyi Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry; Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hefei China
- School of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology; University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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13
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Huang Q, Liu C, Wei R, Wang J. Experimental study of polyethylene pyrolysis and combustion over HZSM-5, HUSY, and MCM-41. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:10-22. [PMID: 28340385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The effects of temperatures, catalysts, and catalyst contents on polyethylene (PE) pyrolysis were investigated by using single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOFMS). The mass spectra of pyrolyzed PE and PE/catalysts from 300°C to 800°C illustrate that the pyrolysis reactions were apparently promoted and varied by introducing HZSM-5, HUSY, and MCM-41. As microporous catalysts, HZSM-5 and HUSY were found to accelerate the BTX formation at 400°C, which could not be observed for pure PE until 800°C. With the existence of MCM-41, only alkenes were produced below 600°C. The pyrolysis processes could to be accelerated by adding catalysts. Principal components analysis (PCA) was finally employed to identify the main factors with influence on the products distribution. Analytical results showed that the yield of the majority of products could be affected by different experimental conditions, that the type of catalysts makes the most significant influence. The impact of different types of catalysts on fire hazard of PE was studied by using the cone calorimeter. The results indicated that the time to ignition (TTI) and the peak heat release rate (pHRR) were changed remarkably. It is worth noting that with the addition of MCM-41, the pHRR is the minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Changcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Ruichao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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14
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Liu C, Zhu Y, Yang J, Zhao W, Lu D, Pan Y. Effects of Solvent and Ion Source Pressure on the Analysis of Anabolic Steroids by Low Pressure Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:724-728. [PMID: 28120300 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solvent and ion source pressure were two important factors relating to the photon induced ion-molecule reactions in low pressure photoionization (LPPI). In this work, four anabolic steroids were analyzed by LPPI mass spectrometry. Both the ion species present and their relative abundances could be controlled by switching the solvent and adjusting the ion source pressure. Whereas M•+, MH+, [M - H2O]+, and solvent adducts were observed in positive LPPI, [M - H]- and various oxidation products were abundant in negative LPPI. Changing the solvent greatly affected formation of the ion species in both positive and negative ion modes. The ion intensities of the solvent adduct and oxygen adduct were selectively enhanced when the ion source pressure was elevated from 68 to 800 Pa. The limit of detection could be decreased by increasing the ion source pressure. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Wan Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China
| | - Deen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230029, China.
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15
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Wang YZ, Yang JZ, Pan Y, Ma H, Li YY, Qi F. On-Line Photoionization Mass Spectrometric Study on Behavior of Ammonia Poisoning on H-Form Ultra Stable Y Zeolite for Catalytic Pyrolysis of Polypropylene. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/29/cjcp1604081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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16
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Hu SW, Xu BY, Qiao S, Zhao G, Xu JJ, Chen HY, Xie FW. A microfluidic cigarette smoke collecting platform for simultaneous sample extraction and multiplex analysis. Talanta 2015; 150:455-62. [PMID: 26838430 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a novel microfluidic gas collecting platform aiming at simultaneous sample extraction and multiplex mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. An alveolar-mimicking elastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structures was designed to move dynamically driven by external pressure. The movement was well tuned both by its amplitude and rhythm following the natural process of human respiration. By integrating the alveolar units into arrays and assembling them to gas channels, a cyclic contraction/expansion system for gas inhale and exhale was successfully constructed. Upon equipping this system with a droplet array on the alveolar array surface, we were able to get information of inhaled smoke in a new strategy. Here, with cigarette smoke as an example, analysis of accumulation for target molecules during passive smoking is taken. Relationships between the breathing times, distances away from smokers and inhaled content of nicotine are clarified. Further, by applying different types of extraction solvent droplets on different locations of the droplet array, simultaneous extraction of nicotine, formaldehyde and caproic acid in sidestream smoke (SS) are realized. Since the extract droplets are spatially separated, they can be directly analyzed by MS which is fast and can rid us of all complex sample separation and purification steps. Combining all these merits, this small, cheap and portable platform might find wide application in inhaled air pollutant analysis both in and outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bi-Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shu Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fu-Wei Xie
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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17
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Liu C, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Yang J, Qi F, Pan Y. Ultrasonic nebulization extraction/low pressure photoionization mass spectrometry for direct analysis of chemicals in matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 891:203-10. [PMID: 26388379 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel ultrasonic nebulization extraction/low-pressure photoionization (UNE-LPPI) system has been designed and employed for the rapid mass spectrometric analysis of chemicals in matrices. An ultrasonic nebulizer was used to extract the chemicals in solid sample and nebulize the solvent in the nebulization cell. Aerosols formed by ultrasonic were evaporated by passing through a transferring tube, and desolvated chemicals were ionized by the emitted light (10.6 eV) from a Krypton discharge lamp at low pressure (∼68 Pa). First, a series of semi/non-volatile compounds with different polarities, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), amino acids, dipeptides, drugs, nucleic acids, alkaloids, and steroids were used to test the system. Then, the quantification capability of UNE-LPPI was checked with: 1) pure chemicals, such as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone dissolved in solvent; 2) soil powder spiked with different amounts of phenanthrene and pyrene. For pure chemicals, the correlation coefficient (R(2)) for the standard curve of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone in the range of 3 ng-20 μg mL(-1) was 0.9922, and the measured limits of detection (LOD) was 1 ng ml(-1). In the case of soil powder, linear relationships for phenanthrene and pyrene from 10 to 400 ng mg(-1) were obtained with correlation coefficients of 0.9889 and 0.9893, respectively. At last, the feasibility of UNE-LPPI for the detection of chemicals in real matrices such as tablets and biological tissues (tea, Citrus aurantium peel and sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf) were successfully demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyue Zhou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China; Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Zhu Z, Wang J, Qiu K, Liu C, Qi F, Pan Y. Note: a novel vacuum ultraviolet light source assembly with aluminum-coated electrodes for enhancing the ionization efficiency of photoionization mass spectrometry. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:046110. [PMID: 24784688 DOI: 10.1063/1.4871796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light source assembly (VUVLSA) for enhancing the ionization efficiency of photoionization mass spectrometer has been described. The VUVLSA composes of a Krypton lamp and a pair of disk electrodes with circular center cavities. The two interior surfaces that face the photoionization region were aluminum-coated. VUV light can be reflected back and forth in the photoionization region between the electrodes, thus the photoionization efficiency can be greatly enhanced. The performances of two different shaped electrodes, the coated double flat electrodes (DFE), and double conical electrodes, were studied. We showed that the signal amplification of coated DFE is around 4 times higher than that of uncoated electrodes without VUV light reflection. The relationship between the pressure of ionization chamber and mass signal enhancement has also been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Keqing Qiu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Qi
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People's Republic of China
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