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Qiu L, Li X, Holden DT, Cooks RG. Reaction acceleration at the surface of a levitated droplet by vapor dosing from a partner droplet. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12277-12283. [PMID: 39118618 PMCID: PMC11304536 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03528c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions in micrometer-sized droplets can be accelerated by up to six orders of magnitude. However, this acceleration factor (ratio of rate constants relative to bulk) drops to less than 10 for millimeter-sized droplets due to the reduction in surface/volume ratio. To enhance the acceleration in millimeter-sized droplets, we use a new synthesis platform that directly doses reagent vapor onto the reaction droplet surface from a second levitated droplet. Using Katritzky transamination as a model reaction, we made quantitative measurements on size-controlled vapor-dosed droplets, revealing a 31-fold increase in reaction rate constants when examining the entire droplet contents. This enhancement is attributed to a greater reaction rate constant in the droplet surface region (estimated as 105 times greater than that for the bulk). The capability for substantial reaction acceleration in large droplets highlights the potential for rapid synthesis of important chemicals at useful scales. For example, we successfully prepared 23 pyridinium salts within minutes. This efficiency positions droplets as an exceptional platform for rapid, in situ catalyst synthesis. This is illustrated by the preparation of pyridinium salts as photocatalysts and their subsequent use in mediation of amine oxidation both within the same droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqi Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Xilai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University 560 Oval Drive West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA
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2
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Zhang K, Ren Y, Hou L, Jiang T, Jiang H. Flexible Particle Focusing and Switching in Continuous Flow via Controllable Thermal Buoyancy Convection. Anal Chem 2020; 92:2778-2786. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Shi Q, Di W, Dong D, Yap LW, Li L, Zang D, Cheng W. A General Approach to Free-Standing Nanoassemblies via Acoustic Levitation Self-Assembly. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5243-5250. [PMID: 30969755 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Droplets suspended by acoustic levitation provide genuine substrate-free environments for understanding unconventional fluid dynamics, evaporation kinetics, and chemical reactions by circumventing solid surface and boundary effects. Using a fully levitated air-water interface by acoustic levitation in conjunction with drying-mediated nanoparticle self-assembly, here, we demonstrate a general approach to fabricating free-standing nanoassemblies, which can totally avoid solid surface effects during the entire process. This strategy has no limitation for the sizes or shapes of constituent metallic nanoparticle building blocks and can also be applied to fabricate free-standing bilayered and trilayered nanoassemblies or even three-dimensional hollow nanoassemblies. We believe that our strategy may be further extended to quantum dots, magnetic particles, colloids, etc. Hence, it may lead to a myriad of homogeneous or heterogeneous free-standing nanoassemblies with programmable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Shi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Wenli Di
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dashen Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lim Wei Yap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
| | - Lin Li
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an , Shanxi 710129 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Monash University , Clayton 3800 , Victoria , Australia
- The Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication , 151 Wellington Road , Clayton 3168 , Victoria , Australia
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4
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Andrade MAB, Camargo TSA, Marzo A. Automatic contactless injection, transportation, merging, and ejection of droplets with a multifocal point acoustic levitator. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:125105. [PMID: 30599572 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present an acoustic levitation system that automatically injects, transports, merges and ejects liquid droplets in mid-air. The system consists of a phased array operating at 40 kHz on top of a plane reflector. The phase array generates multiple focal points at independent positions that form standing waves between the array and the reflector. In the reflector there is an inlet for a piezoelectric droplet injector which automatically inserts liquid droplets at the lower pressure nodes of the standing waves, and a hole that serves as an outlet for ejecting the processed droplets out of the system. Simulations of the acoustic radiation potential acting on the levitating droplets are in good agreement with the experiments. High-speed footage captured the functioning of the system in four fluidic operations: injection, transport, merging and ejection of liquid droplets. Having these operations integrated reliably into a single automatic system paves the way for the adoption of mid-air acoustophoretic processing in biological, chemical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A B Andrade
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Thales S A Camargo
- Department of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, University of São Paulo, Santos 11013-560, Brazil
| | - Asier Marzo
- Computer Science, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona 31006, Navarre, Spain
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5
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Davis RD, Jacobs MI, Houle FA, Wilson KR. Colliding-Droplet Microreactor: Rapid On-Demand Inertial Mixing and Metal-Catalyzed Aqueous Phase Oxidation Processes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12494-12501. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Davis
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael I. Jacobs
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Kundys M, Nejbauer M, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Adamiak W. Generation–Collection Electrochemistry Inside a Rotating Droplet. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8057-8063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kundys
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Nejbauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Adamiak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Chen Z, Zang D, Zhao L, Qu M, Li X, Li X, Li L, Geng X. Liquid Marble Coalescence and Triggered Microreaction Driven by Acoustic Levitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6232-6239. [PMID: 28339204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid marbles show promising potential for application in the microreactor field. Control of the coalescence between two or among multiple liquid marbles is critical; however, the successful merging of two isolated marbles is difficult because of their mechanically robust particle shells. In this work, the coalescence of multiple liquid marbles was achieved via acoustic levitation. The dynamic behaviors of the liquid marbles were monitored by a high-speed camera. Driven by the sound field, the liquid marbles moved toward each other, collided, and eventually coalesced into a larger single marble. The underlying mechanisms of this process were probed via sound field simulation and acoustic radiation pressure calculation. The results indicated that the pressure gradient on the liquid marble surface favors the formation of a liquid bridge between the liquid marbles, resulting in their coalescence. A preliminary indicator reaction was induced by the coalescence of dual liquid marbles, which suggests that expected chemical reactions can be successfully triggered with multiple reagents contained in isolated liquid marbles via acoustic levitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Mengfei Qu
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xu Li
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Lixin Li
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xingguo Geng
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710129, China
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8
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Zang D, Yu Y, Chen Z, Li X, Wu H, Geng X. Acoustic levitation of liquid drops: Dynamics, manipulation and phase transitions. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 243:77-85. [PMID: 28343560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The technique of acoustic levitation normally produces a standing wave and the potential well of the sound field can be used to trap small objects. Since no solid surface is involved it has been widely applied for the study of fluid physics, nucleation, bio/chemical processes, and various forms of soft matter. In this article, we survey the works on drop dynamics in acoustic levitation, focus on how the dynamic behavior is related to the rheological properties and discuss the possibility to develop a novel rheometer based on this technique. We review the methods and applications of acoustic levitation for the manipulation of both liquid and solid samples and emphasize the important progress made in the study of phase transitions and bio-chemical analysis. We also highlight the possible open areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China.
| | - Yinkai Yu
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Hongjing Wu
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
| | - Xingguo Geng
- Functional Soft Matter & Materials Group, Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, China
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9
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Crawford EA, Esen C, Volmer DA. Real Time Monitoring of Containerless Microreactions in Acoustically Levitated Droplets via Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8396-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Crawford
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Cemal Esen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dietrich A. Volmer
- Institute
of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Seddon AM, Richardson SJ, Rastogi K, Plivelic TS, Squires AM, Pfrang C. Control of Nanomaterial Self-Assembly in Ultrasonically Levitated Droplets. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1341-1345. [PMID: 26979408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that acoustic trapping can be used to levitate and manipulate droplets of soft matter, in particular, lyotropic mesophases formed from self-assembly of different surfactants and lipids, which can be analyzed in a contact-less manner by X-ray scattering in a controlled gas-phase environment. On the macroscopic length scale, the dimensions and the orientation of the particle are shaped by the ultrasonic field, while on the microscopic length scale the nanostructure can be controlled by varying the humidity of the atmosphere around the droplet. We demonstrate levitation and in situ phase transitions of micellar, hexagonal, bicontinuous cubic, and lamellar phases. The technique opens up a wide range of new experimental approaches of fundamental importance for environmental, biological, and chemical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annela M Seddon
- H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol , Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J Richardson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Kunal Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam M Squires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Pfrang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading , Whiteknights Campus, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
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11
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Hasegawa K, Abe Y, Goda A. Microlayered flow structure around an acoustically levitated droplet under a phase-change process. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16004. [PMID: 28725723 PMCID: PMC5515528 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acoustic levitation method (ALM) has found extensive applications in the fields of materials science, analytical chemistry, and biomedicine. This paper describes an experimental investigation of a levitated droplet in a 19.4-kHz single-axis acoustic levitator. We used water, ethanol, water/ethanol mixture, and hexane as test samples to investigate the effect of saturated vapor pressure on the flow field and evaporation process using a high-speed camera. In the case of ethanol, water/ethanol mixtures with initial ethanol fractions of 50 and 70 wt%, and hexane droplets, microlayered toroidal vortexes are generated in the vicinity of the droplet interface. Experimental results indicate the presence of two stages in the evaporation process of ethanol and binary mixture droplets for ethanol content >10%. The internal and external flow fields of the acoustically levitated droplet of pure and binary mixtures are clearly observed. The binary mixture of the levitated droplet shows the interaction between the configurations of the internal and external flow fields of the droplet and the concentration of the volatile fluid. Our findings can contribute to the further development of existing theoretical prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hasegawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Abe
- Division of Engineering Mechanics and Energy,Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Goda
- Department of Engineering, Mechanics and Energy, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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12
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Zang D, Li J, Chen Z, Zhai Z, Geng X, Binks BP. Switchable Opening and Closing of a Liquid Marble via Ultrasonic Levitation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11502-11507. [PMID: 26439701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid marbles have promising applications in the field of microreactors, where the opening and closing of their surfaces plays a central role. We have levitated liquid water marbles using an acoustic levitator and, thereby, achieved the manipulation of the particle shell in a controlled manner. Upon increasing the sound intensity, the stable levitated liquid marble changes from a quasi-sphere to a flattened ellipsoid. Interestingly, a cavity on the particle shell can be produced on the polar areas, which can be completely healed when decreasing the sound intensity, allowing it to serve as a microreactor. The integral of the acoustic radiation pressure on the part of the particle surface protruding into air is responsible for particle migration from the center of the liquid marble to the edge. Our results demonstrate that the opening and closing of the liquid marble particle shell can be conveniently achieved via acoustic levitation, opening up a new possibility to manipulate liquid marbles coated with non-ferromagnetic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard P Binks
- Surfactant and Colloid Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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13
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Karki S, Flanigan PM, Perez JJ, Archer JJ, Levis RJ. Increasing protein charge state when using laser electrospray mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:706-715. [PMID: 25753972 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond (fs) laser vaporization is used to transfer cytochrome c, myoglobin, lysozyme, and ubiquitin from the condensed phase into an electrospray (ES) plume consisting of a mixture of a supercharging reagent, m-nitrobenzyl alcohol (m-NBA), and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), acetic acid (AA), or formic acid (FA). Interaction of acid-sensitive proteins like cytochrome c and myoglobin with the highly charged ES droplets resulted in a shift to higher charge states in comparison with acid-stable proteins like lysozyme and ubiquitin. Laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) measurements showed an increase in both the average charge states (Zavg) and the charge state with maximum intensity (Zmode) for acid-sensitive proteins compared with conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) under equivalent solvent conditions. A marked increase in ion abundance of higher charge states was observed for LEMS in comparison with conventional electrospray for cytochrome c (ranging from 19+ to 21+ versus 13+ to 16+) and myoglobin (ranging from 19+ to 26+ versus 18+ to 21+) using an ES solution containing m-NBA and TFA. LEMS measurements as a function of electrospray flow rate yielded increasing charge states with decreasing flow rates for cytochrome c and myoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Karki
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Photonics Research, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
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