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Xu Q, Zhao X, Qin Y, Gianchandani YB. Control Software Design for a Multisensing Multicellular Microscale Gas Chromatography System. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:95. [PMID: 38258214 PMCID: PMC10818470 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Microscale gas chromatography (μGC) systems are miniaturized instruments that typically incorporate one or several microfabricated fluidic elements; such systems are generally well suited for the automated sampling and analysis of gas-phase chemicals. Advanced μGC systems may incorporate more than 15 elements and operate these elements in different coordinated sequences to execute complex operations. In particular, the control software must manage the sampling and analysis operations of the μGC system in a time-sensitive manner; while operating multiple control loops, it must also manage error conditions, data acquisition, and user interactions when necessary. To address these challenges, this work describes the investigation of multithreaded control software and its evaluation with a representative μGC system. The μGC system is based on a progressive cellular architecture that uses multiple μGC cells to efficiently broaden the range of chemical analytes, with each cell incorporating multiple detectors. Implemented in Python language version 3.7.3 and executed by an embedded single-board computer, the control software enables the concurrent control of heaters, pumps, and valves while also gathering data from thermistors, pressure sensors, capacitive detectors, and photoionization detectors. A graphical user interface (UI) that operates on a laptop provides visualization of control parameters in real time. In experimental evaluations, the control software provided successful operation and readout for all the components, including eight sets of thermistors and heaters that form temperature feedback loops, two sets of pressure sensors and tunable gas pumps that form pressure head feedback loops, six capacitive detectors, three photoionization detectors, six valves, and an additional fixed-flow gas pump. A typical run analyzing 18 chemicals is presented. Although the operating system does not guarantee real-time operation, the relative standard deviations of the control loop timings were <0.5%. The control software successfully supported >1000 μGC runs that analyzed various chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qu Xu
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Q.X.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Integrative Systems + Design, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Q.X.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yutao Qin
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Q.X.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yogesh B. Gianchandani
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Q.X.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Patrushev YV, Shashkov MV, Sidelnikov VN. Multicapillary columns with ionic liquids as stationary liquid phase. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464270. [PMID: 37573728 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The study demonstrates the possibility of using ionic liquids (IL) as a stationary liquid phase (SLP) for gas chromatographic (GC) multicapillary columns (MCC). Three types of IL of three classes were employed as SLP: Imidazolium, Pyridinium and Quinolinium. Dependences of the MCCs efficiency on the carrier gas flow rate were obtained. Highest efficiency was achieved on the column with 1,2-Dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (DiMPrIm). For this column, dependence of the efficiency on the sample volume has been investigated. Also the loading capacity of the MCC with DiMPrIm was determined. Separation of fatty acid esters and phenols served as an example to demonstrate that using ionic liquids as SLP for МСС make it possible to combine fast separations with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Patrushev
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
| | - Mikhail V Shashkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Nolvachai Y, Amaral MSS, Marriott PJ. Foods and Contaminants Analysis Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: An Update of Recent Studies, Technology, and Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:238-263. [PMID: 36625115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yada Nolvachai
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Michelle S S Amaral
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philip J Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Meziani A, Verloy S, Ferroukhi O, Roca S, Curat A, Tisse S, Peulon-Agasse V, Gardeniers H, Desmet G, Cardinael P. Evaluation of Gas Chromatography Columns with Radially Elongated Pillars as Second-Dimension Columns in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14126-14134. [PMID: 36194872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of a dedicated gas chromatography (GC) column (L = 70 cm, 75 μm deep, and 6.195 mm wide) with radially elongated pillars (REPs) as the second column in a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × μGC) system. Three stationary phases [apolar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), medium polar room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) based on monocationic phosphonium, and polar polyethylene glycol (PEG-1000)] have been coated using the static method at constant pressure or using an original vacuum pressure program (VPP) from 400 to 4 mbar. The best efficiency reached up to N = 62,000 theoretical plates for a film thickness of 47 nm at 100 °C for an iso-octane peak (k = 0.16) at an optimal flow rate of 4.8 mL/min. The use of the VPP improved the efficiency by approximately 15%. Efficiencies up to 28,000 and 47,000 were obtained for PEG-1000 and RTIL, respectively. A temperature-programmed separation of a mixture of 11 volatile compounds on a PDMS-coated chip was obtained in less than 36 s. The PDMS-, PEG-1000-, and RTIL-coated chips were tested as the second column using a microfluidic reverse fill/flush flow modulator in a GC × μGC system. The REP columns were highly compatible with the operating conditions in terms of flow rate and with more than 30,000 plates for the iso-octane peak. Moreover, a commercial solvent called white spirit containing alkanes and aromatic compounds was injected in three sets of columns in normal and reverse modes, demonstrating the great potential of the chip as a second-dimension separation column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Meziani
- Univ Rouen Normandie, FR CNRS 3038, SMS, UR3233, Rouen F-76000, France.,Laboratoire de Chromatographie, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 EL-Alia, Alger 16111, Algeria
| | - Sandrien Verloy
- Department of Chemical Engineering CHIS, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium.,Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, North Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Ouassila Ferroukhi
- Laboratoire de Chromatographie, Faculté de Chimie, USTHB, BP 32 EL-Alia, Alger 16111, Algeria
| | - Sebastien Roca
- Univ Rouen Normandie, FR CNRS 3038, SMS, UR3233, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Aurelien Curat
- Univ Rouen Normandie, FR CNRS 3038, SMS, UR3233, Rouen F-76000, France
| | - Severine Tisse
- Univ Rouen Normandie, FR CNRS 3038, SMS, UR3233, Rouen F-76000, France
| | | | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Enschede 7522, North Brabant, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering CHIS, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- Univ Rouen Normandie, FR CNRS 3038, SMS, UR3233, Rouen F-76000, France
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Lis H, Paszkiewicz M, Godlewska K, Maculewicz J, Kowalska D, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Ionic liquid-based functionalized materials for analytical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1681:463460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Duan C, Li J, Zhang Y, Ding K, Geng X, Guan Y. Portable instruments for on-site analysis of environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yan X, Qu H, Chang Y, Duan X. Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks in Gas Pre-concentration, Pre-separation and Detection. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a22030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhan C, Akbar M, Hower R, Nuñovero N, Potkay JA, Zellers ET. A micro passive preconcentrator for micro gas chromatography. Analyst 2020; 145:7582-7594. [PMID: 32966357 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01485k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a microfabricated passive preconcentrator (μPP) intended for integration into gas chromatographic microsystems (μGC) for analyzing volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOC). Devices (8 × 8 mm) were made from a silicon-on-insulator top layer and a glass bottom layer. The top layer has 237 apertures (47 × 47 μm) distributed around the periphery of a circular region (5.2 mm o.d.) through which ambient vapors diffuse at predictable rates. Two internal annular cavities offset from the apertures are packed with ∼800 μg each of commercial carbon adsorbents. Thin-film heaters thermally desorb captured vapors, which are drawn by a pump through a central exit port to a micro injector for analysis with a bench scale GC. The 15 test compounds spanned a vapor pressure range of 0.033 to 1.1 kPa. Effective (diffusional) μPP sampling rates ranged from 0.16 to 0.78 mL min-1 for short-duration exposures to ∼mg m-3 vapor concentrations. Observed and modeled sampling rates generally agreed within 15%. Sampling rates for two representative compounds declined by ≤30% between 0.25 and 24 h of continuous exposure. For one of these, the sampling rate declined by only 8% over a ∼2300-fold concentration range (0.25 h samples). Desorption (transfer) efficiencies were >95% for most compounds (250-275 °C, 60 s, 5 mL min-1). Sampling rates for mixtures matched those for the individual compounds. Dissipating no energy while sampling, additional advantages of this novel device include short- or long-term sampling, high capacity and transfer efficiency for a diverse set of S/VOCs, low transfer flow rate, and a robust fabrication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhan
- Department of Environental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Gholizadeh A, Chowdhury M, Agah M. Parallel Ionic Liquid Semi-Packed Microfabricated Columns for Complex Gas Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10635-10642. [PMID: 32640785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a parallel micro gas chromatography approach using three ionic liquid semipacked columns. Switching from single column to multiple parallel columns with different selectivity enhances the power of compound identification without increasing the analysis time. The columns are fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology containing an array of microfabricated pillars. The columns are 1 m-long and 240 μm-deep with four pillars per row. All columns were functionalized with ionic liquid stationary phases using a modified static coating technique and demonstrated the number of theoretical plates between 5000 and 8300 per meter. The chip performance was investigated with four different samples: (1) a mixture of C7-C30 saturated alkanes, (2) a multianalyte mixture consisting of 20 compounds ranging from 80 to 238 °C in boiling point, (3) a mixture of five organic chemicals with varying degrees of polarity, and (4) 46-compounds mixture containing all the chemicals in the first three samples. The individual columns separated 75%-100% of the first three samples but failed to distinguish all 46 compounds due to coeluting analytes; however, the parallel configuration provided more retention time information by which all the compounds in all samples were fully determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Gholizadeh
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mustahsin Chowdhury
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Read DH, Sillerud CH, Whiting JJ, Achyuthan KE. Metal-Organic Framework Stationary Phases for One- and Two-Dimensional Micro-Gas Chromatographic Separations of Light Alkanes and Polar Toxic Industrial Chemicals. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:389-400. [PMID: 32291439 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite promising advances with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as stationary phases for chromatography, the application of MOFs for one- and two-dimensional micro-gas chromatography (μGC and μGC × μGC) applications has yet to be shown. We demonstrate for the first time, μGC columns coated with two different MOFs, HKUST-1 and ZIF-8, for the rapid separation of high volatility light alkane hydrocarbons (natural gas) and determined the partition coefficients for toxic industrial chemicals, using μGC and μGC × μGC systems. Complete separation of natural gas components, methane through pentane, was completed within 1 min, with sufficient resolution to discriminate n-butane from i-butane. Layer-by-layer controlled deposition cycles of the MOFs were accomplished to establish the optimal film thickness, which was validated using GC (sorption thermodynamics), quartz-crystal microbalance gravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Complete surface coverage was not observed until after ~17 deposition cycles. Propane retention factors with HKUST-1-coated μGC and a state-of-the-art polar, porous-layer open-tubular (PLOT) stationary phase were approximately the same at ~7.5. However, with polar methanol, retention factors with these two stationary phases were 748 and 59, respectively, yielding methanol-to-propane selectivity factors of ~100 and ~8, respectively, a 13-fold increase in polarity with HKUST-1. These studies advance the applications of MOFs as μGC stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Read
- FENG and Tube Lifecycle Engineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | | | - Joshua J Whiting
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
| | - Komandoor E Achyuthan
- Nano and Microsensors Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA
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Wang J, Ma J, Zellers ET. Room-temperature-ionic-liquid coated graphitized carbons for selective preconcentration of polar vapors. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460486. [PMID: 31506165 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Most adsorbent materials used for preconcentrating and thermally desorbing volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOCs) in portable or "micro" gas chromatographic (GC/µGC) instruments preferentially capture non-polar or moderately polar compounds relative to more polar compounds. Here, we explore the use of a known trigonal-tripyramidal room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as a surface modifier for the graphitized carbons, Carbopack B (C-B) and Carbopack X (C-X), with the goal of enhancing their capacity and selectivity for polar S/VOCs. Breakthrough tests were performed by challenging tubes packed with ∼2.5 mg of C-B or RTIL-coated C-B (RTIL/C-B) with 13 individual S/VOCs, including several organophosphorus compounds and reference alkyl and aromatic hydrocarbons of comparable vapor pressures, at concentrations ranging from 14 to 130 mg/m3. The 10% breakthrough volume, Vb10, was used as the measure of capacity. For the RTIL/C-B, the Vb10 values of the five organophosphorus vapors tested were consistently ∼2.5 times larger than those for the untreated C-B, and Vb10 values of the four non-polar reference vapors were 11-26 times smaller for the RTIL/C-B than for the untreated C-B. For compounds of similar vapor pressure the capacity ratios for polar vs. non-polar compounds with the RTIL/C-B ranged from 1.8 to 34. Similar results were obtained with C-X and RTIL/C-X on a smaller set of compounds. Tests at 70% relative humidity or with a binary mixture of a polar and non-polar compound had no effect on the capacity of the RTIL/C-B, and there were no changes in Vb10 values after several months of testing that included cycling from 25 to 250 °C. Capacity was strongly correlated with vapor pressure. Attempts to reconcile the selectivity using models based on linear-solvation-energy relationships were only partially successful. Nonetheless, these results indicate that RTIL coating of carbon adsorbents affords a simple, reliable means of rendering them selective for polar S/VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States; Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States
| | - Jialiu Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States
| | - Edward T Zellers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, United States; Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing & Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2122, United States.
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Whiting JJ, Myers E, Manginell RP, Moorman MW, Anderson J, Fix CS, Washburn C, Staton A, Porter D, Graf D, Wheeler DR, Howell S, Richards J, Monteith H, Achyuthan KE, Roukes M, Simonson RJ. A high-speed, high-performance, microfabricated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1633-1643. [PMID: 30919866 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A small, consumable-free, low-power, ultra-high-speed comprehensive GC×GC system consisting of microfabricated columns, nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) cantilever resonators for detection, and a valve-based stop-flow modulator is demonstrated. The separation of a highly polar 29-component mixture covering a boiling point range of 46 to 253 °C on a pair of microfabricated columns using a Staiger valve manifold in less than 7 seconds, and just over 4 seconds after the ensemble holdup time is demonstrated with a downstream FID. The analysis time of the second dimension was 160 ms, and peak widths in the second dimension range from 10-60 ms. A peak capacity of just over 300 was calculated for a separation of just over 6 s. Data from a continuous operation testing over 40 days and 20 000 runs of the GC×GC columns with the NEMS resonators using a 4-component test set is presented. The GC×GC-NEMS resonator system generated second-dimension peak widths as narrow as 8 ms with no discernable peak distortion due to under-sampling from the detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Whiting
- Nano and Micro Sensors, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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Bahaghighat HD, Freye CE, Synovec RE. Recent advances in modulator technology for comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Wang J, Nuñovero N, Nidetz R, Peterson SJ, Brookover BM, Steinecker WH, Zellers ET. Belt-Mounted Micro-Gas-Chromatograph Prototype for Determining Personal Exposures to Volatile-Organic-Compound Mixture Components. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4747-4754. [PMID: 30836745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a belt-mountable prototype instrument containing a gas chromatographic microsystem (μGC) and demonstrate its capability for near-real-time recognition and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in moderately complex mixtures at concentrations encountered in industrial workplace environments. The μGC comprises three discrete, Si/Pyrex microfabricated chips: a dual-adsorbent micropreconcentrator-focuser for VOC capture and injection; a wall-coated microcolumn with thin-metal heaters and temperature sensors for temperature-programmed separations; and an array of four microchemiresistors with thiolate-monolayer-protected-Au-nanoparticle interface films for detection and recognition-discrimination. The battery-powered μGC prototype (20 × 15 × 9 cm, ∼2.1 kg sans battery) has on-board microcontrollers and can autonomously analyze the components of a given VOC mixture several times per hour. Calibration curves bracketing the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of each VOC yielded detection limits of 16-600 parts-per-billion for air samples of 5-10 mL, well below respective TLVs. A 2:1 injection split improved the resolution of early eluting compounds by up to 63%. Responses and response patterns were stable for 5 days. Use of retention-time windows facilitated the chemometric recognition and discrimination of the components of a 21-VOC mixture sampled and analyzed in 3.5 min. Results from a "mock" field test, in which personal exposures to time-varying concentrations of a mixture of five VOCs were measured autonomously, agreed closely with those from a reference GC. Thus, reliable, near-real-time determinations of worker exposures to multiple VOCs with this wearable μGC prototype appear feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nicolas Nuñovero
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Seth J Peterson
- Targeted Compound Monitoring, LLC , Beavercreek , Ohio 45440 , United States
| | - Bryan M Brookover
- Targeted Compound Monitoring, LLC , Beavercreek , Ohio 45440 , United States
| | | | - Edward T Zellers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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Regmi BP, Agah M. Micro Gas Chromatography: An Overview of Critical Components and Their Integration. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13133-13150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Regmi
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Masoud Agah
- VT MEMS Lab, Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Regmi BP, Chan R, Atta A, Agah M. Ionic liquid-coated alumina-pretreated micro gas chromatography columns for high-efficient separations. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1566:124-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ghosh A, Vilorio CR, Hawkins AR, Lee ML. Microchip gas chromatography columns, interfacing and performance. Talanta 2018; 188:463-492. [PMID: 30029402 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost four decades of investigations have opened up many avenues to explore the production and utilization of planar (i.e., microchip) gas chromatographic columns. However, there remain many practical constraints that limit their widespread commercialization and use. The main challenges arise from non-ideal column geometries, dead volume issues and inadequate interfacing technologies, which all affect both column performance and range of applications. This review reflects back over the years on the extensive developments in the field, with the goal to stimulate future creative approaches and increased efforts to accelerate microchip gas chromatography development toward reaching its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Carlos R Vilorio
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Milton L Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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Pires F, Otálora JAB, Bottoli CBG. New stationary phase for capillary liquid chromatography based on polydimethylsiloxane immobilized onto a Monolithic Silica Support. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Pires
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Campinas - UNICAMP; Campinas SP Brazil
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20
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Ionic liquid functionalization of semi-packed columns for high-performance gas chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1510:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Lee J, Zhou M, Zhu H, Nidetz R, Kurabayashi K, Fan X. Fully Automated Portable Comprehensive 2-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Device. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10266-10274. [PMID: 27709906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We developed a fully automated portable 2-dimensional (2-D) gas chromatography (GC x GC) device, which had a dimension of 60 cm × 50 cm × 10 cm and weight less than 5 kg. The device incorporated a micropreconcentrator/injector, commercial columns, micro-Deans switches, microthermal injectors, microphotoionization detectors, data acquisition cards, and power supplies, as well as computer control and user interface. It employed multiple channels (4 channels) in the second dimension (2D) to increase the 2D separation time (up to 32 s) and hence 2D peak capacity. In addition, a nondestructive flow-through vapor detector was installed at the end of the 1D column to monitor the eluent from 1D and assist in reconstructing 1D elution peaks. With the information obtained jointly from the 1D and 2D detectors, 1D elution peaks could be reconstructed with significantly improved 1D resolution. In this Article, we first discuss the details of the system operating principle and the algorithm to reconstruct 1D elution peaks, followed by the description and characterization of each component. Finally, 2-D separation of 50 analytes, including alkane (C6-C12), alkene, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, cycloalkane, and aromatic hydrocarbon, in 14 min is demonstrated, showing the peak capacity of 430-530 and the peak capacity production of 40-80/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Menglian Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hongbo Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert Nidetz
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , 2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Katsuo Kurabayashi
- Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan , 2350 Hayward, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xudong Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , 1101 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Center for Wireless Integrated MicroSensing and Systems (WIMS2), University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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22
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Collin WR, Nuñovero N, Paul D, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations with a temperature programmed microfabricated thermal modulator. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1444:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Lussac E, Barattin R, Cardinael P, Agasse V. Review on Micro-Gas Analyzer Systems: Feasibility, Separations and Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 46:455-68. [PMID: 26908000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1150153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 30 years, portable systems for fast and reliable gas analysis are at the core of both academic and industrial research. Miniaturized systems can be helpful in several domains. The way to make it possible is to miniaturize the whole gas chromatograph. Micro-system conception by etching silicon channel is well known. The main objective is to obtain similar or superior efficiencies to those obtained from laboratory chromatographs. However, stationary phase coatings on silicon surface and micro-detector conception with a low limit of detection remain a challenge. Developments are still in progress to offer a large range of stationary phases and detectors to meet the needs of analytical scientists. This review covers the recent development of micro-gas analyzers. It focuses on injectors, stationary phases, column designs and detectors reported in the literature during the last three decades. A list of commercially available micro-systems and their performances will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Lussac
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Regis Barattin
- b APIX Analytics, Miniparc Polytec , Immeuble Tramontane , Grenoble Cedex , France
| | - Pascal Cardinael
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
| | - Valerie Agasse
- a Normandie Univ, Laboratoire SMS-EA3233, Univ Rouen, MONT-SAINT-AIGNAN Cedex , France
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Collin WR, Scholten KW, Fan X, Paul D, Kurabayashi K, Zellers ET. Polymer-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator detector for a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic microsystem: μGC ×μGC-μOFRR. Analyst 2015; 141:261-9. [PMID: 26588451 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe first results from a micro-analytical subsystem that integrates a detector comprising a polymer-coated micro-optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) chip with a microfabricated separation module capable of performing thermally modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic separations (μGC ×μGC) of volatile organic compound (VOC) mixtures. The 2 × 2 cm μOFRR chip consists of a hollow, contoured SiO(x) cylinder (250 μm i.d.; 1.2 μm wall thickness) grown from a Si substrate, and integrated optical and fluidic interconnection features. By coupling to a 1550 nm tunable laser and photodetector via an optical fiber taper, whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances were generated within the μOFRR wall, and shifts in the WGM wavelength caused by transient sorption of eluting vapors into the PDMS film lining the μOFRR cylinder were monitored. Isothermal separations of a simple alkane mixture using a PDMS coated 1st-dimension ((1)D) μcolumn and an OV-215-coated 2nd-dimension ((2)D) μcolumn confirmed that efficient μGC ×μGC-μOFRR analyses could be performed and that responses were dominated by film-swelling. Subsequent tests with more diverse VOC mixtures demonstrated that the modulated peak width and the VOC sensitivity were inversely proportional to the vapor pressure of the analyte. Modulated peaks as narrow as 120 ms and limits of detection in the low-ng range were achieved. Structured contour plots generated with the μOFRR and a reference FID were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Collin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA.
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Bryant-Genevier J, Zellers ET. Toward a microfabricated preconcentrator-focuser for a wearable micro-scale gas chromatograph. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:299-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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