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Eder C, Briesen H. Interferometric Probing of Physical and Chemical Properties of Solutions: Noncontact Investigation of Liquids. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2022; 13:99-121. [PMID: 35300516 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-123822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferometry is a highly versatile tool for probing physical and chemical phenomena. In addition to the benefit of noncontact investigations, even spatially resolved information can be obtained by choosing a suitable setup. This review presents the evolution of the various setups that have evolved since the first interferometers were developed in the mid-nineteenth century and highlights the benefits, limitations, and typical areas of application. This review focuses on interferometry based on electromagnetic waves in the near-infrared and visible range applied to liquid samples, categorizes the chemical/physical properties (e.g., pressure, temperature, composition) and phenomena (e.g., evaporation, crystal growth, diffusion, thermophoresis) that can be assessed, and presents a comprehensive literature review of specific existing applications. Finally, it discusses some fundamental open questions with respect to geometric considerations and overlapping effects. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Eder
- Process Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Process Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
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Le THH, Morita A, Tanaka T. Refractive index of nanoconfined water reveals its anomalous physical properties. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1016-1024. [PMID: 32373853 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on the distinctive properties of water confined in a nanospace, the underlying mechanism and significance of the lengthscale involved in the confinement effects are still subjects of controversy. The dielectric constant and the refractive index in particular are key parameters in modeling and understanding nanoconfined water, yet experimental evidence is lacking. We report the measurement of the refractive indices of water in 10-100 nm spaces by exploiting the confinement of water and localized surface plasmons in a physicochemically well-defined nanocavity. The results revealed significantly low values and the scaling behavior of the out-of-plane refractive index n⊥ of confined water. They are attributed to the polarization suppression at the interfaces and the long-range correlation in electronic polarization facilitated by the strengthened H-bonding network. Using the refractive index as a sensing probe, we also observed anomalous stability of water structures over a wide range of temperature. Our measurement results provide essential feedback information for benchmarking water models and molecular interactions under nanoconfinement. This study also opens up a new methodology of using plasmon resonance in characterizing nanoconfined molecules and chemical reactions, and thus gives us fundamental insight into confinement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H H Le
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan and Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - A Morita
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan and Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - T Tanaka
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. and Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan and Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Minami-Jyosanjima, Tokushima 770-8560, Japan
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Ludwig M, von Klitzing R. Recent progress in measurements of oscillatory forces and liquid properties under confinement. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Redeker C, Briscoe WH. Interactions between Mutant Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS-Ra) Surface Layers: Surface Vesicles, Membrane Fusion, and Effect of Ca 2+and Temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15739-15750. [PMID: 31604373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are a major component of the protective outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Understanding how the solution conditions may affect LPS-containing membranes is important to optimizing the design of antibacterial agents (ABAs) which exploit electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions to disrupt the bacteria membrane. Here, interactions between surface layers of LPS (Ra mutants) in aqueous media have been studied using a surface force apparatus (SFA), exploring the effects of temperature and divalent Ca2+ cations. Complementary dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterization suggests that vesicle-like aggregates of diameter ∼28-80 nm are formed by LPS-Ra in aqueous media. SFA results show that LPS-Ra vesicles adsorb weakly onto mica in pure water at room temperature (RT) and the surface layers are readily squeezed out as the two surfaces approach each other. However, upon addition of calcium (Ca2+) cations at near physiological concentration (2.5 mM) at RT, LPS multilayers or deformed LPS liposomes on mica are observed, presumably due to bridging between LPS phosphate groups and between LPS phosphates and negatively charged mica mediated by Ca2+, with a hard wall repulsion at surface separation D0 ∼ 30-40 nm. At 40 °C, which is above the LPS-Ra β-α acyl chain melting temperature (Tm = 36 °C), fusion events between the surface layers under compression could be observed, evident from δD ∼ 8-10 nm steps in the force-distance profiles attributed to LPS-bilayers being squeezed out due to enhanced fluidity of the LPS acyl-chain, with a final hard wall surface separation D0 ∼ 8-10 nm corresponding to the thickness of a single bilayer confined between the surfaces. These unprecedented SFA results reveal intricate structural responses of LPS surface layers to temperature and Ca2+, with implications to our fundamental understanding of the structures and interactions of bacterial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Redeker
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS , United Kingdom
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Petrova D, Weber B, Allain C, Audebert P, Venner CH, Brouwer AM, Bonn D. Fluorescence microscopy visualization of the roughness-induced transition between lubrication regimes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw4761. [PMID: 31840054 PMCID: PMC6897541 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the transition between different regimes of lubrication and directly observe the thickness of nanometric lubrication films with a sensitivity of a single molecular layer at a multi-asperity interface through fluorescence microscopy. We redefine specific film thickness as the ratio of the lubricant film thickness and the surface roughness measured only at those regions of the interface where the gap is "minimal." This novel definition of specific film thickness successfully captures the transition from full elastohydrodynamic lubrication to mixed and boundary lubrication. The transition can be triggered by increasing the surface roughness and is accurately predicted by using the new film thickness definition. We find that when the liquid carries part of the load, its apparent viscosity is greatly increased by confinement, and show how the transition between different lubrication regimes is well described by the viscosity increase and subsequent glass transition in the film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Petrova
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Bart Weber
- Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography, Science Park 110, 1090 BA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, IoP, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cleménce Allain
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, ENS Cachan, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Cees H. Venner
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van der Waals–Zeeman Institute, IoP, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Morrin GT, Kienle DF, Schwartz DK. Standalone interferometry-based calibration of convex lens-induced confinement microscopy with nanoscale accuracy. Analyst 2019; 144:2628-2634. [PMID: 30839956 PMCID: PMC6779313 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Strongly confined environments (confined dimensions between 1-100 nm) represent unique challenges and opportunities for understanding and manipulating molecular behavior due to the significant effects of electric double layers, high surface-area to volume ratios, and other phenomena at the nanoscale. Convex Lens-induced Confinement (CLiC) can be used to analyze the dynamics of individual molecules or particles confined in a planar slit geometry with continuously varying gap thickness. We describe an interferometry-based method for precise measurement of the slit pore geometry. Specifically, this approach permitted accurate characterization of separation distances as small as 5 nm, with 1 nm precision, without a priori knowledge or assumptions about the contact geometry, as well as a greatly simplified experimental setup that required only a lens, coverslip, and inverted microscope. The interferometry-based measurement of gap height offered a distinct advantage over conventional fluorescent dye-based methods; e.g., accurate interferometric height measurements were made at low gap heights regardless of solution conditions, while the concentration of fluorescent dye was significantly impacted by solution conditions such as ionic strength or pH. The accuracy of the interferometric measurements was demonstrated by comparing the experimentally measured concentration of a charged fluorescent dye as a function of gap thickness with dye concentration profiles calculated using Debye-Hückel theory. Accurate characterization of nanoscale gap thickness will enable researchers to study a variety of practical and biologically relevant systems within the CLiC geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory T Morrin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Schwenzfeier KA, Erbe A, Bilotto P, Lengauer M, Merola C, Cheng HW, Mears LLE, Valtiner M. Optimizing multiple beam interferometry in the surface forces apparatus: Novel optics, reflection mode modeling, metal layer thicknesses, birefringence, and rotation of anisotropic layers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:043908. [PMID: 31043001 DOI: 10.1063/1.5085210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiple beam interferometry (MBI) evolved as a powerful tool for the simultaneous evaluation of thin film thicknesses and refractive indices in Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) measurements. However, analysis has relied on simplifications for providing fast or simplified analysis of recorded interference spectra. Here, we describe the implementation of new optics and a generalized fitting approach to 4 × 4 transfer matrix method simulations for the SFA. Layers are described by dispersive complex refractive indices, thicknesses, and Euler angles that can be fitted, providing modeling for birefringent or colored layers. Normalization of data by incident light intensities is essential for the implementation of a fitting approach. Therefore, a modular optical system is described that can be retrofit to any existing SFA setup. Real-time normalization of spectra by white light is realized, alignment procedures are considerably simplified, and direct switching between transmission and reflection modes is possible. A numerical approach is introduced for constructing transfer matrices for birefringent materials. Full fitting of data to the simulation is implemented for arbitrary multilayered stacks used in SFA. This enables self-consistent fitting of mirror thicknesses, birefringence, and relative rotation of anisotropic layers (e.g., mica), evaluation of reflection and transmission mode spectra, and simultaneous fitting of thicknesses and refractive indices of media confined between two surfaces. In addition, a fast full spectral fitting method is implemented for providing a possible real-time analysis with up to 30 fps. We measure and analyze refractive indices of confined cyclohexane, the thickness of lipid bilayers, the thickness of metal layers, the relative rotation of birefringent materials, contact widths, as well as simultaneous fitting of both reflection and transmission mode spectra of typical interferometers. Our analyses suggest a number of best practices for conducting SFA and open MBI in an SFA for increasingly complex systems, including metamaterials, multilayered anisotropic layers, and chiral layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai A Schwenzfeier
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Erbe
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Pierluigi Bilotto
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Lengauer
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Merola
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hsiu-Wei Cheng
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura L E Mears
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Valtiner
- Institute for Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
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Watrelot AA, Kuhl TL, Waterhouse AL. Friction forces of saliva and red wine on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Food Res Int 2019; 116:1041-1046. [PMID: 30716887 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The physical aspect of human oral astringency perception - the mouthfeel - of red wine has not been quantitatively studied in depth. In this study, the interfacial friction/lubrication properties of saliva (mucin from bovine submaxillary glands or human saliva) with red wines (cv. Cabernet sauvignon and Pinot noir) were measured with a surface force apparatus (SFA). In SFA measurements sliding occurs between smooth, undamaged surfaces with a well-defined contact area and film thickness. The surfaces were either hard, hydrophilic mica or soft, hydrophobic PDMS-coated mica which mimic in-mouth conditions. Saliva was a better lubricant than mucin with the soft, hydrophobic surfaces. In addition, saliva's lubricity was 2.5 times better on the soft hydrophobic surfaces than hard hydrophilic surfaces. The addition of red wine with saliva further decreased friction and improved lubrication. Surprisingly, the coefficient of friction measured for red wine with saliva as the lubricant was higher for Pinot noir than Cabernet sauvignon wine. The aggregation and precipitation of salivary proteins by tannins is well known. The lower friction of high tannin Cabernet sauvignon compared to lower tannin Pinot noir was attributed to exclusion of these aggregates and depletion of more polymeric and protein material from the interfacial sliding region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude A Watrelot
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA.
| | - Tonya L Kuhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew L Waterhouse
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
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van Engers CD, Balabajew M, Southam A, Perkin S. A 3-mirror surface force balance for the investigation of fluids confined to nanoscale films between two ultra-smooth polarizable electrodes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:123901. [PMID: 30599632 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique, based on the Surface Force Balance (SFB), for the direct measurement of surface forces between two ultra-smooth and polarizable gold electrode surfaces across thin fluid films. Combining the direct interferometric measurement of surface separation and contact geometry with smooth electrode surfaces has proved challenging in the past, and for this reason, previous measurements with the SFB typically involved two insulating mica surfaces, or one mica surface and one electrode surface, or an alternative less direct measure of the surface separation. Here, we demonstrate that a 3-mirror interferometer can overcome these difficulties: the setup involves two ultra-smooth electrode/mirror surfaces between which the fluid is confined and a third mirror to allow for interferometric detection of the liquid thickness with nanometer resolution and at thicknesses much smaller than the diffraction limit of the light. We conclude with a proof-of-concept measurement across dry nitrogen gas. The technique should prove useful for studying the properties of fluids confined at the nanoscale inside a slit-pore of controlled electrical potential or subject to applied electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D van Engers
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - M Balabajew
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - A Southam
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - S Perkin
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Analyzing refractive index profiles of confined fluids by interferometry part II: Multilayer and asymmetric systems. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 936:236-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kienle DF, Kuhl TL. Density and Phase State of a Confined Nonpolar Fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:036101. [PMID: 27472123 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.036101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of the mean refractive index of a spherelike nonpolar fluid, octamethytetracylclosiloxane (OMCTS), confined between mica sheets, demonstrate direct and conclusive experimental evidence of the absence of a first-order liquid-to-solid phase transition in the fluid when confined, which has been suggested to occur from previous experimental and simulation results. The results also show that the density remains constant throughout confinement, and that the fluid is incompressible. This, along with the observation of very large increases (many orders of magnitude) in viscosity during confinement from the literature, demonstrate that the molecular motion is limited by the confining wall and not the molecular packing. In addition, the recently developed refractive index profile correction method, which enables the structural perturbation inherent at a solid-liquid interface and that of a liquid in confinement to be determined independently, was used to show that there was no measurable excess or depleted mass of OMCTS near the mica surface in bulk films or confined films of only two molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Kienle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Tonya L Kuhl
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Yuan W, Yuan J, Xie J, Li CM. Polymer-Mediated Self-Assembly of TiO2@Cu2O Core-Shell Nanowire Array for Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:6082-6092. [PMID: 26908094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phototoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting represents a highly promising strategy to convert solar energy to chemical energy in the form of hydrogen, but its performance is severely limited by the water oxidation reaction. We conformally grew an ultrathin and continuous coating of Cu2O on TiO2 nanowire array (NWA) to form a truly core-shell TiO2@Cu2O NWA via a new facile, economical, and scalable polymer-mediated self-assembly approach, in which the polymer serves as a stabilizer, reductant, and linker simultaneously. This heteronanostructure was subsequently directly used as a photoanode for PEC water splitting, showing a photocurrent density of 4.66 mA cm(-2) at 1.23 V vs RHE in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution and a maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.71%, both of which are the highest reported for TiO2-based photoanodes measured under the same conditions (neutral conditions and without any sacrificial agent). The superior PEC performance of the TiO2@Cu2O NWA toward water oxidation is primarily due to much enhanced visible light collection and charge separation for high charge carrier density as well as greatly facilitated charge transfer and transport. This work not only offers a novel TiO2@Cu2O core-shell NWA photoanode for highly efficient PEC water oxidation and investigate its enhancement mechanism but also provides scientific insights into the mechanism of the polymer-mediated self-assembly, which can be further extended to fabricate various other core-shell nanoarchitectures for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyong Yuan
- Institute for Clean energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials & Energy, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Institute for Clean energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials & Energy, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiale Xie
- Institute for Clean energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials & Energy, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies , Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chang Ming Li
- Institute for Clean energy & Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials & Energy, Southwest University , Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies , Chongqing 400715, China
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