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Mahmud S, Ramproshad S, Deb R, Dutta D. A review of the zone broadening contributions in free-flow electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1519-1538. [PMID: 37548630 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The broadening of analyte streams, as they migrate through a free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) channel, often limits the resolving power of FFE separations. Under laminar flow conditions, such zonal spreading occurs due to analyte diffusion perpendicular to the direction of streamflow and variations in the lateral distance electrokinetically migrated by the analyte molecules. Although some of the factors that give rise to these contributions are inherent to the FFE method, others originate from non-idealities in the system, such as Joule heating, pressure-driven crossflows, and a difference between the electrical conductivities of the sample stream and background electrolyte. The injection process can further increase the stream width in FFE separations but normally influencing all analyte zones to an equal extent. Recently, several experimental and theoretical works have been reported that thoroughly investigate the various contributions to stream variance in an FFE device for better understanding, and potentially minimizing their magnitudes. In this review article, we carefully examine the findings from these studies and discuss areas in which more work is needed to advance our comprehension of the zone broadening contributions in FFE assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakur Mahmud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Sarker Ramproshad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Rajesh Deb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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2
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Fluorescence signal amplification by optical reflection in metal-coated nanowells. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:478. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Kinde TF, Hess N, Dutta D. Enhancement in MS-based peptide detection by microfluidic free-flow zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:545-553. [PMID: 31985060 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix components are known to significantly alter the ionization of a target analyte in ESI-based measurements particularly when working with complex biological samples. This issue however may be alleviated by extracting the analyte of interest from the original sample into a relatively simple matrix compatible with ESI mass-spectrometric analysis. In this article, we report a microfluidic device that enables such extraction of small peptide molecules into an ESI-compatible solvent stream significantly improving both the sensitivity and reproducibility of the measurements. The reported device realizes this analyte extraction capability based on the free-flow zone electrophoretic fractionation process using a set of internal electrodes placed across the width of the analysis channel. Employing lateral electric fields and separation distances of 75 V/cm and 600 µm, respectively, efficient extraction of the model peptide human angiotensin II was demonstrated allowing a reduction in its detection limit by one to three orders of magnitude using the ESI-MS method. The noted result was obtained in our experiments both for a relatively simple specimen comprising DNA strands and angiotensin II as well as for human serum samples spiked with the same model peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan F Kinde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Natalie Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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4
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Stastna M. Continuous flow electrophoretic separation - Recent developments and applications to biological sample analysis. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:36-55. [PMID: 31650578 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow electrophoretic separation with continuous sample loading provides the advantage of processing volumes of any sizes, as well as the benefit of a real-time monitoring and optimization of the separation process. In addition, the spatial separation of the sample enables collecting multiple separated components simultaneously and in a continuous manner. The separation is usually performed in mild buffers without organic solvents and detergents (sample biological activity is retained) and it is carried out without usage of a solid support in the separation space preventing the interaction of the sample with it (high sample recovery). The method is used for the separation of proteins/peptides in proteomic applications, and its great applicability is to the separation of the cells, cellular organelles, vesicles, membrane fragments, and DNA. This review focuses on the electrophoretic separation performed in a continuous flow and it describes various electrophoretic modes and instrumental setups. Recent developments in methodology and instrumentation, the integration with other techniques, and the application to the biological sample analysis are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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GAO F, WANG XF, ZHANG B. Research and Application Progress of Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography in Separation of Proteins. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(19)61163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tubaon RM, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Membrane-Free Electrokinetic Device Integrated to Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Simultaneous Removal of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Enrichment of Peptides. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10122-10127. [PMID: 30074774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in SDS-assisted proteomics with electrospray-ionization-mass-spectrometric (ESI-MS) analysis is an essential step in the analysis. Off-line state-of-the-art sample-preparation strategies can allow 100% removal of DS- and up to 100% peptide recoveries. These strategies, however, are typically laborious and require long analysis times and a complex experimental setup. Here, we developed a simple, membrane-free, electrokinetic, on-line, integrated SDS removal-ESI-MS device that was able to enhance ESI-MS signals of bradykinin and peptides from trypsin-digested bovine serum albumin (BSA) in samples that contained SDS micelles. The significant peptide-signal improvements were contributed by the complete removal of DS- and the enrichment of the peptides in the presence of an electric field. Enrichment was via micelle-to-solvent stacking, initially developed in capillary electrophoresis. Bradykinin percent recovery was 800%, and BSA peptide percent recovery was 87%. Enhancement factors in ESI-MS signals (after and before removal) for selected m/ z values of peptides from the BSA digest were 535-693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Marni Tubaon
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry , University of Tasmania , Hobart , Tasmania 7001 , Australia
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Serra A, Gallart-Palau X, Dutta B, Sze SK. Online Removal of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate via Weak Cation Exchange in Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Based Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2390-2400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Serra
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Xavier Gallart-Palau
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Bamaprasad Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551 Singapore
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Tubaon RM, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Electrokinetic Removal of Dodecyl Sulfate Micelles from Digested Protein Samples Prior to Electrospray-Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13058-13063. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Marni Tubaon
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Paul R. Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research
on Separation Science, School of Physical Sciences- Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
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Sánchez-Hernández L, Montealegre C, Kiessig S, Moritz B, Neusüß C. In-capillary approach to eliminate SDS interferences in antibody analysis by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1044-1052. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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