1
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Rapid label-free cell-based Approach Membrane Permeability Assay using MALDI-hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for peptides. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Mukherjee D, Trigo-Mouriño P, Jiang Y, Nowak T, Shchurik V, Adpressa DA, Louie MT, Reynolds SR, Hohn MJ, Al-Sayah MA, Pirrone GF, Makarov AA. Rapid antibody conformational screening by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2055-2063. [PMID: 35108448 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of cancer biology have accelerated the discovery and development of novel biopharmaceuticals. At the forefront of these drug development efforts are high-throughput screening, compressed timelines and limited sample quantities, all characteristic of the discovery space. To meet program targets, large numbers of protein variants must be produced, screened, and characterized, presenting a daunting analytical challenge. Additionally, higher-order structure is paramount for protein function and must be monitored as a critical quality attribute. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization MS has been utilized as an ultra-fast, automatable, sample-sparing analytical tool for biomolecules. Our group has published applications integrating Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange MS with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization MS for the rapid conformational characterization of small proteins, the current work expands this application to monoclonal and bi-specific antibodies. This study demonstrates the ability of the methodology Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange MS to detect conformational differences between bi-specific antibodies from different expression host. These conformational differences were validated by orthogonal techniques including Circular Dichroism, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Size-Exclusion Chromatography Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange MS. This work demonstrates the utility of applying the developed methodology as a rapid conformational screening tool to triage samples for further analytical characterization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopreeti Mukherjee
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pablo Trigo-Mouriño
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Timothy Nowak
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Donovon A Adpressa
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Hohn
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Gregory F Pirrone
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alexey A Makarov
- Merck & Co. Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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3
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Wang R, Mangion I, Makarov AA, Kurouski D. Use of Raman spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography coupled with HDX-MS spectroscopy for studying conformational changes of small proteins in solution. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 189:113399. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Bupp CR, Wirth MJ. Making Sharper Peaks for Reverse-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Proteins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2020; 13:363-380. [PMID: 32109149 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061318-115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein separations have gained increasing interest over the past two decades owing to the dramatic growth of proteins as therapeutics and the completion of the Human Genome Project. About every decade, the field of protein high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) seems to mature, having reached what appears to be a theoretical limit. But then scientists well versed in the basic principles of HPLC invented a way around the limit, generating another decade of exciting progress. There is still the need for higher resolution and better compatibility with mass spectrometry because it is an essential tool for identification of proteins and their modifications. To make advances, the fundamental principles need to be understood. This review covers recent advances and current needs in the context of the principles that underlie the many contributions to peak broadening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Bupp
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
| | - Mary J Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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5
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Kristl A, Lukšič M, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of Pressure Increase on Macromolecules' Adsorption in Ion Exchange Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4527-4534. [PMID: 32075366 PMCID: PMC7307832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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In this study a new
method for evaluating the pressure effect on
separations of oligonucleotides and proteins on an anion exchange
column was developed. The pressure rise of up to 500 bar was attained
by coupling restriction capillaries to the column outlet to minimize
differences in pressure over the column. Using pH transient measurements
it was demonstrated that no shift in ion exchange equilibria occurs
due to a pressure increase. Results from isocratic and gradient separations
of oligonucleotides (model compounds) were evaluated by stoichiometric
displacement and linear gradient elution model, respectively. Both
elution modes demonstrated that for smaller oligonucleotides the number
of binding sites remained unchanged with pressure rise while an increase
for large oligonucleotides was observed, indicating their alignment
over the stationary phase. From the obtained model parameters and
their pressure dependencies, a thermodynamic description was made
and compared between the elution modes. A complementary pattern of
a linear increase of partial molar volume change with a pressure rise
was established. Furthermore, estimation of the pressure effect was
performed for bovine serum albumin and thyroglobulin that required
gradient separations. Again, a raise in binding site number was found
with pressure increase. The partial molar volume changes of BSA and
Tg at the maximal investigated pressure and minimal salt concentration
were −31.6 and −34.4 cm3/mol, respectively,
indicating a higher rigidity of Tg. The proposed approach provides
an insight into the molecule deformation over a surface at high pressures
under nondenaturing conditions. The information enables a more comprehensive
UHPLC method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Lukšič
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
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6
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Makarov AA, Pirrone GF, Shchurik V, Regalado EL, Mangion I. Liposome Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay by MALDI-hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry for peptides and small proteins. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1099:111-118. [PMID: 31986267 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry's focus has expanded to include peptide and protein-based therapeutics; however, some analytical challenges have arisen along the way, including the urgent need for fast and robust measurement of the membrane permeability of peptides and small proteins. In this study, a simple and efficient approach that utilizes MALDI-TOF-MS to study peptide and protein permeability through an artificial liposome membrane in conjunction with a differential hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) methodology is described. A non-aqueous (aprotic) matrix was evaluated for use with MALDI sample preparation in order to eliminate undesirable hydrogen-deuterium back-exchange. Peptides and proteins were incubated with liposomes and their penetration into the liposome membrane over time was measured by MALDI-MS. A differential HDX approach was used to distinguish the peptides outside of the liposome from those inside. In this regard, the peptides on the outside of the liposomes were labeled using short exposure to deuterium oxide, while the peptides inside of the liposomes were protected from labeling. Subsequently, the unlabeled versus labeled peak area ratios for peptide and protein samples were compared using MALDI-TOF-MS. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed the Liposome Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (LAMPA) workflow to study three well-known membrane-active model peptides (melittin, alamethicin, and gramicidin) and two model proteins (aprotinin and ubiquitin). The permeability results obtained from this were corroborated by previously reported data for studied peptides and proteins. The proposed LAMPA by MALDI-HDX-MS can be applied in an ultra-high-throughput manner for studying and rank-ordering membrane permeability of peptides and small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Makarov
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development /Process Research & Development, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Gregory F Pirrone
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development /Process Research & Development, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development /Process Research & Development, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development /Process Research & Development, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Analytical Research & Development /Process Research & Development, 126 E. Lincoln Ave., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
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Murisier A, Lauber M, Shiner SJ, Guillarme D, Fekete S. Practical considerations on the particle size and permeability of ion-exchange columns applied to biopharmaceutical separations. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1604:460487. [PMID: 31488296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to better understand the possibilities and limitations of modern cation exchange chromatography (CEX) columns for the separation of protein biopharmaceuticals (typically mAbs and related products). Several commercial and research columns consisting of a non-porous polymeric core particle with a thin hydrophilic coating and grafted ion-exchanger sulfonate groups, were compared. The impact of particle size, porosity and packing pressure on the separation of therapeutic proteins was evaluated in a systematic way. First, it was shown that the porosity of modern CEX columns depends on the applied conditions, and lower apparent porosity as well as increased column pressures were observed when using low ionic strength mobile phase (less than 0.01 M NaCl), due to swelling. Column pressure seemed to be dependent on the 1/dp3 to 1/dp5 relationships with particle size, depending on whether 0.3 M NaCl or pure water was used as mobile phase, respectively. Using 5 cm long columns packed with 2 or 2.5 µm particles could easily result in higher than 1000 bar pressure drops when the mobile phase ionic strength is low. Therefore, it is recommended that particle size not be decreased to below 2.5 µm so that technologies can remain compatible with the current state of ultra-high pressure (UHPLC) instrumentation. This recommendation is underscored by the fact that a decrease in particle size does not produce improved separations, since the particles are non-porous (no intra-particle diffusion nor resistance to mass transfer) and that large solutes follow an on-off (bind and elute) type retention mechanism. The only advantage of CEX columns packed with small particles is that they can provide more specific surface area per unit length of column, and thus facilitate higher throughput methods. In conclusion, it appears that there is no need to further decrease the particle size in CEX since decreasing their particle size may result in more drawbacks than benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Lauber
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA
| | - Stephen J Shiner
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 01757-3696, USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU - Rue Michel Servet, 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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8
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Kristl A, Lokošek P, Pompe M, Podgornik A. Effect of pressure on the retention of macromolecules in ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1597:89-99. [PMID: 30926255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Shorter analysis times and greater resolving power are contributing factors for transfer of separation methods from an HPLC to a UHPLC system when performing analysis in biopharmaceutical or clinical research. The effect of pressure on separations in reversed phase chromatography is well described, however such investigations on ion exchange columns were previously not conducted. In this study we describe the effect of pressure on retention properties of proteins, oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA in ion exchange chromatography. Different column inlet pressures were obtained by coupling restriction capillaries with column outlet and performing separations at a constant temperature and mobile phase flow rate. Macromolecules were separated in isocratic mode as well as with various linear gradients of salt concentration at a constant pH value. The measured retention time increase was up to 80% for isocratic and 20% for gradient separations for a 500 bar increase in pressure. The effect of pressure was validated on a separate instrument after few months from initial experiments. The influence of pressure on retention properties seems to be dependent on the size, shape and flexibility of the macromolecule and causes different retention shifts when separating a sample with diverse analytes. Such changes in retention time can sometimes exceed the criteria set by European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) for the allowable method adjustment and are thus considered to be a result of a different separation method. Therefore, the pressure effect that follows method transfer from HPLC to UHPLC conditions should not be neglected even for gradient separations in ion exchange chromatography, as the resulting retention change may cause revalidation of the separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kristl
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Lokošek
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pompe
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Podgornik
- Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; COBIK, Tovarniška 26, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia.
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9
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Schiavone NM, Pirrone GF, Guetschow ED, Mangion I, Makarov AA. Combination of circular dichroism spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography coupled with HDX-MS for studying global conformational structures of peptides in solution. Talanta 2019; 194:177-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Evaluation of global conformational changes in peptides and proteins following purification by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Pirrone GF, Wang H, Canfield N, Chin AS, Rhodes TA, Makarov AA. Use of MALDI-MS Combined with Differential Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange for Semiautomated Protein Global Conformational Screening. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8351-8357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F. Pirrone
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicole Canfield
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexander S. Chin
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Timothy A. Rhodes
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexey A. Makarov
- Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, †Process Research & Development and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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12
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Semi-automated screen for global protein conformational changes in solution by ion mobility spectrometry–massspectrometry combined with size-exclusion chromatography and differential hydrogen–deuterium exchange. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1496:51-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Mann BF, Makarov AA, Wang H, Welch CJ. Effects of pressure and frictional heating on protein separation using monolithic columns in reversed-phase chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1489:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Makarov AA, Helmy R, Joyce L, Reibarkh M, Maust M, Ren S, Mergelsberg I, Welch CJ. Use of hydrostatic pressure for modulation of protein chemical modification and enzymatic selectivity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4448-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00550k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrostatic pressure applied to protein chemical modification or enzymatic transamination was able to change reaction or enzymatic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Makarov
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Roy Helmy
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Leo Joyce
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Mathew Maust
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Sumei Ren
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Ingrid Mergelsberg
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Merck Sharp & Dohme
- Merck Research Laboratories
- Department of Process & Analytical Chemistry
- Rahway
- USA
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15
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Makarov AA, Helmy R. Combining size-exclusion chromatography with differential hydrogen–deuterium exchange to study protein conformational changes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1431:224-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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