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van den Hurk RS, Lagerwaard B, Terlouw NJ, Sun M, Tieleman JJ, Verstegen AX, Samanipour S, Pirok BW, Gargano AF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Complex Protein Digest Analysis Using Parallel Gradients. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9294-9301. [PMID: 38758734 PMCID: PMC11154668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the high gain in peak capacity, online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC × LC-HRMS) has not yet been widely applied to the analysis of complex protein digests. One reason is the method's reduced sensitivity which can be linked to the high flow rates of the second separation dimension (2D). This results in higher dilution factors and the need for flow splitters to couple to ESI-MS. This study reports proof-of-principle results of the development of an RPLC × RPLC-HRMS method using parallel gradients (2D flow rate of 0.7 mL min-1) and its comparison to shifted gradient methods (2D of 1.4 mL min-1) for the analysis of complex digests using HRMS (QExactive-Plus MS). Shifted and parallel gradients resulted in high surface coverage (SC) and effective peak capacity (SC of 0.6226 and 0.7439 and effective peak capacity of 779 and 757 in 60 min). When applied to a cell line digest sample, parallel gradients allowed higher sensitivity (e.g., average MS intensity increased by a factor of 3), allowing for a higher number of identifications (e.g., about 2600 vs 3900 peptides). In addition, reducing the modulation time to 10 s significantly increased the number of MS/MS events that could be performed. When compared to a 1D-RPLC method, parallel RPLC × RPLC-HRMS methods offered a higher separation performance (FHWH from 0.12 to 0.018 min) with limited sensitivity losses resulting in an increase of analyte identifications (e.g., about 6000 vs 7000 peptides and 1500 vs 1990 proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick S. van den Hurk
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Bart Lagerwaard
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Nathan J. Terlouw
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Job J. Tieleman
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Anniek X. Verstegen
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Bob W.J. Pirok
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F.G. Gargano
- Analytical
Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
- Centre
for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam1098 XH,The Netherlands
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2
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Cacciola F, Arena K, Dugo P, Mondello L. New Frontiers in Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.zg3980s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this extended special feature to celebrate the 35th anniversary edition of LCGC Europe, leading figures from the separation science community explore contemporary trends in separation science and identify possible future developments.
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3
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Wen W, Xu P, Xiang H, Wen M, Ye X, Chu C, Tong S. Comprehensive two-dimensional countercurrent chromatography × gas chromatography characterization of Artemisia argyi essential oil. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Development of a Method for the Measurement of Human Scent Samples Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every human body is a source of a unique scent, which can be used for medical or forensic purposes. Human skin scent is a complex mixture of more or less volatile compounds with different chemical and physical properties, which often differ significantly in their concentrations. The most efficient technique for separating such complex samples is comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). This work aimed to find the optimal arrangement of a two-dimensional chromatographic system and define a suitable chromatographic method for non-targeted analysis of human scent samples. Four different chromatographic columns (non-polar Rxi-5MS and TG-5HT, medium polar Rxi-17Sil MS and Rtx-200MS) and their different configurations were tested. The best system was the 30 m primary column Rtx-200MS (with the 2 m pre-column Rtx-200MS) and the 1 m secondary column TG-5HT in a reverse configuration. This system achieved the highest theoretical and conditional peak capacities, optimal resolution, and the lowest number of coelutions.
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5
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Pieszczek L, Daszykowski M. Multi-wavelength imaging of HPTLC plates using a constructed illumination chamber with a smartphone camera as the detector. Talanta 2021; 221:121599. [PMID: 33076130 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present a new type of inexpensive multi-illumination source chamber. The innovation makes use of a smartphone camera which possesses the ability of capturing multiple images. Its performance was compared to a commercially available densitometer. Similar devices and suitable strategies for data analysis will help to solve diverse classification and/or regression problems, which will be far beyond a TLC characterization of ink samples. The multi-illumination chamber was used in an exemplary forensic application. The differences in the chemical composition of various brands of fountain pen inks were revealed on images of high-performance thin-layer chromatographic plates. Reducing image data simplified the visualization and facilitated a multivariate exploratory of the ink samples. Compared to the samples that were characterized by single wavelength densitograms, the multi-wavelength characterization using the illumination chamber with a smartphone camera or densitometer improved the clustering tendency of studied samples and enhanced their interpretation. The constructed chamber for multi-wavelength imaging is an inexpensive alternative (ca. 20 Euros) to the commercially available densitometers. The discussed approaches for image acquisition and chemometric data processing support a more reliable and objective analysis of TLC multi-wavelength data.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pieszczek
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland
| | - M Daszykowski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006, Katowice, Poland.
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6
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Validation of Extended Statistical Overlap Theory for Application to Small Second Dimension Peak Capacity. Chromatographia 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-020-03986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Miller KE, Jorgenson JW. Comparison of microcapillary column length and inner diameter investigated with gradient analysis of lipids by ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4094-4102. [PMID: 32946185 PMCID: PMC7727313 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological samples in lipidomic studies can consist of extremely complex mixtures due to the diverse range of species and isomerism. Herein, highly efficient, in-house packed microcapillary columns introduce the potential to better separate these complex mixtures. We compared the effects of changing column length (15, 30, and 60 cm) and inner diameter (75 and 100 μm) on lipid separation efficiency by reversed-phase gradient analysis using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with operating pressures ranging from 450 to 2200 bar. Seven lipid standards composed of phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol species were analyzed at four different gradient rates to calculate conditional peak capacity. The longest column, 60 cm, at the shallowest gradient of 2% gave the highest peak capacity of 359 with a separation window of 2 h. The intermediate column length of 30 cm with 75 μm inner diameter provided a peak capacity of 287 with a separation window of 1 h. There was no significant difference in peak capacity between 75 and 100 μm inner diameter columns. This study showed that using highly efficient microcapillary columns increased peak capacity and resolution of lipids, and thus, this technique seems promising for enhancing lipid coverage and enabling better discovery of lipid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey E. Miller
- Center for Environmental Measurement and ModelingU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyResearch Triangle ParkNorth Carolina27709USA
| | - James W. Jorgenson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina27599USA
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8
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Arena K, Mandolfino F, Cacciola F, Dugo P, Mondello L. Multidimensional liquid chromatography approaches for analysis of food contaminants. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:17-34. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Arena
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Filippo Mandolfino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
- Department of Sciences and Technologies for Human and Environment University Campus Bio‐Medico of Rome Rome Italy
- BeSep s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences University of Messina Messina Italy
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9
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Hegade RS, Chen K, Boon JP, Hellings M, Wicht K, Lynen F. Development of an achiral-chiral 2-dimensional heart-cutting platform for enhanced pharmaceutical impurity analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Pushing the limits of resolving power and analysis time in on-line comprehensive hydrophilic interaction x reversed phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1615:460753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Zhu K, Pursch M, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Maximizing two-dimensional liquid chromatography peak capacity for the separation of complex industrial samples. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460457. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Stoll DR, Lhotka HR, Harmes DC, Madigan B, Hsiao JJ, Staples GO. High resolution two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for robust and sensitive characterization of therapeutic antibodies at the peptide level. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1134-1135:121832. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Baghdady YZ, Schug KA. Online Comprehensive High pH Reversed Phase × Low pH Reversed Phase Approach for Two-Dimensional Separations of Intact Proteins in Top-Down Proteomics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11085-11091. [PMID: 31366196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-concept study is presented on the use of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC × LC-MS) for the separation of intact protein mixtures using a different mobile phase pH in each dimension. This system utilizes mass spectrometry (MS) friendly pH modifiers for the online coupling of high pH reversed phase liquid chromatography (HPH-RPLC) in the first dimension (1D) followed by low pH reversed phase liquid chromatography (LPH-RPLC) in the second dimension (2D). Owing to the ionic nature of proteins, the use of a different mobile phase pH was successful to provide altered selectivity between the two dimensions, even for closely related protein variants, such as bovine cytochrome c and equine cytochrome c, which differ by only three amino acids. Subminute gradient separation of proteins in the second dimension was successful to minimize analysis time, while maintaining high peak capacity. Unlike peptides, the elution order of studied proteins did not follow their isoelectric points, where acidic proteins would be expected to be more retained at low pH (and basic proteins at high pH). The steep elution isotherms (on-off retention mechanism) of proteins and the very steep gradients utilized in the second-dimension column succeeded in overcoming pH and organic solvent content mismatch. The utility of the system was demonstrated with a mixture of protein standards and an Escherichia coli protein mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Z Baghdady
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , The University of Texas Arlington , Arlington , Texas 76019-0065 , United States
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14
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Column selection approach to achieve a high peak capacity in comprehensive three-dimensional gas chromatography. Talanta 2019; 195:822-829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Schwaiger M, Schoeny H, El Abiead Y, Hermann G, Rampler E, Koellensperger G. Merging metabolomics and lipidomics into one analytical run. Analyst 2019; 144:220-229. [PMID: 30411762 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel integrated metabolomics/lipidomics workflow is introduced enabling high coverage of polar metabolites and non-polar lipids within one analytical run. Dual HILIC and RP chromatography were combined to high-resolution mass spectrometry. As a major advantage, only one data file per sample was obtained by fully automated simultaneous analysis of two extracts per sample. Hence, the unprecedented high coverage without compromise on analytical throughput was not only obtained by the orthogonality of the chromatographic separations, but also by the implementation of dedicated sample preparation procedures resulting in optimum extraction efficiency for both sub-omes. Thus, the method addressed completely hydrophilic sugars and organic acids next to water-insoluble triglycerides. As for the timing of the dual chromatography setup, HILIC and RP separation were performed consecutively. However, re-equilibration of the HILIC column during elution of RP compounds and vice versa reduced the overall analysis time by one third to 32 min. Application to the Standard Reference Material SRM 1950 - Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma resulted in >100 metabolite and >380 lipid identifications based on accurate mass implementing fast polarity switching and acquiring data dependent MS2 spectra with the use of automated exclusion lists. Targeted quantification based on external calibrations and 13C labeled yeast internal standards was successfully accomplished for 59 metabolites. Moreover, the potential for lipid quantification was shown integrating non-endogenous lipids as internal standards. In human plasma, concentrations ranging over 4 orders of magnitude (low nM to high μM) were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Schwaiger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Schoeny
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin El Abiead
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerrit Hermann
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and ISOtopic solutions, Waehringerstr. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyn Rampler
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria. and Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria and Chemistry Meets Microbiology, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Lin H, Wang Y, Wang T, Wu D, Li G, Deng C. Combined analysis of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and cotinine in urine by heart cutting two-dimensional LC-MS/MS. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Lin
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yangzhong Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Da Wu
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Technology Center of Shanghai Tobacco Group; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Deng
- Department of Chemistry; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
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17
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Bahaghighat HD, Freye CE, Gough DV, Sudol PE, Synovec RE. Ultrafast separations via pulse flow valve modulation to enable high peak capacity multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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18
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Predictive kinetic optimisation of hydrophilic interaction chromatography × reversed phase liquid chromatography separations: Experimental verification and application to phenolic analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:107-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Yang Y, Zhang Y, Wei C, Li J, Sun W. Silver ion chromatography for peak resolution enhancement: Application to the preparative separation of two sesquiterpenes using online heart-cutting LC-LC technique. Talanta 2018; 187:252-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Zhu Z, Chen H, Ren J, Lu JJ, Gu C, Lynch KB, Wu S, Wang Z, Cao C, Liu S. Two-dimensional chromatographic analysis using three second-dimension columns for continuous comprehensive analysis of intact proteins. Talanta 2018; 179:588-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Sun M, Sandahl M, Turner C. Comprehensive on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography × supercritical fluid chromatography with trapping column-assisted modulation for depolymerised lignin analysis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1541:21-30. [PMID: 29452928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin depolymerisation produces a large variety of low molecular weight phenolic compounds that can be upgraded to value-added chemicals. Detailed analysis of these complex depolymerisation mixtures is, however, hampered by the lack of resolving power of traditional analysis techniques. In this study, a novel online comprehensive two-dimensional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) × supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) method with trapping column interface was developed for the separation of phenolic compounds in depolymerised lignin samples. The trapping capacities of different trapping columns were evaluated. The influence of large volume water-containing injection on SFC performance was studied. The relation between peak capacity and first dimension flow rate and gradient was investigated. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of a depolymerised lignin sample. The RPLC × SFC system exhibited high degree of orthogonality. Compared with traditional loop based interface, trapping column interface can significantly shorten the analysis time and offer higher detectability, with the disadvantage of more severe undersampling in the first dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Margareta Sandahl
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Charlotta Turner
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Novel comprehensive multidimensional liquid chromatography approach for elucidation of the microbosphere of shikimate-producing Escherichia coli SP1.1/pKD15.071 strain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:3473-3482. [PMID: 29167937 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shikimic acid is a intermediate of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and the preferred starting material for production of the most commonly prescribed anti-influenza drug, Tamiflu. Its six-membered carbocyclic ring is adorned with several chiral centers and various functionalities, making shikimic acid a valuable chiral synthon. When microbially-produced, in addition to shikimic acid, numerous other metabolites are exported out of the cytoplasm and accumulate in the culture medium. This extracellular matrix of metabolites is referred to as the microbosphere. Due to the high sample complexity, in this study, the microbosphere of shikimate-producing Escherichia coli SP1.1/pKD15.071 was analyzed by liquid chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. GC analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives was also carried out in order to support the elucidation of the selected metabolites in the microbosphere. The elucidation of the metabolic fraction of this bacterial strain might be of valid aid for improving, through genetic changes, the concentration and yield of shikimic acid synthesized from glucose. Graphical abstract.
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Ston M, Cabala R, Bierhanzl VM, Krajicek J, Bosakova Z. Improved Flow Modulator Construction for GC × GC with Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2017; 54:1481-1488. [PMID: 27539394 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Improvement and testing of a flow modulator for the application in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography separations is the subject of the presented paper. This improved setup constructed from two independent capillary branches each consisting of a pressure regulator, a pressure sensor, a two-way solenoid valve and a microfluidic T-connector, allows an independent and easy settings of the pressures and flow velocities in the modulator and provides system flexibility in an operation without need of any component exchange. The estimated flow rates were 0.4 mL/min in the first column and 3.2 mL/min in the second column. This setup was compared with the commercial Zoex cryogenic modulator for the separation of 17 selected solvents at isothermal conditions. Modulator working conditions were optimized and its separation power was demonstrated on the analysis of a lavender extract under an application of two orthogonal capillary column sets (nonpolar-polar vs. polar-nonpolar) and temperature program. The results were evaluated by two commercial software packages and discussed with respect to the identification compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ston
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.,Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague and 1st Faculty of Medicine of Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Matej Bierhanzl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Krajicek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Jakobsen SS, Christensen JH, Verdier S, Mallet CR, Nielsen NJ. Increasing Flexibility in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography by Pulsed Elution of the First Dimension: A Proof of Concept. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8723-8730. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon S. Jakobsen
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes
Allé 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan H. Christensen
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sylvain Verdier
- Haldor Topsoe A/S, Haldor Topsøes
Allé 1, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Claude R. Mallet
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Nikoline J. Nielsen
- Department
of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Sarrut M, Rouvière F, Heinisch S. Theoretical and experimental comparison of one dimensional versus on-line comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography for optimized sub-hour separations of complex peptide samples. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1498:183-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Jandera P, Janás P. Recent advances in stationary phases and understanding of retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 967:12-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Validation of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method for quality control testing of pharmaceutical materials. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1492:89-97. [PMID: 28284763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advantages of 2D-LC, there is currently little to no work in demonstrating the suitability of these 2D-LC methods for use in a quality control (QC) environment for good manufacturing practice (GMP) tests. This lack of information becomes more critical as the availability of commercial 2D-LC instrumentation has significantly increased, and more testing facilities begin to acquire these 2D-LC capabilities. It is increasingly important that the transferability of developed 2D-LC methods be assessed in terms of reproducibility, robustness and performance across different laboratories worldwide. The work presented here focuses on the evaluation of a heart-cutting 2D-LC method used for the analysis of a pharmaceutical material, where a key, co-eluting impurity in the first dimension (1D) is resolved from the main peak and analyzed in the second dimension (2D). A design-of-experiments (DOE) approach was taken in the collection of the data, and the results were then modeled in order to evaluate method robustness using statistical modeling software. This quality by design (QBD) approach gives a deeper understanding of the impact of these 2D-LC critical method attributes (CMAs) and how they affect overall method performance. Although there are multiple parameters that may be critical from method development point of view, a special focus of this work is devoted towards evaluation of unique 2D-LC critical method attributes from method validation perspective that transcend conventional method development and validation. The 2D-LC method attributes are evaluated for their recovery, peak shape, and resolution of the two co-eluting compounds in question on the 2D. In the method, linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, and sensitivity are assessed along with day-to-day, analyst-to-analyst, and lab-to-lab (instrument-to-instrument) assessments. The results of this validation study demonstrate that the 2D-LC method is accurate, sensitive, and robust and is ultimately suitable for QC testing with good method transferability.
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Manig F, Kuhne K, von Neubeck C, Schwarzenbolz U, Yu Z, Kessler BM, Pietzsch J, Kunz-Schughart LA. The why and how of amino acid analytics in cancer diagnostics and therapy. J Biotechnol 2017; 242:30-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55104, United States
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A new method for the determination of peak distribution across a two-dimensional separation space for the identification of optimal column combinations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:8079-8088. [PMID: 27624763 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For the identification of the optimal column combinations, a comparative orthogonality study of single columns and columns coupled in series for the first dimension of a microscale two-dimensional liquid chromatographic approach was performed. In total, eight columns or column combinations were chosen. For the assessment of the optimal column combination, the orthogonality value as well as the peak distributions across the first and second dimension was used. In total, three different methods of orthogonality calculation, namely the Convex Hull, Bin Counting, and Asterisk methods, were compared. Unfortunately, the first two methods do not provide any information of peak distribution. The third method provides this important information, but is not optimal when only a limited number of components are used for method development. Therefore, a new concept for peak distribution assessment across the separation space of two-dimensional chromatographic systems and clustering detection was developed. It could be shown that the Bin Counting method in combination with additionally calculated histograms for the respective dimensions is well suited for the evaluation of orthogonality and peak clustering. The newly developed method could be used generally in the assessment of 2D separations. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Li Y, Stella C, Zheng L, Bechtel C, Gruenhagen J, Jacobson F, Medley CD. Investigation of low recovery in the free drug assay for antibody drug conjugates by size exclusion-reversed phase two dimensional-liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1032:112-118. [PMID: 27212187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are complex therapeutic agents combining the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies and highly efficacious small molecule drugs to successfully eliminate tumor cells while limiting the general toxicity and side effects of the therapeutic to protect patient safety. One unique attribute critical to the safety of ADCs is the residual content of unconjugated small molecule drug present from either incomplete conjugation or degradation of the ADC. Typically for quality control assays, quantifying the amount of the free drug is performed through precipitation of the protein species using an organic solvent and then assaying the amount of free drug left in the supernatant. During the validation of an assay of this type for a maleimide based linker drug, issues were experienced with low and variable recovery in the spiked samples of the drug substance and drug product. A two-dimensional heart-cutting method coupling Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) with Reverse Phase (RP) chromatography was utilized to explore possible mechanisms leading to the low recovery of the free linker drug. The results of the investigation indicated that the spiked linker drug reacts with residual reactive groups on the ADC; a conclusion which was confirmed by the observed increase of average Drug to Antibody Ratio (DAR) determined by Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC). Finally, several approaches were evaluated to minimize the recovery loss. Capping the residual reactive groups on the ADC with maleimide containing reagents effectively mitigated the low recovery issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Laura Zheng
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Charity Bechtel
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Jason Gruenhagen
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Fred Jacobson
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Colin D Medley
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States.
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Li Z, Chen K, Guo MZ, Tang DQ. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and its application in traditional Chinese medicine analysis and metabonomic investigation. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:21-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Meng-zhe Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
| | - Dao-quan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy; Xuzhou Medical College; Xuzhou China
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de Villiers A, Venter P, Pasch H. Recent advances and trends in the liquid-chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of flavonoids. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1430:16-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Birdsall RE, McCarthy SM, Janin-Bussat MC, Perez M, Haeuw JF, Chen W, Beck A. A sensitive multidimensional method for the detection, characterization, and quantification of trace free drug species in antibody-drug conjugate samples using mass spectral detection. MAbs 2015; 8:306-17. [PMID: 26651262 PMCID: PMC4966627 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugation processes and stability studies associated with the production and shelf life of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can result in free (non-conjugated) drug species. These free drug species can increase the risk to patients and reduce the efficacy of the ADC. Despite stringent purification steps, trace levels of free drug species may be present in formulated ADCs, reducing the therapeutic window. The reduction of sample preparation steps through the incorporation of multidimensional techniques has afforded analysts more efficient methods to assess trace drug species. Multidimensional methods coupling size-exclusion and reversed phase liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (SEC-RPLC/UV) have been reported, but offer limited sensitivity and can limit method optimization. The current study addresses these challenges with a multidimensional method that is specific, sensitive, and enables method control in both dimensions via coupling of an on-line solid phase extraction column to RPLC with mass spectral detection (SPE-RPLC/MS). The proposed method was evaluated using an antibody-fluorophore conjugate (AFC) as an ADC surrogate to brentuximab vedotin and its associated parent maleimide-val-cit-DSEA payload and the derived N-acetylcysteine adduct formed during the conjugation process. Assay sensitivity was found to be 2 orders more sensitive using MS detection in comparison to UV-based detection with a nominal limit of quantitation of 0.30 ng/mL (1.5 pg on-column). Free-drug species were present in an unadulterated ADC surrogate sample at concentrations below 7 ng/mL, levels not detectable by UV alone. The proposed SPE-RPLC/MS method provides a high degree of specificity and sensitivity in the assessment of trace free drug species and offers improved control over each dimension, enabling straightforward integration into existing or novel workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean M McCarthy
- a Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street , Milford , MA , 01757 , USA
| | | | - Michel Perez
- c IRPF, Center de R&D Pierre Fabre , Toulouse , France
| | | | - Weibin Chen
- a Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street , Milford , MA , 01757 , USA
| | - Alain Beck
- b IRPF, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois , France
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Abstract
This article summarizes the most important developments in the use of 2D-LC for bioanalysis in the last 5 years. While several interesting and powerful applications have been developed recently, this work has been supported by continued, significant development of theoretical concepts, instrument development and practical aspects of method development. Some of the most exciting applications have been focused on the use of 2D-LC and characterize proteins both as biotherapeutic drug substances, and in formulations. These materials are inherently complex, difficult to resolve chromatographically and present problems that are essentially unknown (e.g., aggregation) in the small molecule world, thus 2D-LC can be leveraged very effectively to address these challenges.
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Wang C, Chen S, Brailsford JA, Yamniuk AP, Tymiak AA, Zhang Y. Characterization and quantification of histidine degradation in therapeutic protein formulations by size exclusion-hydrophilic interaction two dimensional-liquid chromatography with stable-isotope labeling mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1426:133-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Schure MR, Davis JM. Orthogonal separations: Comparison of orthogonality metrics by statistical analysis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:60-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Li Y, Gu C, Gruenhagen J, Zhang K, Yehl P, Chetwyn NP, Medley CD. A size exclusion-reversed phase two dimensional-liquid chromatography methodology for stability and small molecule related species in antibody drug conjugates. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1393:81-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Comprehensive Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography for Analysis of the Volatile Compounds and Fishy Odor Off-flavors from Heated Rapeseed Oil. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2897-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Two dimensional assisted liquid chromatography – a chemometric approach to improve accuracy and precision of quantitation in liquid chromatography using 2D separation, dual detectors, and multivariate curve resolution. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 859:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Talus ES, Witt KE, Stoll DR. Effect of pressure pulses at the interface valve on the stability of second dimension columns in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1378:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Challenges of analyzing different classes of metabolites by a single analytical method. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3393-416. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex biological samples include thousands of metabolites that range widely in both physiochemical properties and concentration. Simultaneously analyzing metabolites with different properties using a single analytical method is very challenging. The analytical process for metabolites comprises multiple steps including sampling, quenching, sample preparation, separation and detection. Each step can have a significant effect on the reliability and precision of ultimate analytic results. The aim of review is a discussion of considerations and challenges for the simultaneous analysis of metabolites using LC– and GC–MS systems. The review discusses available methodology for each analytical step, and presents the limitations and advantages of each method for the large-scale targeted metabolomics analysis of human and animal biological samples.
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45
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Monolithic and core–shell columns in comprehensive two-dimensional HPLC: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:139-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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46
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Investigation of two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography approaches for reversed phase resolution of warfarin and hydroxywarfarin isomers. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Davis JM, Stoll DR. Likelihood of total resolution in liquid chromatography: Evaluation of one-dimensional, comprehensive two-dimensional, and selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:128-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Allen RC, Barnes BB, Haidar Ahmad IA, Filgueira MR, Carr PW. Impact of reversed phase column pairs in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:169-77. [PMID: 25169724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A major issue in optimizing the resolving power of two-dimensional chromatographic separations is the choice of the two phases so as to maximize the distribution of the analytes over the separation space. In this work, we studied the choice of appropriate reversed phases to use in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC). A set of four chemically different conventional bonded reversed phases was used in the first dimension. The second dimension column was either a conventional bonded C18 phase or a carbon-clad phase (CCP). The LC×LC chromatograms and contour plots were all rather similar indicating that the selectivities of the two phases were also similar regardless of the reverse phase column used in the first dimension. Further, the spatial coverage seen with all four first dimension stationary phases when paired with a second dimension C18 phase were low and the retention times were strongly correlated. However, when the C18 column was replaced with the CCP column much improved separations were observed with higher spatial coverages, greater orthogonalities and significant increases in the number of observed peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Allen
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian B Barnes
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcelo R Filgueira
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W Carr
- University of Minnesota, Department of Chemistry, Smith and Kolthoff Halls, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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49
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Core–shell particles: Preparation, fundamentals and applications in high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1357:36-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Stoll DR, Talus ES, Harmes DC, Zhang K. Evaluation of detection sensitivity in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and its degradants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:265-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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