1
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Meng X, Wang J, Xu L. Degradation of the mixed nuclear-grade cationic and anionic exchange resins using Fe 2+/H + homogeneous Fenton oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113400. [PMID: 35525296 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To further improve the treatment capacity of actual wastes, H+ was introduced into the homogeneous Fenton system as a co-catalyst for dissolution and degradation of the mixed nuclear-grade cationic and anionic exchange resins. The effects of acid type and concentration, catalyst type and concentration, H2O2 dosage, initial temperature, antifoaming agent and resin ratio were studied. The concentration of inorganic acid, type and concentration of catalyst had significant influence on the decomposition of mixed resins. The experimental results showed that when the mixing ratio of resins was 1:1, the initial temperature was 96 ± 1 °C, the amount of H2O2 was 200 mL, and the concentration of H+/Fe2+ was 1 M/0.1 M, complete dissolution and 79% weight reduction of mixed resins were obtained. Combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, cationic exchange resin and anionic exchange resin showed different reactivity in the experiment. Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) tended to attack -SO3- groups with more negative charges, and the barrier energy of -SO3- ion dissociation was 8.2 kcal/mol, which caused the cationic exchange resin to be easily destroyed. According to the characterization results, the characteristic intermediates were determined, indicating that desulfonation, valence change of nitrogen atom, and cleavage of long-chain carbon skeleton existed during the reaction, but incomplete oxidation still remained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Baosteel Central Research Institute, Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201900, PR China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Lejin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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2
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Edwards HM, Sasiene ZJ, Mendis PM, Jackson GP. Structural Characterization of Natural and Synthetic Macrocycles Using Charge-Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:671-680. [PMID: 35195991 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research in natural products (NPs) has gained interest as drug developers turn to nature to combat problems with drug resistance, drug delivery, and emerging diseases. Whereas NPs offer a tantalizing source of new pharmacologically active compounds, their structural complexity presents a challenge for analytical characterization and organic synthesis. Of particular concern is the characterization of cyclic-, polycyclic-, or macrocyclic compounds. One example of endogenous compounds as inspiration for NP development are cobalamins, like vitamin B12. An example of exogenous NPs is the class of macrolides that includes erythromycin. Both classes of macrocycles feature analogues with a range of modifications on their macrocyclic cores, but because of their cyclic nature, they are generally resistant to fragmentation by collision-induced dissociation (CID). In the present work, charge-transfer dissociation (CTD) was employed, with or without supplemental collisional activation, to produce radical-driven, high-energy fragmentation products of different macrocyclic precursors. With the assistance of collisional activation of CTnoD products, CTD frequently cleaved two covalent bonds within the macrocycle cores to reveal rich, informative spectra that helped identify sites of modification and resolve structural analogues. In a third example of macrocycle fragmentation, CTD enabled an impurity in a biological sample to be characterized as a cyclic polymer of nylon-6,6. In each example, CTD spectra are starkly different from CID and are highly reminiscent of other high-energy fragmentation techniques like extreme ultraviolet dissociative photoionization (XUV-DPI) and electron ionization-induced dissociation (EID). The results indicate that CTD-MS is a useful tool for the characterization of natural and synthetic macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle M Edwards
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Zachary J Sasiene
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Praneeth M Mendis
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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3
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Wolf A, Desport JS, Dieden R, Frache G, Weydert M, Poorters L, Schmidt DF, Verge P. Sequence-Controlled α-Methylstyrene/Styrene Copolymers: Syntheses and Sequence Distribution Resolution. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Wolf
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica S. Desport
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Reiner Dieden
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Weydert
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Laurent Poorters
- Goodyear Innovation Center Luxembourg, L-7750 Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel F. Schmidt
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Verge
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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4
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Morgan TE, Kerr A, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AW, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Electron Capture Dissociation of Trithiocarbonate-Terminated Acrylamide Homo- and Copolymers: A Terminus-Directed Mechanism? Anal Chem 2020; 92:12852-12859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anthony W.T. Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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5
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Mao J, Zhang B, Zhang H, Elupula R, Grayson SM, Wesdemiotis C. Elucidating Branching Topology and Branch Lengths in Star-Branched Polymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1981-1991. [PMID: 31363988 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) has been employed to elucidate the topology and branching architecture of star-branched polyethers. The polymers were ionized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) to positive ions and dissociated after leaving the ion source via laser-induced fragmentation. The bond scissions caused under MALDI-MS2 conditions occur preferentially near the core-branch joining points due to energetically favorable homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavages near the core and release of steric strain and/or reduction of crowding. This unique fragmentation mode detaches complete arms from the core generating fragment ion series at the expected molecular weight of each branch. The number of fragment ion distributions observed combined with their mass-to-charge ratios permit conclusive determination of the degree of branching and the corresponding branch lengths, as demonstrated for differently branched homo- and mikto-arm polyether stars synthesized via azide-alkyne click chemistry. The results of this study underscore the utility of MS2 for the characterization of branching architecture and branch lengths of (co) polymers with two or more linear chains attached to a functionalized central core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Ravinder Elupula
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Scott M Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3601, USA.
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6
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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De Bruycker K, Krappitz T, Barner-Kowollik C. High Performance Quantification of Complex High Resolution Polymer Mass Spectra. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1443-1447. [PMID: 35651225 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modern soft ionization mass spectrometry provides chemical information on various polymers with unparalleled resolution and sensitivity. However, the interpretation of the resulting highly complex mass spectra is hampered by the sheer amount of contributing macromolecular species. For example, state-of-the-art reversible deactivation radical polymerization techniques, which are generally considered to be highly controlled, can still generate tens or even hundreds of species in a narrow mass window. Moreover, the multitude of species typically leads to partially overlapping isotopic patterns, further complicating the data evaluation. Herein, a rapid and powerful three-step methodical approach is introduced that enables the successful identification and quantification of the contributing species. The approach is subsequently implemented in "pyMacroMS", a high performance algorithm that allows for ultrafast processing of high resolution polymer mass spectra with varying complexities. The power of our algorithm is demonstrated on the example of a photochemical atom transfer radical polymerization (photoATRP) of three monomers, ultimately leading to 908 identified species. pyMacroMS is available free of charge under a GNU General Public License v3.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Tim Krappitz
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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8
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Morgan TE, Ellacott SH, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Coupling Electron Capture Dissociation and the Modified Kendrick Mass Defect for Sequencing of a Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Polymer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11710-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sean H. Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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9
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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10
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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11
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Liu X, Cool LR, Lin K, Kasko AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers. Analyst 2015; 140:1182-91. [PMID: 25519163 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS(2) and MS(n) studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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12
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Charles L. MALDI of synthetic polymers with labile end-groups. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:523-543. [PMID: 24285426 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is increasingly used in the field of synthetic polymers as a fast and accurate technique for end-group analysis. More particularly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has gained much popularity because it allows quite simple mass spectra to be obtained, displaying a single distribution for each polymeric species present in the sample, in contrast to electrospray ionization (ESI) which readily promotes multiple charging for most polymers. A soft ionization process, ensuring the integrity of the species upon transfer into gas phase ions, is however mandatory for polymer end-group analysis since information about the chain terminations mainly rely on the m/z values measured for polymer adducts. As compared to ESI, MALDI is sometimes suspected to be a quite "hard" ionization technique, leading to spontaneous dissociation of ionized species either in the source or during their flight time. This issue is of particular concern for polymers carrying so-called fragile end-groups arising from their mode of synthesis. In particular, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) processes, one of the most important advances in the field of polymer science during the last 20 years, allow the production of polymers with well-defined molecular distribution and low polydispersities, but they are all based on the low dissociation energy of the chemical bond between the last monomer and the terminating group. As a result, if macromolecules are activated while being ionized, this end-group is prone to fragmentation and ions measured in the mass spectra do no longer reflect the original chain composition. However, different results are reported in the literature about the ability of MALDI to generate intact ions from CRP synthetic polymers. This article reviews MALDI MS data reported for synthetic polymers produced by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization (RAFT), and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), the three most studied CRP techniques. The general principle of each polymerization process, which defines the structure of the end-groups in both targeted macromolecules and species arising from eventual side-reactions, is first briefly presented. An overview of MALDI data reported for samples obtained upon polymerization of different monomers are then commented for each polymerization techniques with regards to the success of the ionization method to generate intact cationic adducts and its propensity to distinguish in-source fragments from polymerization side-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire: ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
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13
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Yol AM, Janoski J, Quirk RP, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence Analysis of Styrenic Copolymers by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9576-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5019815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleer M. Yol
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jonathan Janoski
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of
Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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14
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Chirowodza H, Hartmann PC, Pasch H. Surface-Initiated RAFT Polymerization of Clay Nanoparticles with Polystyrene: New Insights Using MALDI-TOF MS and1H NMR. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chirowodza
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Patrice C. Hartmann
- Mpact Paper, Department of Forest and Wood Science; University of Stellenbosch; Paul Sauer Building, Bosman Street 7599 Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - Harald Pasch
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science; University of Stellenbosch; Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602 Stellenbosch South Africa
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15
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A review of electron-capture and electron-transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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16
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“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Gies AP, Hercules DM. Collision induced dissociation study of ester-based polyurethane fragmentation reactions. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:199-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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19
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Iida T. Theory for collective dynamics and optical response of metallic nanoparticles under light-induced force and fluctuations. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-011-0460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Wesdemiotis C, Solak N, Polce MJ, Dabney DE, Chaicharoen K, Katzenmeyer BC. Fragmentation pathways of polymer ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:523-559. [PMID: 20623599 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is increasingly applied to synthetic polymers to characterize chain-end or in-chain substituents, distinguish isobaric and isomeric species, and determine macromolecular connectivities and architectures. For confident structural assignments, the fragmentation mechanisms of polymer ions must be understood, as they provide guidelines on how to deduce the desired information from the fragments observed in MS/MS spectra. This article reviews the fragmentation pathways of synthetic polymer ions that have been energized to decompose via collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), the most widely used activation method in polymer analysis. The compounds discussed encompass polystyrenes, poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyacrylates, poly(vinyl acetate), aliphatic polyester copolymers, polyethers, and poly(dimethylsiloxane). For a number of these polymers, several substitution patterns and architectures are considered, and questions regarding the ionization agent and internal energy of the dissociating precursor ions are also addressed. Competing and consecutive dissociations are evaluated in terms of the structural insight they provide about the macromolecular structure. The fragmentation pathways of the diverse array of polymer ions examined fall into three categories, viz. (1) charge-directed fragmentations, (2) charge-remote rearrangements, and (3) charge-remote fragmentations via radical intermediates. Charge-remote processes predominate. Depending on the ionizing agent and the functional groups in the polymer, the incipient fragments arising by pathways (1)-(3) may form ion-molecule complexes that survive long enough to permit inter-fragment hydrogen atom, proton, or hydride transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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21
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Crecelius AC, Becer C, Knop K, Schubert US. Block length determination of the block copolymer mPEG-b-PS using MALDI-TOF MS/MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Hidalgo M, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Methylation of acidic moieties in poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers for end-group characterization by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1941-1947. [PMID: 20552705 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete structural characterization of a copolymer composed of methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) units was achieved using tandem mass spectrometry. In a first step, collision-induced dissociation (CID) of sodiated MAA-MMA co-oligomers allowed us to determine the co-monomeric composition, the random nature of the copolymer and the sum of the end-group masses. However, dissociation reactions of MAA-based molecules mainly involve the acidic pendant groups, precluding individual characterization of the end groups. Therefore, methylation of all the acrylic acid moieties was performed to transform the MAA-MMA copolymer into a PMMA homopolymer, for which CID mainly proceeds via backbone cleavages. Using trimethylsilyldiazomethane as a derivatization agent, this methylation reaction was shown to be complete without affecting the end groups. Using fragmentation rules established for PMMA polymers together with accurate mass measurements of the product ions and knowledge of reagents used for the studied copolymer synthesis, a structure could be proposed for both end groups and it was found to be consistent with signals obtained in nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II et III-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille, France
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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24
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Jackson AT, Thalassinos K, John RO, McGuire N, Freeman D, Scrivens JH. Characterisation of end groups in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by means of electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Hilton GR, Jackson AT, Thalassinos K, Scrivens JH. Structural analysis of synthetic polymer mixtures using ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 80:9720-5. [PMID: 19072273 DOI: 10.1021/ac801716c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility (IM) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been employed to separate and differentiate between polyether oligomers with the same nominal molecular weights. Poly(ethylene glycol)s with the same nominal mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), but with differing structures, were separated using ion mobility. IM-MS/MS data were able to aid identification of the backbone and end groups of the four individual polyethers in the two sets of isobaric mixtures. The MS/MS data from the resolved oligomers enabled a detailed structural characterization of the polyether mixtures to be completed in one experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian R Hilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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27
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Crecelius AC, Baumgaertel A, Schubert US. Tandem mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:1277-1286. [PMID: 19676098 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The detailed characterization of macromolecules plays an important role for synthetic chemists to define and specify the structure and properties of the successfully synthesized polymers. The search for new characterization techniques for polymers is essential for the continuation of the development of improved synthesis methods. The application of tandem mass spectrometry for the detailed characterization of synthetic polymers using the soft ionization techniques matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), which became the basic tools in proteomics, has greatly been increased in recent years and is summarized in this perspective. Examples of a variety of homopolymers, such as poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene glycol), as well as copolymers, e.g. copolyesters, are given. The advanced mass spectrometric techniques described in this review will presumably become one of the basic tools in polymer chemistry in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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28
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Positive mode electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of poly(methacrylic acid) oligomers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:1557-1562. [PMID: 19399764 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dissociation of small poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) cations produced by electrospray was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Similarly to PMAA ions produced in the negative ion mode, the two electrosprayed cationic forms, namely [PMAA+Na](+) and [PMAA-H+2Na](+), were shown to fragment via a major pathway consisting of successive dehydration steps. Elimination of a water molecule would occur between two consecutive acid groups in a charged-remote mechanism and was shown to proceed as many times as pairs of acidic pendant groups were available. As a result, comparing the number of dehydration steps observed in the MS/MS spectrum of two consecutive oligomers from the polymeric distribution reveals the degree of polymerization of the molecule. Secondary less informative reactions were shown to consist of losses of CO and/or CO(2), depending on the nature of the precursor ion. These fragmentation rules could be used to characterize PMAA-based copolymers, as successfully demonstrated for a polymeric impurity in the tested PMAA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II et III - CNRS, UMR 6264, Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille, France
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29
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Mazarin M, Girod M, Viel S, Phan TNT, Marque SRA, Humbel S, Charles L. Role of the Adducted Cation in the Release of Nitroxide End Group of Controlled Polymer in Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma802372m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Mazarin
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Girod
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Humbel
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Chimie Radicalaire, Organique et Polymères de Spécialité, and Structure et Réactivité des Espèces Paramagnétiques, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, et III−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France, and Chimiométrie et Spectrométries and Chimie Théorique et Mécanismes, UMR 6263: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, F-13397 Marseille, France
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30
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Tandem mass spectrometry of poly(methacrylic Acid) oligomers produced by negative mode electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:25-33. [PMID: 18926720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dissociation of small poly(methyl acrylic acid) (PMAA) anions produced by electrospray was characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Upon collisional activation, singly, and doubly deprotonated PMAA oligomers were shown to fragment via two major reactions, dehydration and decarboxylation. The elimination of a water molecule would occur between two consecutive acid groups in a charged-remote mechanism, giving rise to cyclic anhydrides, and was shown to proceed as many times as pairs of neutral pendant groups were available. As a result, the number of dehydration steps, together with the abundance of the fragment ions produced after the release of all water molecules, revealed the polymerization degree of the molecule in the particular case of doubly charged oligomers. For singly deprotonated molecules, the exact number of MAA units could be reached from the number of carbon dioxide molecules successively eliminated from the fully dehydrated precursor ions. In contrast to dehydration, decarboxylation reactions would proceed via a charge-induced mechanism. The proposed dissociation mechanisms are consistent with results commonly reported in thermal degradation studies of poly(acrylic acid) resins and were supported by accurate mass measurements. These fragmentation rules were successfully applied to characterize a polymeric impurity detected in the tested PMAA sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II & III-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Marseille, France
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31
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Ladavière C, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Delolme F. First Systematic MALDI/ESI Mass Spectrometry Comparison to Characterize Polystyrene Synthesized by Different Controlled Radical Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8013788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ladavière
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Frédéric Delolme
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Polymères et des Biomatériaux, UMR CNRS 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd André Latarjet, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR CNRS 5253, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex 5, France, and Service Central d’Analyses du CNRS, Chemin du canal, 69360 Solaize, France
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32
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Girod M, Phan TNT, Charles L. On-line coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3767-3775. [PMID: 18980254 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of liquid chromatography at critical conditions (LCCC) with on-line mass spectrometry (MS) detection was implemented via an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface, using a mobile phase containing the cationizing agent. Critical conditions established for poly(ethylene oxide) were used to characterize a poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer (PEO-b-PS) in both MS and MS/MS modes. As co-oligomer molecules were successfully separated according to the PS block size, structural information could be reached from simplified MS spectra. The microstructure of this copolymer, synthesized by nitroxide-mediated polymerization, could further be unambiguously characterized in LCCC/ESI-MS/MS experiments since the PS block size could be reached by both the co-oligomer chromatographic behavior and its MS/MS pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II & III - CNRS, UMR 6264, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, F-13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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33
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Utilising matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation techniques for the generation of structural information from different end-group functionalised poly(methyl methacrylate)s. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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MALDI-TOF/TOF CID study of poly(α-methylstyrene) fragmentation reactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:627-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Girod M, Phan TNT, Charles L. Microstructural study of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer (PEO-b-PS) by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:1163-1175. [PMID: 18524621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been used to characterize the microstructure of a nitroxide-mediated poly(ethylene oxide)/polystyrene block copolymer, called SG1-capped PEO-b-PS. The main dissociation route of co-oligomers adducted with lithium or silver cation was observed to proceed via the homolytic cleavage of a C-ON bond, aimed at undergoing reversible homolysis during nitroxide mediated polymerization. This cleavage results in the elimination of the terminal SG1 end-group as a radical, inducing a complete depolymerization process of the PS block from the so-formed radical cation. These successive eliminations of styrene molecules allowed a straightforward determination of the PS block size. An alternative fragmentation pathway of the radical cation was shown to provide structural information on the junction group between the two blocks. Proposed dissociation mechanisms were supported by accurate mass measurements. Structural information on the SG1 end-group could be reached from weak abundance fragment ions detected in the low m/z range of the MS/MS spectrum. Amongst fragments typically expected from PS dissociation, only beta ions were produced. Moreover, specific dissociation of the PEO block was not observed to occur in MS/MS, suggesting that these rearrangement reactions do not compete effectively with dissociations of the odd-electron fragment ions. Information about the PEO block length and the initiated end-group were obtained in MS(3) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Girod
- Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Universités Aix-Marseille I, II and III-CNRS, UMR 6264, Marseille, France
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36
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Gies AP, Vergne MJ, Orndorff RL, Hercules DM. MALDI-TOF/TOF CID study of 4-alkyl-substituted polystyrene fragmentation reactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:609-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Characterization of linear and branched polyacrylates by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:595-607. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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