1
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Anderson KW, Hudgens JW. Chromatography at -30 °C for Reduced Back-Exchange, Reduced Carryover, and Improved Dynamic Range for Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1282-1292. [PMID: 35732031 PMCID: PMC9264389 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
For hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to have an increased role in quality control of biopharmaceuticals, H for D back-exchange occurring during protein analyses should be minimized to promote greater reproducibility. Standard HDX-MS analysis systems that digest proteins and separate peptides at pH 2.7 and 0 °C can lose >30% of the deuterium marker within 15 min of sample injection. This report describes the architecture and performance of a dual-enzyme, HDX-MS instrument that conducts liquid chromatography (LC) separations at subzero temperature, thereby reducing back-exchange and supporting longer LC separations with improved chromatographic resolution. LC separations of perdeuterated, fully reduced, iodoacetamide-treated BSA protein digest standard peptides were performed at 0, -10, -20, and -30 °C in ethylene glycol (EG)/H2O mixtures. Analyses conducted at -20 and -30 °C produced similar results. After subtracting for deuterium retained in arginine side chains, the average peptide eluted during a 40 min gradient contained ≈16% more deuterium than peptides eluted with a conventional 8 min gradient at 0 °C. A subset of peptides exhibited ≈26% more deuterium. Although chromatographic peaks shift with EG concentration and temperature, the apparatus elutes unbroadened LC peaks. Electrospray ion intensity does not decline with increasing EG fraction. To minimize bias from sample carryover, the fluidic circuits allow flush and backflush cleaning of all enzyme and LC columns. The system can perform LC separations and clean enzyme columns simultaneously. Temperature zones are controlled ±0.058 °C. The potential of increased sensitivity by mixing acetonitrile with the analytical column effluent was also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Anderson
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess
Measurement Group, Biomolecular Measurements Division, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Jeffrey W. Hudgens
- National
Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess
Measurement Group, Biomolecular Measurements Division, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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2
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Liu T, Tao Y, Xia X, Zhang Y, Deng R, Wang Y. Analytical tools for antibody–drug conjugates: from in vitro to in vivo. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Bobst CE, Sperry J, Friese OV, Kaltashov IA. Simultaneous Evaluation of a Vaccine Component Microheterogeneity and Conformational Integrity Using Native Mass Spectrometry and Limited Charge Reduction. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1631-1637. [PMID: 34006091 PMCID: PMC8514165 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Analytical characterization of extensively modified proteins (such as haptenated carrier proteins in synthetic vaccines) remains a challenging task due to the high degree of structural heterogeneity. Native mass spectrometry (MS) combined with limited charge reduction allows these obstacles to be overcome and enables meaningful characterization of a heavily haptenated carrier protein CRM197 (inactivated diphtheria toxin conjugated with nicotine), a major component of a smoking cessation vaccine. The extensive conjugation results in a near-continuum distribution of ionic signal in electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra of haptenated CRM197 even after size-exclusion chromatographic fractionation. However, supplementing the ESI MS measurements with limited charge reduction of ionic populations selected within narrow m/z windows gives rise to well-resolved charge ladders, from which both masses and charge states of the ionic species can be readily deduced. Application of this technique to a research-grade material of CRM197/H7 conjugate not only reveals its marginal conformational stability (manifested by the appearance of high charge-density ions in ESI MS) but also establishes a role of the extent of haptenation as a major factor driving the loss of the higher order structure integrity. The unique information provided by native MS used in combination with limited charge reduction provides a strong argument for this technique to become a standard/required tool in the analytical arsenal in the field of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical analysis, where protein conjugates are becoming increasingly common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric E. Bobst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Justin Sperry
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, St. Louis, MO 63017
| | - Olga V. Friese
- BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, St. Louis, MO 63017
| | - Igor A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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4
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Pawlowski J, Wang G. Mass spectrometry-based methods in characterization of the higher order structure of protein therapeutics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 184:113169. [PMID: 32092629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Higher order structure of protein therapeutics is an important quality attribute, which dictates both potency and safety. While modern experimental biophysics offers an impressive arsenal of state-of-the-art tools that can be used for the characterization of higher order structure, many of them are poorly suited for the characterization of biopharmaceutical products. As a result, these analyses were traditionally carried out using classical techniques that provide relatively low information content. Over the past decade, mass spectrometry made a dramatic debut in this field, enabling the characterization of higher order structure of biopharmaceuticals as complex as monoclonal antibodies at a level of detail that was previously unattainable. At present, mass spectrometry is an integral part of the analytical toolbox across the industry, which is critical not only for quality control efforts, but also for discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
| | - Cedric E Bobst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jake Pawlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Guanbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, PR China
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5
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Liu H, Wang D, Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Mamonova T, Wang L, Zhang C, Li S, Friedman PA, Xiao K. Parallel Post-Translational Modification Scanning Enhancing Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry Coverage of Key Structural Regions. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6976-6980. [PMID: 31082219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDXMS) is a powerful technology to characterize conformations and conformational dynamics of proteins and protein complexes. HDXMS has been widely used in the field of therapeutics for the development of protein drugs. Although sufficient sequence coverage is critical to the success of HDXMS, it is sometimes difficult to achieve. In this study, we developed a HDXMS data analysis strategy that includes parallel post-translational modification (PTM) scanning in HDXMS analysis. Using a membrane-delimited G protein-coupled receptor (vasopressin type 2 receptor; V2R) and a cytosolic protein (Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor-1; NHERF1) as examples, we demonstrate that this strategy substantially improves protein sequence coverage, especially in key structural regions likely including PTMs themselves that play important roles in protein conformational dynamics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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6
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Mohammadiarani H, Shaw VS, Neubig RR, Vashisth H. Interpreting Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Events in Proteins Using Atomistic Simulations: Case Studies on Regulators of G-Protein Signaling Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:9314-9323. [PMID: 30222348 PMCID: PMC6430106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b07494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments are widely used in studies of protein dynamics. To predict the propensity of amide hydrogens for exchange with deuterium, several models have been reported in which computations of amide-hydrogen protection factors are carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Given significant variation in the criteria used in different models, the robustness and broader applicability of these models to other proteins, especially homologous proteins showing distinct amide-exchange patterns, remains unknown. The sensitivity of the predictions when MD simulations are conducted with different force-fields is yet to tested and quantified. Using MD simulations and experimental HDX data on three homologous signaling proteins, we report detailed studies quantifying the performance of seven previously reported models (M1-M7) of two general types: empirical and fractional-population models. We find that the empirical models show inconsistent predictions but predictions of the fractional population models are robust. Contrary to previously reported work, we find that the solvent-accessible surface area of amide hydrogens is a useful metric when combined with a new metric defining the distances of amide hydrogens from the first polar atoms in proteins. On the basis of this, we report two new models, one empirical (M8) and one population-based (M9). We find strong protection of amide hydrogens from solvent exchange both within the stable helical motifs and also in the interhelical loops. We further observe that the exchange-competent states of amide hydrogens occur on the sub 100 ps time-scale via localized fluctuations, and such states among amides of a given protein do not appear to show any cooperativity or allosteric coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadiarani
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire 03824 , United States
| | - Vincent S Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48825 , United States
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48825 , United States
| | - Harish Vashisth
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of New Hampshire , Durham , New Hampshire 03824 , United States
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7
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Zhang J, Woods C, He F, Han M, Treuheit MJ, Volkin DB. Structural Changes and Aggregation Mechanisms of Two Different Dimers of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody. Biochemistry 2018; 57:5466-5479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher Woods
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Feng He
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Mei Han
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Michael J. Treuheit
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David B. Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
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8
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MS-based conformation analysis of recombinant proteins in design, optimization and development of biopharmaceuticals. Methods 2018; 144:134-151. [PMID: 29678586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods for analyzing protein higher order structures have gained increasing application in the field of biopharmaceutical development. The predominant methods used in this area include native MS, hydrogen deuterium exchange-MS, covalent labeling, cross-linking and limited proteolysis. These MS-based methods will be briefly described in this article, followed by a discussion on how these methods contribute at different stages of discovery and development of protein therapeutics.
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9
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Hamuro Y, Coales SJ. Optimization of Feasibility Stage for Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:623-629. [PMID: 29299838 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The practice of HDX-MS remains somewhat difficult, not only for newcomers but also for veterans, despite its increasing popularity. While a typical HDX-MS project starts with a feasibility stage where the experimental conditions are optimized and the peptide map is generated prior to the HDX study stage, the literature usually reports only the HDX study stage. In this protocol, we describe a few considerations for the initial feasibility stage, more specifically, how to optimize quench conditions, how to tackle the carryover issue, and how to apply the pepsin specificity rule. Two sets of quench conditions are described depending on the presence of disulfide bonds to facilitate the quench condition optimization process. Four protocols are outlined to minimize carryover during the feasibility stage: (1) addition of a detergent to the quench buffer, (2) injection of a detergent or chaotrope to the protease column after each sample injection, (3) back-flushing of the trap column and the analytical column with a new plumbing configuration, and (4) use of PEEK (or PEEK coated) frits instead of stainless steel frits for the columns. The application of the pepsin specificity rule after peptide map generation and not before peptide map generation is suggested. The rule can be used not only to remove falsely identified peptides, but also to check the sample purity. A well-optimized HDX-MS feasibility stage makes subsequent HDX study stage smoother and the resulting HDX data more reliable. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Hamuro
- ExSAR Corporation (scientifically co-founded by Professor Virgil Woods and now dissolved), Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA.
- SGS Life North America, 606 Brandywine Parkway, West Chester, PA, 19380, USA.
| | - Stephen J Coales
- ExSAR Corporation (scientifically co-founded by Professor Virgil Woods and now dissolved), Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA
- LEAP Technologies, 1015 Aviation Parkway, Suite 1000, Morrisville, NC, 27560, USA
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10
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Bonnington L, Lindner I, Gilles U, Kailich T, Reusch D, Bulau P. Application of Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange-Mass Spectrometry to Biopharmaceutical Development Requirements: Improved Sensitivity to Detection of Conformational Changes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8233-8237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bonnington
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Lindner
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gilles
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kailich
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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11
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Buckley K, Ryder AG. Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing: A Short Review. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:1085-1116. [PMID: 28534676 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is currently undergoing its biggest transformation in a century. The changes are based on the rapid and dramatic introduction of protein- and macromolecule-based drugs (collectively known as biopharmaceuticals) and can be traced back to the huge investment in biomedical science (in particular in genomics and proteomics) that has been ongoing since the 1970s. Biopharmaceuticals (or biologics) are manufactured using biological-expression systems (such as mammalian, bacterial, insect cells, etc.) and have spawned a large (>€35 billion sales annually in Europe) and growing biopharmaceutical industry (BioPharma). The structural and chemical complexity of biologics, combined with the intricacy of cell-based manufacturing, imposes a huge analytical burden to correctly characterize and quantify both processes (upstream) and products (downstream). In small molecule manufacturing, advances in analytical and computational methods have been extensively exploited to generate process analytical technologies (PAT) that are now used for routine process control, leading to more efficient processes and safer medicines. In the analytical domain, biologic manufacturing is considerably behind and there is both a huge scope and need to produce relevant PAT tools with which to better control processes, and better characterize product macromolecules. Raman spectroscopy, a vibrational spectroscopy with a number of useful properties (nondestructive, non-contact, robustness) has significant potential advantages in BioPharma. Key among them are intrinsically high molecular specificity, the ability to measure in water, the requirement for minimal (or no) sample pre-treatment, the flexibility of sampling configurations, and suitability for automation. Here, we review and discuss a representative selection of the more important Raman applications in BioPharma (with particular emphasis on mammalian cell culture). The review shows that the properties of Raman have been successfully exploited to deliver unique and useful analytical solutions, particularly for online process monitoring. However, it also shows that its inherent susceptibility to fluorescence interference and the weakness of the Raman effect mean that it can never be a panacea. In particular, Raman-based methods are intrinsically limited by the chemical complexity and wide analyte-concentration-profiles of cell culture media/bioprocessing broths which limit their use for quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, with appropriate foreknowledge of these limitations and good experimental design, robust analytical methods can be produced. In addition, new technological developments such as time-resolved detectors, advanced lasers, and plasmonics offer potential of new Raman-based methods to resolve existing limitations and/or provide new analytical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Buckley
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan G Ryder
- Nanoscale Biophotonics Laboratory, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland - Galway, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Houde DJ, Bou-Assaf GM, Berkowitz SA. Deciphering the Biophysical Effects of Oxidizing Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids in Interferon-beta-1a using MS and HDX-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:840-849. [PMID: 28194741 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of a chemical change to one or more amino acids in a protein's polypeptide chain can result in various effects on its higher-order structure (HOS) and biophysical behavior (or properties). These effects range from no detectable change to significant structural or conformational alteration that can greatly affect the protein's biophysical properties and its resulting biological function. The ability to reliably detect the absence or presence of such changes is essential to understanding the structure-function relationship in a protein and in the successful commercial development of protein-based drugs (biopharmaceuticals). In this paper, we focus our attention on the latter by specifically elucidating the impact of oxidation on the HOS, structural dynamics, and biophysical properties of interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a). Oxidation is a common biochemical modification that occurs in many biopharmaceuticals, specifically in two naturally-occurring sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine. To carry out this work, we used combinations of hydrogen peroxide and pH to differentially oxidize IFNβ-1a (to focus on only methionine oxidation versus methionine and cysteine oxidation). We then employed several analytical and biophysical techniques to acquire information about the differential impact of these two oxidation scenarios on IFNβ-1a. In particular, the use of MS-based techniques, especially HDX-MS, play a dominant role in revealing the differential effects. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian J Houde
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Codiak Biosciences, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - George M Bou-Assaf
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Steven A Berkowitz
- Technical Development, Biogen, 225 Binney St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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13
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Muneeruddin K, Bobst CE, Frenkel R, Houde D, Turyan I, Sosic Z, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of a PEGylated protein therapeutic by ion exchange chromatography with on-line detection by native ESI MS and MS/MS. Analyst 2017; 142:336-344. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02041k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detailed profiling of both enzymatic (e.g., glycosylation) and non-enzymatic (e.g., oxidation and deamidation) post-translational modifications (PTMs) is frequently required for the quality assessment of protein-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Muneeruddin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
| | - C. E. Bobst
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
| | - R. Frenkel
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - D. Houde
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - I. Turyan
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Z. Sosic
- Analytical Development
- Biogen
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - I. A. Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst
- USA
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14
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Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical discovery and development – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 940:8-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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15
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Mastrangeli R, Iozzino L, Lanzoni L, Angiuoni G, Ferrao C, Izzo A, Fiumi S, Camerini F, Mascia M, Palinsky W, Bierau H. Biological Functions of Interferon β-1a Are Enhanced By Deamidation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:534-41. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Mastrangeli
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iozzino
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Lanzoni
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Angiuoni
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Ferrao
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Izzo
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Fiumi
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Camerini
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Mascia
- Analytical Development Biotech Products, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
| | - Wolf Palinsky
- Biotech Development Program, Merck Biopharma, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Horst Bierau
- Biotech Development Program, CMC Sciences & Intelligence, Merck Serono SpA, an affiliate of Merck KgaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Rome, Italy
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16
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Yan Y, Wei H, Fu Y, Jusuf S, Zeng M, Ludwig R, Krystek SR, Chen G, Tao L, Das TK. Isomerization and Oxidation in the Complementarity-Determining Regions of a Monoclonal Antibody: A Study of the Modification–Structure–Function Correlations by Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2041-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Hui Wei
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Ya Fu
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | - Ming Zeng
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | | | | | - Li Tao
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
| | - Tapan K. Das
- Biologics
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, New Jersey 08534, United States
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17
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18
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Muneeruddin K, Nazzaro M, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of intact protein conjugates and biopharmaceuticals using ion-exchange chromatography with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and top-down tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:10138-45. [PMID: 26360183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of biopharmaceutical products is a challenging task, which needs to be carried out at several different levels (including both primary structure and conformation). An additional difficulty frequently arises due to the structural heterogeneity inherent to many protein-based therapeutics (e.g., extensive glycosylation or "designer" modifications such as chemical conjugation) or introduced postproduction as a result of stress (e.g., oxidation and deamidation). A combination of ion-exchange chromatography (IXC) with online detection by native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) allows characterization of complex and heterogeneous therapeutic proteins and protein conjugates to be accomplished at a variety of levels without compromising their conformational integrity. The IXC/ESI MS measurements allow protein conjugates to be profiled by analyzing conjugation stoichiometry and the presence of multiple positional isomers, as well as to establish the effect of chemical modifications on the conformational integrity of each species. While mass profiling alone is not sufficient for identification of nonenzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs) that result in a very small mass change of the eluting species (e.g., deamidation), this task can be completed using online top-down structural analysis, as demonstrated using stressed interferon-β as an example. The wealth of information that can be provided by IXC/native ESI MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) on protein-based therapeutics will undoubtedly make it a very valuable addition to the experimental toolbox of biopharmaceutical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Muneeruddin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mark Nazzaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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19
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Antibody Structural Integrity of Site-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugates Investigated by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5669-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan Pan
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Oscar Salas-Solano
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - John F. Valliere-Douglass
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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20
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Leurs U, Mistarz UH, Rand KD. Getting to the core of protein pharmaceuticals--Comprehensive structure analysis by mass spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:95-109. [PMID: 25791210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals are the fastest growing class of novel therapeutic agents, and have been a major research and development focus in the (bio)pharmaceutical industry. Due to their large size and structural diversity, biopharmaceuticals represent a formidable challenge regarding analysis and characterization compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Any changes to the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of a protein can potentially impact its function, efficacy and safety. The analysis and characterization of (structural) protein heterogeneity is therefore of utmost importance. Mass spectrometry has evolved as a powerful tool for the characterization of both primary and higher order structures of protein pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the chemical and physical stability of protein drugs, as well as their pharmacokinetics are nowadays routinely determined by mass spectrometry. Here we review current techniques in primary, secondary and tertiary structure analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry. An overview of established top-down and bottom-up protein analyses will be given, and in particular the use of advanced technologies such as hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) for higher-order structure analysis will be discussed. Modification and degradation pathways of protein drugs and their detection by mass spectrometry will be described, as well as the growing use of mass spectrometry to assist protein design and biopharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Leurs
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik H Mistarz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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21
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Zhang Y, Rempel DL, Zhang H, Gross ML. An improved fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) platform for protein therapeutics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:526-9. [PMID: 25519854 PMCID: PMC5993200 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Unlike small-molecule drugs, the size and dynamics of protein therapeutics challenge existing methods for assessing their high order structures (HOS). To extend fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) to protein therapeutics, we modified its platform by introducing a mixing step prior to laser irradiation to minimize unwanted H(2)O(2)-induced oxidation. This improvement plus standardizing each step yield better reproducibility as determined by a fitting process whereby we used a non-FPOP spectrum as a template to report the unmodified level. We also tested different buffer systems for this modified FPOP platform with cytochrome c. The outcome is a standard oxidation profile that can be compared between different laboratories and regulatory agencies that wish to adopt FPOP for quality control purposes.
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22
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Salisbury JP, Liu Q, Agar JN. QUDeX-MS: hydrogen/deuterium exchange calculation for mass spectra with resolved isotopic fine structure. BMC Bioinformatics 2014; 15:403. [PMID: 25495703 PMCID: PMC4274694 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-014-0403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to mass spectrometry permits analysis of structure, dynamics, and molecular interactions of proteins. HDX mass spectrometry is confounded by deuterium exchange-associated peaks overlapping with peaks of heavy, natural abundance isotopes, such as carbon-13. Recent studies demonstrated that high-performance mass spectrometers could resolve isotopic fine structure and eliminate this peak overlap, allowing direct detection and quantification of deuterium incorporation. Results Here, we present a graphical tool that allows for a rapid and automated estimation of deuterium incorporation from a spectrum with isotopic fine structure. Given a peptide sequence (or elemental formula) and charge state, the mass-to-charge ratios of deuterium-associated peaks of the specified ion is determined. Intensities of peaks in an experimental mass spectrum within bins corresponding to these values are used to determine the distribution of deuterium incorporated. A theoretical spectrum can then be calculated based on the estimated distribution of deuterium exchange to confirm interpretation of the spectrum. Deuterium incorporation can also be detected for ion signals without a priori specification of an elemental formula, permitting detection of exchange in complex samples of unidentified material such as natural organic matter. A tool is also incorporated into QUDeX-MS to help in assigning ion signals from peptides arising from enzymatic digestion of proteins. MATLAB-deployable and standalone versions are available for academic use at qudex-ms.sourceforge.net and agarlabs.com. Conclusion Isotopic fine structure HDX-MS offers the potential to increase sequence coverage of proteins being analyzed through mass accuracy and deconvolution of overlapping ion signals. As previously demonstrated, however, the data analysis workflow for HDX-MS data with resolved isotopic fine structure is distinct. QUDeX-MS we hope will aid in the adoption of isotopic fine structure HDX-MS by providing an intuitive workflow and interface for data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Salisbury
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Qian Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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23
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Mastrangeli R, Rossi M, Mascia M, Palinsky W, Datola A, Terlizzese M, Bierau H. In vitro biological characterization of IFN- -1a major glycoforms. Glycobiology 2014; 25:21-9. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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24
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Torosantucci R, Brinks V, Kijanka G, Halim LA, Sauerborn M, Schellekens H, Jiskoot W. Development of a Transgenic Mouse Model to Study the Immunogenicity of Recombinant Human Insulin. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1367-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2004] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Pan J, Borchers CH. Top-down mass spectrometry and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for comprehensive structural characterization of interferons: Implications for biosimilars. Proteomics 2014; 14:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome BC Proteomics Centre; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; Victoria BC Canada
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26
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Pan LY, Salas-Solano O, Valliere-Douglass JF. Conformation and dynamics of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates as revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2657-64. [PMID: 24512515 DOI: 10.1021/ac404003q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are protein therapeutics in which a target specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) is conjugated with drug molecules. The manufacturing of ADCs involves additional conjugation steps, which are carried out on the parent mAbs, and it is important to evaluate how the drug conjugation process impacts the conformation and dynamics of the mAb. Here, we present a comparative study of interchain cysteine linked IgG1 ADCs and the corresponding mAb by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We found that ∼90% of the primary sequence of the ADC conjugated with either monomethyl auristatin E or F (vcMMAE/mcMMAF) displayed the same HDX kinetics as the mAb, indicating the ADCs and mAbs share very similar conformation and dynamics in solution. Minor increases in HDX kinetic rates were observed in two Fc regions in the ADCs relative to the mAb which indicated that both regions become more structurally dynamic and/or more solvent-accessible in the ADCs. The findings led to a subsequent inquiry into whether the local conformational changes were due to the presence of drugs on the interchain cysteine residues or the absence of intact interchain disulfides or both. To address this question, a side-by-side HDX comparison of ADCs, mAbs, reduced mAbs (containing 8 reduced interchain cysteine thiols), and partially reduced mAbs (conjugation process intermediate) was performed. Our results indicated that the slight increase in conformational dynamics detected at the two regions in the ADCs was due to the absence of intact interchain disulfide bonds and not the presence of vcMMAE or mcMMAF on the alkylated interchain cysteine residues. These results highlight the utility of HDX-MS for interrogating the higher-order structure of ADCs and other protein therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Yan Pan
- Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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27
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Zhang H, Cui W, Gross ML. Mass spectrometry for the biophysical characterization of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:308-17. [PMID: 24291257 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful therapeutics, and their characterization has drawn considerable attention and urgency. Unlike small-molecule drugs (150-600 Da) that have rigid structures, mAbs (∼150 kDa) are engineered proteins that undergo complicated folding and can exist in a number of low-energy structures, posing a challenge for traditional methods in structural biology. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based biophysical characterization approaches can provide structural information, bringing high sensitivity, fast turnaround, and small sample consumption. This review outlines various MS-based strategies for protein biophysical characterization and then reviews how these strategies provide structural information of mAbs at the protein level (intact or top-down approaches), peptide, and residue level (bottom-up approaches), affording information on higher order structure, aggregation, and the nature of antibody complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Weidong Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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28
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Iacob RE, Bou-Assaf GM, Makowski L, Engen JR, Berkowitz SA, Houde D. Investigating monoclonal antibody aggregation using a combination of H/DX-MS and other biophysical measurements. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4315-29. [PMID: 24136070 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To determine how structural changes in antibodies are connected with aggregation, the structural areas of an antibody prone to and/or impacted by aggregation must be identified. In this work, the higher-order structure and biophysical properties of two different monoclonal antibody (mAb) monomers were compared with their simplest aggregated form, that is, dimers that naturally occurred during normal production and storage conditions. A combination of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and other biophysical measurements was used to make the comparison. The results show that the dimerization process for one of the mAb monomers (mAb1) displayed no differences in its deuterium uptake between monomer and dimer forms. However, the other mAb monomer (mAb2) showed subtle changes in hydrogen/deuterium exchange as compared with its dimer form. In this case, differences observed were located in specific functional regions of the CH 2 domain and the hinge region between CH 1 and CH 2 domains. The importance and the implications of these changes on the antibody structure and mechanism of aggregation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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29
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30
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Abzalimov RR, Bobst CE, Kaltashov IA. A new approach to measuring protein backbone protection with high spatial resolution using H/D exchange and electron capture dissociation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9173-80. [PMID: 23978257 DOI: 10.1021/ac401868b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate spatial resolution remains one of the most serious limitations of hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), especially when applied to larger proteins (over 30 kDa). Supplementing proteolytic fragmentation of the protein in solution with ion dissociation in the gas phase has been used successfully by several groups to obtain near-residue level resolution. However, the restrictions imposed by the LC-MS/MS mode of operation on the data acquisition time frame makes it difficult in many cases to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio adequate for reliable assignment of the backbone amide protection levels at individual residues. This restriction is lifted in the present work by eliminating the LC separation step from the workflow and taking advantage of the high resolving power and dynamic range of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometer (FTICR-MS). A residue-level resolution is demonstrated for a peptic fragment of a 37 kDa recombinant protein (N-lobe of human serum transferrin), using electron-capture dissociation as an ion fragmentation tool. The absence of hydrogen scrambling in the gas phase prior to ion dissociation is verified using redundant HDX-MS data generated by FTICR-MS. The backbone protection pattern generated by direct HDX-MS/MS is in excellent agreement with the known crystal structure of the protein but also provides information on conformational dynamics, which is not available from the static X-ray structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat R Abzalimov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst , Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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31
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Hamrang Z, Rattray NJW, Pluen A. Proteins behaving badly: emerging technologies in profiling biopharmaceutical aggregation. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:448-58. [PMID: 23769716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Over recent decades biotechnology has made significant advances owing to the emergence of powerful biochemical and biophysical instrumentation. The development of such technologies has enabled high-throughput assessment of compounds, the implementation of recombinant DNA technology, and large-scale manufacture of monoclonal antibodies. Such innovations have ultimately resulted in the current experienced biopharmaceutical stronghold in the therapeutic market. Yet aggregate prediction and profiling remains a challenge in the formulation of biopharmaceuticals due to artifacts associated with each analytical method. We review some emerging trends and novel technologies that offer a promising potential for accurately predicting and profiling protein aggregation at various stages of biopharmaceutical product design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hamrang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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32
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Torosantucci R, Sharov VS, van Beers M, Brinks V, Schöneich C, Jiskoot W. Identification of oxidation sites and covalent cross-links in metal catalyzed oxidized interferon Beta-1a: potential implications for protein aggregation and immunogenicity. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2311-22. [PMID: 23534382 DOI: 10.1021/mp300665u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation via Cu(2+)/ascorbate of recombinant human interferon beta-1a (IFNβ1a) leads to highly immunogenic aggregates, however it is unknown which amino acids are modified and how covalent aggregates are formed. In the present work we mapped oxidized and cross-linked amino acid residues in aggregated IFNβ1a, formed via Cu(2+)/ascorbate catalyzed oxidation. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to confirm extensive aggregation of oxidized IFNβ1a. Circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy indicated substantial loss of secondary and tertiary structure, respectively. Derivatization with 4-(aminomethyl)benzenesulfonic acid was used to demonstrate, by fluorescence in combination with SEC, the presence of tyrosine (Tyr) oxidation products. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of reduced, alkylated, and digested protein was employed to localize chemical degradation products. Oxidation products of methionine, histidine, phenylalanine (Phe), tryptophan, and Tyr residues were identified throughout the primary sequence. Covalent cross-links via 1,4- or 1,6-type addition between primary amines and DOCH (2-amino-3-(3,4-dioxocyclohexa-1,5-dien-1-yl)propanoic acid, an oxidation product of Phe and Tyr) were detected. There was no evidence of disulfide bridge, Schiff base, or dityrosine formation. The chemical cross-links identified in this work are most likely responsible for the formation of covalent aggregates of IFNβ1a induced by oxidation, which have previously been shown to be highly immunogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Torosantucci
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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High-resolution MS for structural characterization of protein therapeutics: advances and future directions. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1299-313. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution MS (HRMS) is a central analytical technique for the study of biomolecules and is widely used in the biopharmaceutical industry. This paper reviews recent advances in commonly used HRMS instrumentation and experimental strategies for HRMS-based structural characterization of protein therapeutics. An overview of protein higher order structural characterization using HRMS-based technologies is presented, including the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange and hydroxyl radical footprinting methods for probing protein conformational dynamics and interactions in solution. Future directions in application of HRMS for characterizing protein therapeutics are also described.
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34
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Abzalimov RR. Mass spectrometry-based methods to study protein architecture and dynamics. Protein Sci 2013; 22:530-44. [PMID: 23436701 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is now an indispensable tool in the armamentarium of molecular biophysics, where it is used for tasks ranging from protein sequencing and mapping of post-translational modifications to studies of higher order structure, conformational dynamics, and interactions of proteins with small molecule ligands and other biopolymers. This mini-review highlights several popular mass spectrometry-based tools that are now commonly used for structural studies of proteins beyond their covalent structure with a particular emphasis on hydrogen exchange and direct electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
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35
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Atmanene C, Wagner-Rousset E, Corvaïa N, Van Dorsselaer A, Beck A, Sanglier-Cianférani S. Noncovalent mass spectrometry for the characterization of antibody/antigen complexes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 988:243-268. [PMID: 23475725 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-327-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have taken on an increasing importance for the treatment of various diseases including cancers, immunological disorders, and other pathologies. These large biomolecules display specific structural features, which affect their efficiency and need therefore to be extensively characterized using sensitive and orthogonal analytical techniques. Among them, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the method of choice to study mAb amino acid sequences as well as their posttranslational modifications with the aim of reducing their chemistry, manufacturing, and control liabilities. This chapter will provide the reader with a description of the general approach allowing antibody/antigen systems to be characterized by noncovalent MS. In the present chapter, we describe how recent noncovalent MS technologies are used to characterize immune complexes involving both murine and humanized mAb 6F4 directed against human JAM-A, a newly identified antigenic protein (Ag) over-expressed in tumor cells. We will detail experimental conditions (sample preparation, optimization of instrumental parameters, etc.) required for the detection of noncovalent antibody/antigen complexes by MS. We will then focus on the type and the reliability of the information that we get from noncovalent MS data, with emphasis on the determination of the stoichiometry of antibody/antigen systems. Noncovalent MS appears as an additional supporting technique for therapeutic mAbs lead characterization and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Atmanene
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, CNRS, UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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36
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Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the counteraction of trehalose on acid-induced protein unfolding. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Brock A. Fragmentation hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry: A review of methodology and applications. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Watson C, Sharp JS. Conformational analysis of therapeutic proteins by hydroxyl radical protein footprinting. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:206-17. [PMID: 22382679 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9336-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike small molecule drugs, therapeutic protein pharmaceuticals must not only have the correct amino acid sequence and modifications, but also the correct conformation to ensure safety and efficacy. Here, we describe a method for comparison of therapeutic protein conformations by hydroxyl radical protein footprinting using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) as an analytical platform. Hydroxyl radical protein footprinting allows for rapid analysis of the conformation of therapeutic proteins based on the apparent rate of oxidation of various amino acids by hydroxyl radicals generated in situ. Conformations of Neupogen®, a patented granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), were compared to several expired samples of recombinant GCSF, as well as heat-treated Neupogen®. Conformations of different samples of the therapeutic proteins interferon α-2A and erythropoietin were also compared. Differences in the hydroxyl radical footprint were measured between Neupogen® and the expired or mishandled GCSF samples, and confirmed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Samples that had identical circular dichroism spectra were also found to be indistinguishable by hydroxyl radical footprinting. The method is applicable to a wide variety of therapeutic proteins and formulations through the use of separations techniques to clean up the protein samples after radical oxidation. The reaction products are stable, allowing for flexibility in sample handling, as well as archiving and reanalysis of samples. Initial screening can be performed on small amounts of therapeutic protein with minimal training in LC-MS, but samples with structural differences from the reference can be more carefully analyzed by LC-MS/MS to attain higher spatial resolution, which can aid in engineering and troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Watson
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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39
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González-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M, Benavides J. Advances and trends in the design, analysis, and characterization of polymer-protein conjugates for "PEGylaided" bioprocesses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2225-35. [PMID: 22367287 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their use as therapeutics and because of their enhanced properties, PEGylated proteins have potential application in fields such as bioprocessing. However, the use of PEGylated conjugates to improve the performance of bioprocess has not been widely explored. This limited additional industrial use of PEG-protein conjugates can be attributed to the fact that PEGylation reactions, separation of the products, and final characterization of the structure and activity of the resulting species are not trivial tasks. The development of bioprocessing operations based on PEGylated proteins relies heavily in the use of analytical tools that must sometimes be adapted from the strategies used in pharmaceutical conjugate development. For instance, to evaluate conjugate performance in bioprocessing operations, both chromatographic and non-chromatographic steps must be used to separate and quantify the resulting reaction species. Characterization of the conjugates by mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and specific activity assays, among other adapted techniques, is then required to evaluate the feasibility of using the conjugates in any operation. Correct selection of the technical and analytical methods in each of the steps from design of the PEGylation reaction to its final engineering application will ensure success in implementing a "PEGylaided" process. In this context, the objective of this review is to describe technological and analytical trends in developing successful applications of PEGylated conjugates in bioprocesses and to describe potential fields in which these proteins can be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- José González-Valdez
- Departamento de Biotecnología e Ingeniería de Alimentos, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
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40
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Abzalimov RR, Wang G, Baykal B, Wang S. Advances and challenges in analytical characterization of biotechnology products: mass spectrometry-based approaches to study properties and behavior of protein therapeutics. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:210-22. [PMID: 21619926 PMCID: PMC3176981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are a unique class of medicines due to their extreme structural complexity. The structure of these therapeutic proteins is critically important for their efficacy and safety, and the ability to characterize it at various levels (from sequence to conformation) is critical not only at the quality control stage, but also throughout the discovery and design stages. Biological mass spectrometry (MS) offers a variety of approaches to study structure and behavior of complex protein drugs and has already become a default tool for characterizing the covalent structure of protein therapeutics, including sequence and post-translational modifications. Recently, MS-based methods have also begun enjoying a dramatic growth in popularity as a means to provide information on higher order structure and dynamics of biotechnology products. In particular, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS and charge state distribution analysis of protein ions in electrospray ionization (ESI) MS offer a convenient way to assess the integrity of protein conformation. Native ESI MS also allows the interactions of protein drugs with their therapeutic targets and other physiological partners to be monitored using simple model systems. MS-based methods are also applied to study pharmacokinetics of biopharmaceutical products, where they begin to rival traditional immunoassays. MS already provides valuable support to all stages of development of biopharmaceuticals, from discovery to post-approval monitoring, and its impact on the field of biopharmaceutical analysis will undoubtedly continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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41
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Bobst CE, Kaltashov IA. Advanced mass spectrometry-based methods for the analysis of conformational integrity of biopharmaceutical products. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:1517-29. [PMID: 21542797 PMCID: PMC3375681 DOI: 10.2174/138920111798357311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has already become an indispensable tool in the analytical armamentarium of the biopharmaceutical industry, although its current uses are limited to characterization of covalent structure of recombinant protein drugs. However, the scope of applications of mass spectrometry-based methods is beginning to expand to include characterization of the higher order structure and dynamics of biopharmaceutical products, a development which is catalyzed by the recent progress in mass spectrometry-based methods to study higher order protein structure. The two particularly promising methods that are likely to have the most significant and lasting impact in many areas of biopharmaceutical analysis, direct ESI MS and hydrogen/deuterium exchange, are focus of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric E. Bobst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst
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42
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Huang RYC, Rempel DL, Gross ML. HD exchange and PLIMSTEX determine the affinities and order of binding of Ca2+ with troponin C. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5426-35. [PMID: 21574565 PMCID: PMC3115450 DOI: 10.1021/bi200377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Troponin C (TnC), present in all striated muscle, is the Ca(2+)-activated trigger that initiates myocyte contraction. The binding of Ca(2+) to TnC initiates a cascade of conformational changes involving the constituent proteins of the thin filament. The functional properties of TnC and its ability to bind Ca(2+) have significant regulatory influence on the contractile reaction of muscle. Changes in TnC may also correlate with cardiac and various other muscle-related diseases. We report here the implementation of the PLIMSTEX strategy (protein ligand interaction by mass spectrometry, titration, and H/D exchange) to elucidate the binding affinity of TnC with Ca(2+) and, more importantly, to determine the order of Ca(2+) binding of the four EF hands of the protein. The four equilibrium constants, K(1) = (5 ± 5) × 10(7) M(-1), K(2) = (1.8 ± 0.8) × 10(7) M(-1), K(3) = (4.2 ± 0.9) × 10(6) M(-1), and K(4) = (1.6 ± 0.6) × 10(6) M(-1), agree well with determinations by other methods and serve to increase our confidence in the PLIMSTEX approach. We determined the order of binding to the four EF hands to be III, IV, II, and I by extracting from the H/DX results the deuterium patterns for each EF hand for each state of the protein (apo through fully Ca(2+) bound). This approach, demonstrated for the first time, may be general for determining binding orders of metal ions and other ligands to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Y-C. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Don L. Rempel
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
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43
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Ramisetty SR, Washburn MP. Unraveling the dynamics of protein interactions with quantitative mass spectrometry. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 46:216-28. [PMID: 21438726 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2011.567244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of structure and dynamics of proteins and protein complexes is important to unveil the molecular basis and mechanisms involved in most biological processes. Protein complex dynamics can be defined as the changes in the composition of a protein complex during a cellular process. Protein dynamics can be defined as conformational changes in a protein during enzyme activation, for example, when a protein binds to a ligand or when a protein binds to another protein. Mass spectrometry (MS) combined with affinity purification has become the analytical tool of choice for mapping protein-protein interaction networks and the recent developments in the quantitative proteomics field has made it possible to identify dynamically interacting proteins. Furthermore, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS is emerging as a powerful technique to study structure and conformational dynamics of proteins or protein assemblies in solution. Methods have been developed and applied for the identification of transient and/or weak dynamic interaction partners and for the analysis of conformational dynamics of proteins or protein complexes. This review is an overview of existing and recent developments in studying the overall dynamics of in vivo protein interaction networks and protein complexes using MS-based methods.
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Bobst CE, Thomas JJ, Salinas PA, Savickas P, Kaltashov IA. Impact of oxidation on protein therapeutics: conformational dynamics of intact and oxidized acid-β-glucocerebrosidase at near-physiological pH. Protein Sci 2011; 19:2366-78. [PMID: 20945356 DOI: 10.1002/pro.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The solution dynamics of an enzyme acid-β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) probed at a physiologically relevant (lysosomal) pH by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) reveals very uneven distribution of backbone amide protection across the polypeptide chain. Highly mobile segments are observed even within the catalytic cavity alongside highly protective segments, highlighting the importance of the balance between conformational stability and flexibility for enzymatic activity. Forced oxidation of GCase that resulted in a 40-60% reduction in in vitro biological activity affects the stability of some key structural elements within the catalytic site. These changes in dynamics occur on a longer time scale that is irrelevant for catalysis, effectively ruling out loss of structure in the catalytic site as a major factor contributing to the reduction of the catalytic activity. Oxidation also leads to noticeable destabilization of conformation in remote protein segments on a much larger scale, which is likely to increase the aggregation propensity of GCase and affect its bioavailability. Therefore, it appears that oxidation exerts its negative impact on the biological activity of GCase indirectly, primarily through accelerated aggregation and impaired trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric E Bobst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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45
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Houde D, Berkowitz SA, Engen JR. The utility of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical comparability studies. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:2071-86. [PMID: 21491437 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The function, efficacy, and safety of protein biopharmaceuticals are tied to their three-dimensional structure. The analysis and verification of this higher-order structure are critical in demonstrating manufacturing consistency and in establishing the absence of structural changes in response to changes in production. It is, therefore, essential to have reliable, high-resolution and high sensitivity biophysical tools capable of interrogating protein structure and conformation. Here, we demonstrate the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) in biopharmaceutical comparability studies. H/DX-MS measurements can be conducted with good precision, consume only picomoles of protein, interrogate nearly the entire molecule with peptide level resolution, and can be completed in a few days. Structural comparability or lack of comparability was monitored for different preparations of interferon-β-1a. We present specific graphical formats for the display of H/DX-MS data that aid in rapidly making both the qualitative (visual) and quantitative assessment of comparability. H/DX-MS is capable of making significant contributions in biopharmaceutical characterization by providing more informative and confidant comparability assessments of protein higher-order structures than are currently available within the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Houde
- Biogen Idec, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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46
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Su D, Delaplane S, Luo M, Rempel DL, Vu B, Kelley MR, Gross ML, Georgiadis MM. Interactions of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease with a redox inhibitor: evidence for an alternate conformation of the enzyme. Biochemistry 2010; 50:82-92. [PMID: 21117647 DOI: 10.1021/bi101248s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) is an essential base excision repair protein that also functions as a reduction and oxidation (redox) factor in mammals. Through a thiol-based mechanism, APE1 reduces a number of important transcription factors, including AP-1, p53, NF-κB, and HIF-1α. What is known about the mechanism to date is that the buried residues Cys 65 and Cys 93 are critical for APE1's redox activity. To further detail the redox mechanism, we developed a chemical footprinting-mass spectrometric assay using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), an irreversible Cys modifier, to characterize the interaction of the redox inhibitor, E3330, with APE1. When APE1 was incubated with E3330, two NEM-modified products were observed, one with two and a second with seven added NEMs; this latter product corresponds to a fully modified APE1. In a similar control reaction without E3330, only the +2NEM product was observed in which the two solvent-accessible Cys residues, C99 and C138, were modified by NEM. Through hydrogen-deuterium amide exchange with analysis by mass spectrometry, we found that the +7NEM-modified species incorporates approximately 40 more deuterium atoms than the native protein, which exchanges nearly identically as the +2NEM product, suggesting that APE1 can be trapped in a partially unfolded state. E3330 was also found to increase the extent of disulfide bond formation involving redox critical Cys residues in APE1 as assessed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, suggesting a basis for its inhibitory effects on APE1's redox activity. Collectively, our results suggest that APE1 adopts a partially unfolded state, which we propose is the redox active form of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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47
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Chen G, Warrack BM, Goodenough AK, Wei H, Wang-Iverson DB, Tymiak AA. Characterization of protein therapeutics by mass spectrometry: recent developments and future directions. Drug Discov Today 2010; 16:58-64. [PMID: 21093608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become a powerful technology in the discovery and development of protein therapeutics in the biopharmaceutical industry. This review article describes recent developments and future trends in the characterization of protein therapeutics using MS. We discuss top-down MS for the characterization of protein modifications, hydrogen/deuterium exchange MS and ion mobility MS methods for higher order protein structure studies. Quantitative analysis of protein therapeutics (in vivo) by MS as an orthogonal approach to immunoassay for pharmacokinetics studies will also be illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- Bioanalytical and Discovery Analytical Sciences, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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48
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Burkitt W, Domann P, O'Connor G. Conformational changes in oxidatively stressed monoclonal antibodies studied by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry. Protein Sci 2010; 19:826-35. [PMID: 20162626 DOI: 10.1002/pro.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of methionine residues in biopharmaceuticals is a common and often unwanted modification that frequently occurs during their manufacture and storage. It often results in a lack of stability and biological function of the product, necessitating continuous testing for the modification throughout the product shelf life. A major class of biopharmaceutical products are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), however, techniques for their detailed structural analysis have until recently been limited. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HXMS) has recently been successfully applied to the analysis of mAbs. Here we used HXMS to identify and localise the structural changes that occurred in a mAb (IgG1) after accelerated oxidative stress. Structural alterations in a number of segments of the Fc region were observed and these related to oxidation of methionine residues. These included a large change in the hydrogen exchange profile of residues 247-253 of the heavy chain, while smaller changes in hydrogen exchange profile were identified for peptides that contained residues in the interface of the C(H)2 and C(H)3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Burkitt
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, London, TW11 0LY, United Kingdom.
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49
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Konermann L, Stocks BB, Pan Y, Tong X. Mass spectrometry combined with oxidative labeling for exploring protein structure and folding. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:651-667. [PMID: 19672951 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses various mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches for exploring structural aspects of proteins in solution. Electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, in particular, has found fascinating applications in this area. For example, when used in conjunction with solution-phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX), ESI-MS is a highly sensitive tool for probing conformational dynamics. The main focus of this article is a technique that is complementary to HDX, that is, the covalent labeling of proteins by hydroxyl radicals. The reactivity of individual amino acid side chains with *OH is strongly affected by their degree of solvent exposure. Thus, analysis of the oxidative labeling pattern by peptide mapping and tandem mass spectrometry provides detailed structural information. A convenient method for *OH production is the photolysis of H(2)O(2) by a pulsed UV laser, resulting in oxidative labeling on the microsecond time scale. Selected examples demonstrate the use of this technique for structural studies on membrane proteins, and the combination with rapid mixing devices for characterizing the properties of short-lived protein (un)folding intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7.
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50
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Frimpong AK, Abzalimov RR, Uversky VN, Kaltashov IA. Characterization of intrinsically disordered proteins with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: conformational heterogeneity of alpha-synuclein. Proteins 2010; 78:714-22. [PMID: 19847913 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Conformational heterogeneity of alpha-synuclein was studied with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by analyzing protein ion charge state distributions, where the extent of multiple charging reflects compactness of the protein conformations in solution. Although alpha-synuclein lacks a single well-defined structure under physiological conditions, it was found to sample four distinct conformational states, ranging from a highly structured one to a random coil. The compact highly structured state of alpha-synuclein is present across the entire range of conditions tested (pH ranging from 2.5 to 10, alcohol content from 0% to 60%), but is particularly abundant in acidic solutions. The only other protein state populated in acidic solutions is a partially folded intermediate state lacking stable tertiary structure. Another, more compact intermediate state is induced by significant amounts of ethanol used as a co-solvent and appears to represent a partially folded conformation with high beta-sheet content. Protein dimerization is observed throughout the entire range of conditions tested, although only acidic solutions favor formation of highly structured dimers of alpha-synuclein. These dimers are likely to present the earliest stages in protein aggregation leading to globular oligomers and, subsequently, protofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agya K Frimpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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