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Microchip electrophoresis and electrochemical detection: A review on a growing synergistic implementation. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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2
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Mettakoonpitak J, Henry CS. Electrophoretic Separations on Parafilm-Paper-Based Analytical Devices. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2018; 273:1022-1028. [PMID: 32863586 PMCID: PMC7450514 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2018.06.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (mPADs) have gained significant attention in recent years for applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental testing. However, separation on mPADs remain challenging to implement, particularly in complex samples. This has revived interest in revisiting paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis in mPADs to address these needs. Here, laminated Parafilm-paper (l-paper) is applied to fabricate electrophoretic devices. This approach yields a free-standing channel, leading to improved peak resolution relative to previous electrophoretic separations in traditional wax-printed mPADs. Major factors influencing the separation, including Joule heating, electroosmotic flow, and electrophoretic mobility, were investigated. As a result of paper's high ratio of surface area (78%) to pore volume (22%) resulting in slow heat dissipation, a usable applied field strength range of 0 - 200 V cm-1 was employed to avoid Joule heating. The electroosmotic flow of the system was found to be 2.5 × 10-5 ± 7.7 × 10-7 cm2 V-1s-1 and the electrophoretic mobility of chlorophenol red was 1.2 × 10-4 ± 7.7 × 10-7 cm2 V-1s-1. Basic separation protocols were optimized using colorimetric detection of chlorophenol red and indigo carmine dyes as representative molecules. Paper type, channel width, and applied potential were then used to optimize the separations. Addition of an injection port to the device improved resolution and reduced peak broadening. Finally, the separation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and L-glutamic acid (Glu) labeled with FITC, was successfully carried out using the l-paper electrophoretic device. Imaging with a microscope was found to achieve reduced peak broadening and increased resolution relative to imaging with a mobile camera, due to elimination of background signal, achieving a 72 ± 4% conjugation of Glu and FITC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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3
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Noblitt SD, Berg KE, Cate DM, Henry CS. Characterizing nonconstant instrumental variance in emerging miniaturized analytical techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:64-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ali I, Alharbi OML, Marsin Sanagi M. Nano-capillary electrophoresis for environmental analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2015; 14:79-98. [PMID: 32214934 PMCID: PMC7087629 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-015-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many analytical techniques have been used to monitor environmental pollutants. But most techniques are not capable to detect pollutants at nanogram levels. Hence, under such conditions, absence of pollutants is often assumed, whereas pollutants are in fact present at low but undetectable concentrations. Detection at low levels may be done by nano-capillary electrophoresis, also named microchip electrophoresis. Here, we review the analysis of pollutants by nano-capillary electrophoresis. We present instrumentations, applications, optimizations and separation mechanisms. We discuss the analysis of metal ions, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, explosives, viruses, bacteria and other contaminants. Detectors include ultraviolet-visible, fluorescent, conductivity, atomic absorption spectroscopy, refractive index, atomic fluorescence spectrometry, atomic emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, mass spectrometry, time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Detection limits ranged from nanogram to picogram levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Omar M. L. Alharbi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 30002, Madinah Al-Munawarah, 41477 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies, Nanotechnology Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Malaysia
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Lehmkuhl B, Noblitt SD, Krummel AT, Henry CS. Fabrication of IR-transparent microfluidic devices by anisotropic etching of channels in CaF2. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4364-4368. [PMID: 26450455 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00759c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple fabrication method for generating infrared (IR) transparent microfluidic devices using etched CaF2 is demonstrated. To etch microfluidic channels, a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device was reversibly sealed on a CaF2 plate and acid was pumped through the channel network to perform anisotropic etching of the underlying CaF2 surface. To complete the CaF2 microfluidic device, another CaF2 plate was sealed over the etched channel using a 700 nm thick layer of PDMS adhesive. The impact of different acids and their concentrations on etching was studied, with HNO3 giving the best results in terms of channel roughness and etch rates. Etch rate was determined at etching times ranging from 4-48 hours and showed a linear correlation with etching time. The IR transparency of the CaF2 device was established using a Fourier Transform IR microscope and showed that the device could be used in the mid-IR region. Finally, utility of the device was demonstrated by following the reaction of N-methylacetamide and D2O, which results in an amide peak shift to 1625 cm(-1) from 1650 cm(-1), using an FTIR microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brynson Lehmkuhl
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
| | - Scott D Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
| | - Amber T Krummel
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, USA.
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Staicu L, Ackerson C, Cornelis P, Ye L, Berendsen R, Hunter W, Noblitt S, Henry C, Cappa J, Montenieri R, Wong A, Musilova L, Sura-de Jong M, van Hullebusch E, Lens P, Reynolds R, Pilon-Smits E. Pseudomonas moraviensis
subsp. stanleyae, a bacterial endophyte of hyperaccumulator Stanleya pinnata
, is capable of efficient selenite reduction to elemental selenium under aerobic conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:400-10. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L.C. Staicu
- Biology Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education; Delft The Netherlands
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, UPEM; Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2 France
| | - C.J. Ackerson
- Chemistry Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - P. Cornelis
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Research Group Microbiology; Vrije Universiteit; Brussels Belgium
| | - L. Ye
- VIB Department of Structural Biology; Department of Bioengineering Sciences; Research Group Microbiology; Vrije Universiteit; Brussels Belgium
| | - R.L. Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions; Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - S.D. Noblitt
- Chemistry Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - C.S. Henry
- Chemistry Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - J.J. Cappa
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education; Delft The Netherlands
| | | | - A.O. Wong
- Chemistry Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
| | - L. Musilova
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department; Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - M. Sura-de Jong
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department; Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - E.D. van Hullebusch
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, UPEM; Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2 France
| | - P.N.L. Lens
- UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education; Delft The Netherlands
| | - R.J.B. Reynolds
- Biology Department; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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Noblitt SD, Henry CS. Calibration-free quantitation in microchip zone electrophoresis with conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1927-34. [PMID: 26040588 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between electrophoretic mobility and molar conductivity has previously led to speculation on achieving quantitation in zone electrophoresis without calibration curves when using conductivity detection. However, little work in this area has been pursued, possibly because of the breakdown of simple sensitivity-mobility relationships when working with partially protonated species. This topic is revisited with the aid of electrophoretic simulation software that produces facile predictions of analyte sensitivity relative to an internal standard. Calibration curve slopes for over 50 analyte/internal standard/BGE combinations were measured with both unbiased and electrokinetically biased injections using microchip electrophoresis with conductivity detection. The results were compared to theoretical expectations as computed with PeakMaster software. Good agreement was observed, with some systems being predicted with quantitative accuracy while others showed significant deviations. Some mechanisms that can lead to deviations from theory are demonstrated, but the causes for some discrepancies are still not understood. Overall, this work exhibits another useful application for simulation software, particularly for disposable devices where device-specific calibration curves cannot be collected. It also serves as quantitative validation for some outputs of PeakMaster simulation software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Noblitt S, Staicu LC, Ackerson CJ, Henry CS. Sensitive, selective analysis of selenium oxoanions using microchip electrophoresis with contact conductivity detection. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8425-32. [PMID: 25033231 PMCID: PMC4139182 DOI: 10.1021/ac502013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The common selenium oxoanions selenite (SeO3(2-)) and selenate (SeO4(2-)) are toxic at intake levels slightly below 1 mg day(-1). These anions are currently monitored by a variety of traditional analytical techniques that are time-consuming, expensive, require large sample volumes, and/or lack portability. To address the need for a fast and inexpensive analysis of selenium oxoanions, we present the first microchip capillary zone electrophoresis (MCE) separation targeting these species in the presence of chloride, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, chlorate, sulfamate, methanesulfonate, and fluoride, which can be simultaneously monitored. The chemistry was designed to give high selectivity in nonideal matrices. Interference from common weak acids is avoided by operating near pH 4. Separation resolution from chloride was enhanced to improve tolerance of high-salinity matrices. As a result, selenate can be quantified in the presence of up to 1.5 mM NaCl, and selenite analysis is even more robust against chloride. Using contact conductivity detection, detection limits for samples with conductivity equal to the background electrolyte are 53 nM (4.2 ppb Se) and 380 nM (30 ppb) for selenate and selenite, respectively. Analysis time, including injection, is ∼2 min. The MCE method was validated against ion chromatography (IC) using spiked samples of dilute BBL broth and slightly outperformed the IC in accuracy while requiring <10% of the analysis time. The applicability of the technique to real samples was shown by monitoring the consumption of selenite by bacteria incubated in LB broth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
D. Noblitt
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Lucian C. Staicu
- Biology
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ackerson
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Chemistry
Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- School
of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Diakité MLY, Champ J, Descroix S, Malaquin L, Amblard F, Viovy JL. A low-cost, label-free DNA detection method in lab-on-chip format based on electrohydrodynamic instabilities, with application to long-range PCR. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:4738-4747. [PMID: 22968438 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evolve from a "chip in the lab" to a "lab on a chip" paradigm, there is still a strong demand for low-cost, portable detection technologies, notably for analytes at low concentrations. Here we report a new label-free DNA detection method with direct electronic read, and apply it to long-range PCR. This method uses a nonlinear electrohydrodynamic phenomenon: when subjected to high electric fields (typically above 100 V cm(-1)), suspensions of large polyelectrolytes, such as long DNA molecules, create "giant" dynamic concentration fluctuations. These fluctuations are associated with large conductivity inhomogeneities, and we use here a contact-mode local conductivity detector to detect these fluctuations. In order to decouple the detection electronics from the high voltage excitation one, an original "doubly symmetric" floating mode battery-operated detection scheme was developed. A wavelet analysis was then applied, to unravel from the chaotic character of the electohydrodynamic instabilities a scalar signal robustly reflecting the amplification of DNA. As a first proof of concept, we measured the products of the off-chip amplification of 10 kbp DNA from lambda phage DNA, achieving a sensitivity better than 100 fg DNA in the original 50 μl sample. This corresponds to the amplification products of less than 100 initial copies of target DNA. The companion enabling technologies developed to implement this new concept, i.e. the doubly symmetric contact conductivity detection and wavelet analysis, may also find various other applications in lab-on-chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lemine Youba Diakité
- UMR 168 Institut Curie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
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10
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Jokerst JC, Emory JM, Henry CS. Advances in microfluidics for environmental analysis. Analyst 2012; 137:24-34. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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11
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Kenyon SM, Meighan MM, Hayes MA. Recent developments in electrophoretic separations on microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:482-93. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Gertsch JC, Noblitt SD, Cropek DM, Henry CS. Rapid Analysis of Perchlorate in Drinking Water at Parts per Billion Levels Using Microchip Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3426-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9029086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana C. Gertsch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Scott D. Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
| | - Charles S. Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, and Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Champaign, IL
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Fischer DJ, Hulvey MK, Regel AR, Lunte SM. Amperometric detection in microchip electrophoresis devices: effect of electrode material and alignment on analytical performance. Electrophoresis 2010; 30:3324-33. [PMID: 19802847 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication and evaluation of different electrode materials and electrode alignments for microchip electrophoresis with electrochemical detection is described. The influences of electrode material, both metal and carbon-based, on sensitivity and LOD were examined. In addition, the effects of working electrode alignment on analytical performance (in terms of peak shape, resolution, sensitivity, and LOD) were directly compared. Using dopamine (DA), norepinephrine, and catechol (CAT) as test analytes, it was found that pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes with end-channel alignment yielded the lowest LOD (35 nM for DA). In addition to being easier to implement, end-channel alignment also offered better analytical performance than off-channel alignment for the detection of all three analytes. In-channel electrode alignment resulted in a 3.6-fold reduction in peak skew and reduced peak tailing by a factor of 2.1 for CAT in comparison to end-channel alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Noblitt SD, Lewis GS, Liu Y, Hering SV, Collett JL, Henry CS. Interfacing microchip electrophoresis to a growth tube particle collector for semicontinuous monitoring of aerosol composition. Anal Chem 2010; 81:10029-37. [PMID: 19904999 DOI: 10.1021/ac901903m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semicontinuous monitoring of aerosol chemical composition has continually increased in demand because of the high spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric particles and the effects these aerosols have on human health and the environment. To address this demand, we describe the preliminary development of a semicontinuous aerosol composition analyzer consisting of a growth tube particle collector coupled to a microfluidic device for chemical analysis. The growth tube enlarges particles through water condensation in a laminar flow, permitting inertial collection into the microchip sample reservoir. Analysis is done by electrophoresis with conductivity detection. To avoid hydrodynamic interference from the sampling pressure, the microchip was operated isobarically by sealing the buffer reservoirs from the atmosphere and interconnecting all the reservoirs with air ducts. The collector samples at 1 L min(-1) and deposits particles into 30 microL of solution. Sample accumulates with time, and sequential injections are performed as aerosol concentration increases. For extended analyses, a sample rinsing system flushes the sample collection reservoir periodically. For inorganic anions, temporal resolution of 1 min and estimated detection limits of 70-140 ng m(-3) min were obtained. The system was used to measure sulfate and nitrate, and results were compared to a particle-into-liquid-sampler running in parallel. Results indicate that the prototype growth tube-microchip system (termed aerosol chip electrophoresis, ACE) could provide a useful complement to existing aerosol monitoring technologies, especially when less expensive and/or rapid analyses are desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Noblitt
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Guan Q, Henry CS. Improving MCE with electrochemical detection using a bubble cell and sample stacking techniques. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:3339-46. [PMID: 19802848 PMCID: PMC3005344 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two efforts to improve the sensitivity and limits of detection for MCE with electrochemical detection are presented here. One is the implementation of a capillary expansion (bubble cell) at the detection zone to increase the exposed working electrode surface area. Bubble cell widths were varied from 1x to 10x the separation channel width (50 mum) to investigate the effects of electrode surface area on detection sensitivity, LOD, and separation efficiency. Improved detection sensitivity and decreased detection limits were obtained with increased bubble cell width, and LODs of dopamine and catechol detected in a 5x bubble cell were 25 and 50 nM, respectively. Meanwhile, fluorescent imaging results demonstrated approximately 8 and approximately 12% loss in separation efficiency in 4x and 5x bubble cell, respectively. Another effort at reducing the LOD involves using field amplified sample injection for gated injection and field amplified sample stacking for hydrodynamic injection. Stacking effects are shown for both methods using amperometric detection and pulsed amperometric detection. The LODs of dopamine in a 4x bubble cell were 8 and 20 nM using field amplified sample injection and field amplified sample stacking, respectively. However, improved LODs were not obtained for anionic analytes using either stacking technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Mel Koch
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Barry Lavine
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Luminous Medical Inc., 1920 Palomar Point Way, Carlsbad, California 92008, Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, and Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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High-sensitivity microchip electrophoresis determination of inorganic anions and oxalate in atmospheric aerosols with adjustable selectivity and conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1503-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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