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Wesdemiotis C, Williams-Pavlantos KN, Keating AR, McGee AS, Bochenek C. Mass spectrometry of polymers: A tutorial review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:427-476. [PMID: 37070280 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the inception of synthetic polymeric materials in the late 19th century, the number of studies on polymers as well as the complexity of their structures have only increased. The development and commercialization of new polymers with properties fine-tuned for specific technological, environmental, consumer, or biomedical applications requires powerful analytical techniques that permit the in-depth characterization of these materials. One such method with the ability to provide chemical composition and structure information with high sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, and speed is mass spectrometry (MS). This tutorial review presents and exemplifies the various MS techniques available for the elucidation of specific structural features in a synthetic polymer, including compositional complexity, primary structure, architecture, topology, and surface properties. Key to every MS analysis is sample conversion to gas-phase ions. This review describes the fundamentals of the most suitable ionization methods for synthetic materials and provides relevant sample preparation protocols. Most importantly, structural characterizations via one-step as well as hyphenated or multidimensional approaches are introduced and demonstrated with specific applications, including surface sensitive and imaging techniques. The aim of this tutorial review is to illustrate the capabilities of MS for the characterization of large, complex polymers and emphasize its potential as a powerful compositional and structural elucidation tool in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Addie R Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew S McGee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Calum Bochenek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
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2
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Muyizere T, Mukiza J. Progress on the development of a metal salt-assisted ionization source for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2803-2819. [PMID: 35848110 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometric analysis of polymers has been addressed as a challenging research topic due to poor ionization and complicated analysis using conventional mass spectrometry. The ionization source has demonstrated a promising future in rapid mass spectrometric analysis. Soft ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are the most ionization sources appeared to be a powerful tools for polymer characterization when combined with MS. However, they always need metal salts to be introduced during the ionization protocol for polymers due to the crucial role played by their ions (cations and anions). The current review focuses on the progress in the development of metal ion-assisted-ionization sources for the mass spectrometric analysis of polymers. Different ionization systems are comprehensively reviewed. The application of metal ion-assisted ESI, nanoESI, PSI, and MALDI-MS for polymer sample analyses is systematically discussed. The future research trends and challenges in this cutting-edge research field are summarized. It also aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of metal salts as a platform for ionization systems for the mass spectrometric characterization of polymers and offers the current challenges and perspectives on the promising future to improve analytical performance in this field. Finally, this mini-review provides a comprehensive handbook to researchers from different research backgrounds wishing to work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoneste Muyizere
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, 100190 Beijing, China.
| | - Janvier Mukiza
- Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority, Kigali 1948, Rwanda.
- School of Education, College of Education, University of Rwanda, P. O. BOX 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda
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3
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Cerfontaine S, Troian-Gautier L, Duez Q, Cornil J, Gerbaux P, Elias B. MLCT Excited-State Behavior of Trinuclear Ruthenium(II) 2,2'-Bipyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:366-379. [PMID: 33351615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized, and a detailed investigation of their excited-state properties was performed. The tritopic sexi-pyridine bridging ligands were obtained via para or meta substitution of a central 2,2'-bipyridine fragment. A para connection between the 2,2'-bipyridine chelating moieties of the bridging ligand led to a red-shifted MLCT absorption band in the visible part of the spectra, whereas the meta connection induced a broadening of the LC transitions in the UV region. A convergent energy transfer from the two peripheral metal centers to the central Ru(II) moiety was observed for all trinuclear complexes. These complexes were in thermal equilibrium with an upper-lying 3MLCT excited state over the investigated range of temperatures. For all complexes, deactivation via the 3MC excited state was absent at room temperature. Importantly, the connection in the para position for both central and peripheral 2,2'-bipyridines of the bridging ligand resulted in a trinuclear complex (Tpp) that absorbed more visible light, had a longer-lived excited state, and had a higher photoluminescence quantum yield than the parent [Ru(bpy)3]2+, despite its red-shifted photoluminescence. This behavior was attributed to the presence of a highly delocalized excited state for Tpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cerfontaine
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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4
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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5
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Cerfontaine S, Duez Q, Troian-Gautier L, Barozzino-Consiglio G, Loiseau F, Cornil J, De Winter J, Gerbaux P, Elias B. Efficient Convergent Energy Transfer in a Stereoisomerically Pure Heptanuclear Luminescent Terpyridine-Based Ru(II)-Os(II) Dendrimer. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14536-14543. [PMID: 32954720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The stereoisomerically pure synthesis of a novel heptanuclear Ru(II)-Os(II) antenna bearing multitopic terpyridine ligands is reported. An unambiguous structural characterization was obtained by 1H NMR spectroscopy and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS-MS). The heptanuclear complex exhibits large molar absorption coefficients (77900 M-1 cm-1 at 497 nm) and undergoes unitary, downhill, convergent energy transfer from the peripheral Ru(II) subunits to the central Os(II) that displays photoluminescence with a lifetime (τ = 161 ns) competent for diffusional excited-state electron transfer reactivity in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cerfontaine
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gabriella Barozzino-Consiglio
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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6
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Riches E, Palmer ME. Application of a novel cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometer to the analysis of synthetic polymers: A preliminary evaluation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8710. [PMID: 31856357 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry (MS) is often employed in the characterisation of synthetic polymers. As polymer architecture becomes more complex, ion mobility (IM) is increasingly being coupled with MS to provide an additional dimension of separation, along with structural information. In this study, we explore the use of a novel cyclic ion mobility (cIM) mass spectrometer for the analysis of a co-polymer sample. METHODS A solution of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene glycol) random co-polymer (PEG-ran-PPG) was used as a representative polymer sample. The solution was infused into a cIM-enabled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. An m/z region of interest, selected using the quadrupole, was passed around the cIM device multiple times. Subsequently, regions of an arrival time distribution were 'sliced' and subjected to tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. RESULTS Typical, multiply charged series were observed for the polymer under electrospray ionisation. Multiple passes of the cIM device resulted in the separation of otherwise-overlapping charge states within a narrow m/z window (~3 m/z units), allowing individual selection of ions. These isolated ions were then subjected to post-mobility fragmentation resulting in clean, high-resolution product ion spectra, with a significant reduction in interference. CONCLUSIONS Scalable IM separation (IMS), brought about by passing ions multiple times around the cIM device, was demonstrated to provide increased IM resolution for ions in the selected m/z window. After multiple passes, deconvoluted high-resolution MS/MS product ion spectra were successfully acquired for ions that previously had interfering overlapping species present.
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7
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Charles L, Chendo C, Poyer S. Ion mobility spectrometry - Mass spectrometry coupling for synthetic polymers. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 2:e8624. [PMID: 31658387 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review covers applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) hyphenated to mass spectrometry (MS) in the field of synthetic polymers. MS has become an essential technique in polymer science, but increasingly complex samples produced to provide desirable macroscopic properties of high-performance materials often require separation of species prior to their mass analysis. Similar to liquid chromatography, the IMS dimension introduces shape selectivity but enables separation at a much faster rate (milliseconds vs minutes). As a post-ionization technique, IMS can be hyphenated to MS to perform a double separation dimension of gas-phase ions, first as a function on their mobility (determined by their charge state and collision cross section, CCS), then as a function of their m/z ratio. Implemented with a variety of ionization techniques, such coupling permits the spectral complexity to be reduced, to enhance the dynamic range of detection, or to achieve separation of isobaric ions prior to their activation in MS/MS experiments. Coupling IMS to MS also provides valuable information regarding the 3D structure of polymer ions in the gas phase and regarding how to address the question of how charges are distributed within the structure. Moreover, the ability of IMS to separate multiply charged species generated by electrospray ionization yields typical IMS-MS 2D maps that permit the conformational dynamics of synthetic polymer chains to be described as a function of their length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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8
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Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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9
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Haler JRN, de la Rosa VR, Massonnet P, Far J, Hoogenboom R, De Pauw E. Fundamental Studies on Poly(2-oxazoline) Side Chain Isomers Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1220-1228. [PMID: 30949970 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When polymer mixtures become increasingly complex, the conventional analysis techniques become insufficient for complete characterization. Mass spectrometric techniques can satisfy this increasing demand for detailed sample characterization. Even though isobaric polymers are indistinguishable using simple mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, more advanced techniques such as tandem MS (MS/MS) or ion mobility (IM) can be used. Here, we report proof of concept for characterizing isomeric polymers, namely poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (Pn-PrOx) and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (Pi-PrOx), using MS/MS and IM-MS. Pi-PrOx ions lose in intensity at higher accelerating voltages than Pn-PrOx ions during collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS/MS experiments. A Pn/i-PrOx mixture could also be titrated using survival yield calculations of either precursor ions or cation ejection species. IM-MS yielded shape differences in the degree of polymerization (DP) regions showing the structural rearrangements. Combined MS techniques are thus able to identify and deconvolute the molar mass distributions of the two isomers in a mixture. Finally, the MS/MS and IM-MS behaviors are compared for interpretation. Graphical Abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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10
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ITO K, KITAGAWA S, OHTANI H. Analysis of Multiply Charged Poly(ethylene oxide- co-propylene oxide) Using Electrospray Ionization–Ion Mobility Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:169-174. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanako ITO
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Shinya KITAGAWA
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
| | - Hajime OHTANI
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology
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11
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Duez Q, Metwally H, Konermann L. Electrospray Ionization of Polypropylene Glycol: Rayleigh-Charged Droplets, Competing Pathways, and Charge State-Dependent Conformations. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9912-9920. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Duez
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 23, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Haidy Metwally
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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12
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Epping R, Panne U, Falkenhagen J. Power of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization-MS Reconstructed Ion Chromatograms in the Characterization of Small Differences in Polymer Microstructure. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3467-3474. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Epping
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Panne
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und−prüfung (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Haler JRN, Massonnet P, Chirot F, Kune C, Comby-Zerbino C, Jordens J, Honing M, Mengerink Y, Far J, Dugourd P, De Pauw E. Comparison of Different Ion Mobility Setups Using Poly (Ethylene Oxide) PEO Polymers: Drift Tube, TIMS, and T-Wave. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:114-120. [PMID: 29027151 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1822-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, polymer analyses using ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measurements have been performed on different ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) setups. In order to be able to compare literature data taken on different IM(-MS) instruments, ion heating and ion temperature evaluations have already been explored. Nevertheless, extrapolations to other analytes are difficult and thus straightforward same-sample instrument comparisons seem to be the only reliable way to make sure that the different IM(-MS) setups do not greatly change the gas-phase behavior. We used a large range of degrees of polymerization (DP) of poly(ethylene oxide) PEO homopolymers to measure IMS drift times on three different IM-MS setups: a homemade drift tube (DT), a trapped (TIMS), and a traveling wave (T-Wave) IMS setup. The drift time evolutions were followed for increasing polymer DPs (masses) and charge states, and they are found to be comparable and reproducible on the three instruments. ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christopher Kune
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Clothilde Comby-Zerbino
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | | | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Institut Lumière Matière, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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14
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Haler JRN, Far J, Aqil A, Claereboudt J, Tomczyk N, Giles K, Jérôme C, De Pauw E. Multiple Gas-Phase Conformations of a Synthetic Linear Poly(acrylamide) Polymer Observed Using Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2492-2499. [PMID: 28808984 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has emerged as a powerful separation and identification tool to characterize synthetic polymer mixtures and topologies (linear, cyclic, star-shaped,…). Electrospray coupled to IM-MS already revealed the coexistence of several charge state-dependent conformations for a single charge state of biomolecules with strong intramolecular interactions, even when limited resolving power IM-MS instruments were used. For synthetic polymers, the sample's polydispersity allows the observation of several chain lengths. A unique collision cross-section (CCS) trend is usually observed when increasing the degree of polymerization (DP) at constant charge state, allowing the deciphering of different polymer topologies. In this paper, we report multiple coexisting CCS trends when increasing the DP at constant charge state for linear poly(acrylamide) PAAm in the gas phase. This is similar to observations on peptides and proteins. Biomolecules show in addition population changes when collisionally heating the ions. In the case of synthetic PAAm, fragmentation occurred before reaching the energy for conformation conversion. These observations, which were made on two different IM-MS instruments (SYNAPT G2 HDMS and high resolution multi-pass cyclic T-Wave prototype from Waters), limit the use of ion mobility for synthetic polymer topology interpretations to polymers where unique CCS values are observed for each DP at constant charge state. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Abdelhafid Aqil
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Claereboudt
- Waters Corporation, Connexion Business Park, Brusselsesteenweg 500, 1731, Zellik, Belgium
| | - Nick Tomczyk
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave., Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Kevin Giles
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Ave., Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, UK
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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15
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Hanozin E, Mignolet B, Morsa D, Sluysmans D, Duwez AS, Stoddart JF, Remacle F, De Pauw E. Where Ion Mobility and Molecular Dynamics Meet To Unravel the (Un)Folding Mechanisms of an Oligorotaxane Molecular Switch. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10253-10263. [PMID: 28881131 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
At the interface between foldamers and mechanically interlocked molecules, oligorotaxanes exhibit a spring-like folded secondary structure with remarkable mechanical and physicochemical properties. Among these properties, the ability of oligorotaxanes to act as molecular switches through controlled modulations of their spatial extension over (un)folding dynamics is of particular interest. The present study aims to assess and further characterize this remarkable feature in the gas phase using mass spectrometry tools. In this context, we focused on the [4]5NPR+12 oligorotaxane molecule complexed with PF6- counterion and probed its co-conformational states as a function of the in-source-generated charge states. Data were interpreted in light of electronic secondary structure computations at the PM6 and DFT levels. Our results highlight two major co-conformational groups associated either with folded compact structures, notably stabilized by intramolecular π-π interactions and predominant for low charge states or with fully stretched structures resulting from significant Coulombic repulsions at high charge states. Between, the oligorotaxane adopts intermediate folded co-conformations, suggesting a stepwise unfolding pathway under increasing repulsive Coulombic constraints. The reversibility of this superstructural transition was next interrogated under electron-driven (nondissociative electron transfer) and heat-driven (collision-induced unfolding) activation stimuli. The outcomes support the feasibility to either unfold or (partially) refold the oligorotaxane foldamer on purpose in the gas phase. Our results show that the balance between the stabilizing π-π interactions and the versatile Coulomb interactions dictates the elongation state of the foldamer in the gas phase and emphasizes the adequacy of mass spectrometry tools for the superstructural characterization of desolvated prototypical artificial molecular machines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Mechanostereochemistry Group, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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16
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Jiang T, He M, Guo D, Zhai Y, Xu W. Ion collision cross section analyses in quadrupole ion traps using the filter diagonalization method: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:12058-64. [PMID: 27066889 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00613b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring ion collision cross sections (CCSs) within a quadrupole ion trap by performing time-frequency analyses of simulated ion trajectories. In this study, an improved time-frequency analysis method, the filter diagonalization method (FDM), was applied for data analyses. Using the FDM, high resolution could be achieved in both time- and frequency-domains when calculating ion time-frequency curves. Owing to this high-resolution nature, ion-neutral collision induced ion motion frequency shifts were observed, which further cause the intermodulation of ion trajectories and thus accelerate image current attenuation. Therefore, ion trap operation parameters, such as the ion number, high-order field percentage and buffer gas pressure, were optimized for ion CCS measurements. Under optimized conditions, simulation results show that a resolving power from 30 to more than 200 could be achieved for ion CCS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
| | | | - Dan Guo
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yanbing Zhai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Haidian, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Haidian, Beijing 100081, China. and Key Laboratory of Convergence Medical Engineering System and Healthcare Technology, The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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17
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van Geenen FAMG, Franssen MCR, Schotman AHM, Zuilhof H, Nielen MWF. Ambient Characterization of Synthetic Fibers by Laser Ablation Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4031-4037. [PMID: 28252942 PMCID: PMC5388367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct analysis of synthetic fibers under ambient conditions is highly desired to identify the polymer, the finishes applied and irregularities that may compromise its performance and value. In this paper, laser ablation electrospray ionization ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LAESI-IMS-TOF-MS) was used for the analysis of synthetic polymers and fibers. The key to this analysis was the absorption of laser light by aliphatic and aromatic nitrogen functionalities in the polymers. Analysis of polyamide (PA) 6, 46, 66, and 12 pellets and PA 6, 66, polyaramid and M5 fibers yielded characteristic fragment ions without any sample pretreatment, enabling their unambiguous identification. Synthetic fibers are, in addition, commonly covered with a surface layer for improved adhesion and processing. The same setup, but operated in a transient infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) mode, allowed the detailed characterization of the fiber finish layer and the underlying polymer. Differences in finish layer distribution may cause variations in local properties of synthetic fibers. Here we also show the feasibility of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of the distribution of a finish layer on the synthetic fiber and the successful detection of local surface defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred A M G van Geenen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C R Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,RIKILT, Wageningen University & Research , P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Chakraborty S, Hong W, Endres KJ, Xie TZ, Wojtas L, Moorefield CN, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. Terpyridine-Based, Flexible Tripods: From a Highly Symmetric Nanosphere to Temperature-Dependent, Irreversible, 3D Isomeric Macromolecular Nanocages. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3012-3020. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lukasz Wojtas
- Department
of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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19
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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20
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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21
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Yao Y, Chakraborty S, Zhu S, Endres KJ, Xie TZ, Hong W, Manandhar E, Moorefield CN, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. Stepwise, multicomponent assembly of a molecular trapezoid possessing three different metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8038-8041. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel terpyridine-based, trapezoidal architecture was synthesized by a coordination-driven multicomponent assembly and features three different tpy–M2+–tpy bonds (M2+ = Ru2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+) in the macrocyclic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Yao
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | | | - Shiying Zhu
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | | | - Ting-Zheng Xie
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | - Wei Hong
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
| | | | | | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
- Departments of Chemistry
| | - George R. Newkome
- Departments of Polymer Science
- University of Akron
- Akron
- USA
- Departments of Chemistry
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22
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Chakraborty S, Sarkar R, Endres K, Xie TZ, Ghosh M, Moorefield CN, Saunders MJ, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. Programmed Molecular Engineering: Stepwise, Multicomponent Assembly of a Dimetallic Metallotriangulane. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Chakraborty
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; 44325-4717 Akron OH USA
| | - Rajarshi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; 44325-3601 Akron OH USA
| | - Kevin Endres
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; 44325-4717 Akron OH USA
| | - Ting-Zheng Xie
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; 44325-4717 Akron OH USA
| | - Monoj Ghosh
- Department of Polymer Engineering; The University of Akron; 44325-0301 Akron USA
| | | | - Mary Jane Saunders
- Department of Biological Science; Florida Atlantic University; 33431 Boca Raton FL USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; 44325-4717 Akron OH USA
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; 44325-3601 Akron OH USA
| | - George R. Newkome
- Department of Polymer Science; The University of Akron; 44325-4717 Akron OH USA
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; 44325-3601 Akron OH USA
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23
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Polymer architectures via mass spectrometry and hyphenated techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Shi C, Gerişlioğlu S, Wesdemiotis C. Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Interfaced with Mass Spectrometry and Orthogonal Ion Mobility Separation for the Microstructure Characterization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Katzenmeyer BC, Hague SF, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Separation by Polarity or Shape for the Characterization of Sugar-Based Nonionic Surfactants. Anal Chem 2015; 88:851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Katzenmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shayna F. Hague
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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26
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Fischer JL, Lutomski CA, El-Baba TJ, Siriwardena-Mahanama BN, Weidner SM, Falkenhagen J, Allen MJ, Trimpin S. Matrix-Assisted Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry: Selective Analysis of a Europium-PEG Complex in a Crude Mixture. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:2086-2095. [PMID: 26453417 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analytical utility of a new and simple to use ionization method, matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) is used to characterize a 2-armed europium(III)-containing poly(ethylene glycol) (Eu-PEG) complex directly from a crude sample. MAI was used with the matrix 1,2-dicyanobenzene, which affords low chemical background relative to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI). MAI provides high ion abundance of desired products in comparison to ESI and MALDI. Inductively coupled plasma-MS measurements were used to estimate a maximum of 10% of the crude sample by mass was the 2-arm Eu-PEG complex, supporting evidence of selective ionization of Eu-PEG complexes using the new MAI matrix, 1,2-dicyanobenzene. Multiply charged ions formed in MAI enhance the IMS gas-phase separation, especially relative to the singly charged ions observed with MALDI. Individual components are cleanly separated and readily identified, allowing characterization of the 2-arm Eu-PEG conjugate from a mixture of the 1-arm Eu-PEG complex and unreacted starting materials. Size-exclusion chromatography, liquid chromatography at critical conditions, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS, and ESI-IMS-MS had difficulties with this analysis, or failed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Corinne A Lutomski
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | | | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew J Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
- MSTM, LLC, Newark, DE, 19711, USA.
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27
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Hanozin E, Morsa D, De Pauw E. Energetics and structural characterization of isomers using ion mobility and gas-phase H/D exchange: Learning from lasso peptides. Proteomics 2015; 15:2823-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Hanozin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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28
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Morsa D, Defize T, Dehareng D, Jérôme C, De Pauw E. Polymer topology revealed by ion mobility coupled with mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9693-700. [PMID: 25188877 DOI: 10.1021/ac502246g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbranched and star shaped polymers have raised tremendous interest because of their unusual structural and photochemical properties, which provide them potent applications in various domains, namely in the biomedical field. In this context, the development of adequate tools aiming to probe particular three-dimensional features of such polymers is of crucial importance. In this present work, ion mobility coupled with mass spectrometry was used to experimentally derive structural information related to cationized linear and star shaped poly-ε-caprolactones as a function of their charge state and chain length. Two major conformations were observed and identified using theoretical modeling: (1) near spherical conformations whose sizes are invariant with the polymer topology for long and lightly charged chains and (2) elongated conformations whose sizes vary with the polymer topology for short and highly charged chains. These conformations were further confirmed by collisional activation experiments based on the ejection thresholds of the coordinated cations that vary according to the elongation amplitude of the polymer chains. Finally, a comparison between solution and gas-phase conformations highlights a compaction of the structure with a loss of specific chain arrangements during the ionization and desolvation steps of the electrospray process, fueling the long-time debated question related to the preservation of the analyte structure during the transfer into the mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Morsa
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Liege , B6c Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
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29
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Sarkar R, Guo K, Moorefield CN, Saunders MJ, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. One-Step Multicomponent Self-Assembly of a First-Generation Sierpiński Triangle: From Fractal Design to Chemical Reality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12182-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Sarkar R, Guo K, Moorefield CN, Saunders MJ, Wesdemiotis C, Newkome GR. One-Step Multicomponent Self-Assembly of a First-Generation Sierpiński Triangle: From Fractal Design to Chemical Reality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Li H, Snelling JR, Barrow MP, Scrivens JH, Sadler PJ, O'Connor PB. Mass spectrometric strategies to improve the identification of Pt(II)-modification sites on peptides and proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1217-27. [PMID: 24845349 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To further explore the binding chemistry of cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) to peptides and also establish mass spectrometry (MS) strategies to quickly assign the platinum-binding sites, a series of peptides with potential cisplatin binding sites (Met(S), His(N), Cys(S), disulfide, carboxyl groups of Asp and Glu, and amine groups of Arg and Lys, were reacted with cisplatin, then analyzed by electron capture dissociation (ECD) in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS). Radical-mediated side-chain losses from the charge-reduced Pt-binding species (such as CH3S(•) or CH3SH from Met, SH(•) from Cys, CO2 from Glu or Asp, and NH2(•) from amine groups) were found to be characteristic indicators for rapid and unambiguous localization of the Pt-binding sites to certain amino acid residues. The method was then successfully applied to interpret the top-down ECD spectrum of an inter-chain Pt-crosslinked insulin dimer, insulin + Pt(NH3)2 + insulin (>10 kDa). In addition, ion mobility MS shows that Pt binds to multiple sites in Substance P, generating multiple conformers, which can be partially localized by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD). Platinum(II) (Pt(II)) was found to coordinate to amine groups of Arg and Lys, but not to disulfide bonds under the conditions used. The coordination of Pt to Arg or Lys appears to arise from the migration of Pt(II) from Met(S) as shown by monitoring the reaction products at different pH values by ECD. No direct binding of cisplatin to amine groups was observed at pH 3 ~ 10 unless Met residues were present in the sequence, but noncovalent interactions between cisplatin hydrolysis and amination [Pt(NH3)4](2+) products and these peptides were found regardless of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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32
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El-Baba TJ, Lutomski CA, Wang B, Trimpin S. Characterizing synthetic polymers and additives using new ionization methods for mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1175-1184. [PMID: 24760557 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New inlet and vacuum ionization methods provide advantages of specificity, simplicity and speed for the analysis of synthetic polymers and polymer additives directly from surfaces such as fibers using mass spectrometry (MS) on different commercial mass spectrometers (Waters SYNAPT G2, Thermo LTQ Velos). METHODS We compare inlet ionization methods with the recently discovered vacuum ionization method. This method, termed matrix assisted ionization vacuum (MAIV), utilizes the matrix 3-nitrobenzonitrile (3-NBN) for the analysis of synthetic polymers and additives without additional energy input by simply exposing the matrix:analyte:salt to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. Matrix:analyte:salt samples can be introduced while dry (surfaces, e.g. glass slides, pipet tips) or slightly wet (e.g. filter paper, pipet tips). RESULTS Compounds ionized by these methods can be analyzed in both positive and negative detection modes through cationization or deprotonation, respectively. The dynamic range of the experiment can be enhanced, as well as structural analysis performed, by coupling the vacuum ionization method with ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation. CONCLUSIONS The specificity of 3-NBN matrix to ionize small and large nonvolatile analyte molecules by MAIV makes this matrix a good choice for observing low-abundance additives in the presence of large amounts of synthetic polymer using MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarick J El-Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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33
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Forsythe JG, Stow SM, Nefzger H, Kwiecien NW, May JC, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Structural characterization of methylenedianiline regioisomers by ion mobility-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, and computational strategies: I. Electrospray spectra of 2-ring isomers. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4362-70. [PMID: 24678803 PMCID: PMC4014176 DOI: 10.1021/ac5001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Purified methylenedianiline (MDA)
regioisomers were structurally
characterized and differentiated using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS),
ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and IM-MS/MS in conjunction
with computational methods. It was determined that protonation sites
on the isomers can vary depending on the position of amino groups,
and the resulting protonation sites play a role in the gas-phase stability
of the isomer. We also observed differences in the relative distributions
of protonated conformations depending on experimental conditions and
instrumentation, which is consistent with previous studies on aniline
in the gas phase. This work demonstrates the utility of a multifaceted
approach for the study of isobaric species and elucidates why previous
MDA studies may have been unable to detect and/or differentiate certain
isomers. Such analysis may prove useful in the characterization of
larger MDA multimeric species, industrial MDA mixtures, and methylene
diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) mixtures used in polyurethane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay G Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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34
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Solak Erdem N, Alawani N, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of polysorbate 85, a nonionic surfactant, by liquid chromatography vs. ion mobility separation coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:83-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tintaru A, Chendo C, Wang Q, Viel S, Quéléver G, Peng L, Posocco P, Pricl S, Charles L. Conformational sensitivity of conjugated poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(amidoamine) molecules to cations adducted upon electrospray ionization – A mass spectrometry, ion mobility and molecular modeling study. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:163-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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“Polymeromics”: Mass spectrometry based strategies in polymer science toward complete sequencing approaches: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 808:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hester TH, Castillo DE, Goebbert DJ. Fragmentation of deprotonated polyethylene glycols, [PEG-H]-. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1643-1648. [PMID: 23754798 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are soluble molecules utilized in a wide range of applications. Mass spectrometry and fragmentation patterns of positively charged PEG oligomers are well-known, but decomposition mechanisms of the deprotonated ions have not been studied. METHODS Deprotonated PEGs were generated by electrospray ionization of PEG in water/acetonitrile. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were carried out in a tandem mass spectrometer. The anions were studied using a tandem mass spectrometer to carry out CID experiments. A series of small PEG oligomers, with 1 to 8 monomer units, were studied in order to monitor size-dependent effects on fragmentation reactions. RESULTS Because deprotonated PEG ions have a unique charge site, their dissociation pathways can easily be monitored. The ions fragment by loss of C2H4O monomer units, with an alternating intensity pattern that suggests the loss of an even number of monomer units is favored. Smaller oligomers and oligomer fragments also yielded fragments corresponding to H2 elimination and H2O loss. H2 elimination occurs by the generation of a hydride ion which deprotonates an alcohol upon leaving, while dehydration appears to be a charge-remote process. CONCLUSIONS The fragmentation of deprotonated PEG is dominated by intramolecular S(N)2 reactions involving the terminal oxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hester
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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38
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Sivalingam GN, Yan J, Sahota H, Thalassinos K. Amphitrite: A program for processing travelling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry data. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 345-347:54-62. [PMID: 25844045 PMCID: PMC4375678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of travelling wave (T-Wave)-based ion mobility in 2007 a large number of research laboratories have embraced the technique, particularly those working in the field of structural biology. The development of software to process the data generated from this technique, however, has been limited. We present a novel software package that enables the processing of T-Wave ion mobility data. The program can deconvolute components in a mass spectrum and uses this information to extract corresponding arrival time distributions (ATDs) with minimal user intervention. It can also be used to automatically create a collision cross section (CCS) calibration and apply this to subsequent files of interest. A number of applications of the software, and how it enhances the information content extracted from the raw data, are illustrated using model proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh N. Sivalingam
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harpal Sahota
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Crystallography, Birkbeck College, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 20 7679 2197; fax: +44 20 7679 7193.
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Maire F, Coadou G, Cravello L, Lange CM. Traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry study of low generation polyamidoamine dendrimers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:238-248. [PMID: 23264148 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We reported the use of ion mobility (IM) combined with mass spectrometry (MS) as an analytical tool to investigate low generation polyamidoanine (PAMAM) dendrimers. This analytical approach has been employed to separate ions of defective structures with different charge state but exactly the same m/z value. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) after IM separation allowed a comprehensive structural characterization of defective dendrimers. In addition, IM was used to evaluate the collision cross-sections of ions of perfect dendrimers. They showed a good correlation with calculated collision cross-sections obtained by the trajectory method (TM) and were also consistent with dimensions reported by other established analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Maire
- Université de Rouen, IRCOF, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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40
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Scarff CA, Snelling JR, Knust MM, Wilkins CL, Scrivens JH. New structural insights into mechanically interlocked polymers revealed by ion mobility mass spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9193-8. [PMID: 22616687 DOI: 10.1021/ja2118656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked polymers can possess significant additional physical properties, in comparison to those associated with their constituent parts. Their unique properties make them attractive for a range of potential applications, such as as biomaterials and molecular machines. Their efficient and reproducible synthesis is therefore of much interest. Both their synthesis and subsequent characterization are intriguing yet demanding. The properties of mechanically interlocked polymeric systems depend not only on the properties of their individual components but also on the topology of the subsequent product. Here traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the structural properties of a polyrotaxane system. Ion mobility studies reveal that this system remains linear in form with increase in size. Both ion mobility studies and tandem mass spectrometry studies indicate that the macrocycle preferentially remains associated with the ammonium moiety of the polymeric repeat unit and is impeded from moving freely along the axle. This is consistent with NMR observations of the average structure. Analysis of mechanically interlocked polymers by ion mobility mass spectrometry provides additional structural insights into these systems relating to dynamics, heterogeneity, and topology. This molecule-specific information is vital in order to understand the origin of a system's functional properties.
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41
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Scionti V, Katzenmeyer BC, Solak N, Li X, Wesdemiotis C. Interfacing multistage mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography or ion mobility separation for synthetic polymer analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2012; 18:113-137. [PMID: 22641724 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are naturally mixtures of homologs, even in pure form. More complexity is introduced by the presence of different comonomers, end groups and/or macromolecular architectures. The analysis of such systems is substantially facilitated by interfacing mass spectrometry (MS), which disperses based on mass, with an additional level of separation involving either interactive liquid chromatography (LC) or ion mobility (IM) spectrometry, both of which are readily coupled online with electrospray ionization and MS detection. IM-MS separates in the gas phase, post-ionization and, therefore, is ideally suitable for labile and reactive polymers. Its usefulness is illustrated with the characterization of non-covalent siloxane-saccharide complexes, metallosupramolecular assemblies and an air- and moisture-sensitive inorganic polymer, poly(dichlorophosphazene). Conversely, LC-MS which separates in solution phase, before ionization, is most effective for the analysis of polymeric mixtures whose components differ in polarity. Interactive LC conditions can be optimized to disperse by the content of hydrophobic units, as is demonstrated for amphiphilic polyether copolymers and sugar-based nonionic surfactant blends. Both LC-MS and IM-MS can be extended into a third dimension by tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) studies on select oligomers, in order to obtain insight into individual end groups and isomeric architectures, comonomer sequences and degree of substitution, for example, by hydrophobic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Scionti
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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42
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Armenta S, Alcala M, Blanco M. A review of recent, unconventional applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Anal Chim Acta 2011; 703:114-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nasioudis A, van Velde JW, Heeren RM, van den Brink OF. Detailed molecular characterization of castor oil ethoxylates by liquid chromatography multistage mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hoskins JN, Trimpin S, Grayson SM. Architectural Differentiation of Linear and Cyclic Polymeric Isomers by Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2012046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Hoskins
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
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De Winter J, Lemaur V, Ballivian R, Chirot F, Coulembier O, Antoine R, Lemoine J, Cornil J, Dubois P, Dugourd P, Gerbaux P. Size Dependence of the Folding of Multiply Charged Sodium Cationized Polylactides Revealed by Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Modelling. Chemistry 2011; 17:9738-45. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wesdemiotis C, Solak N, Polce MJ, Dabney DE, Chaicharoen K, Katzenmeyer BC. Fragmentation pathways of polymer ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:523-559. [PMID: 20623599 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is increasingly applied to synthetic polymers to characterize chain-end or in-chain substituents, distinguish isobaric and isomeric species, and determine macromolecular connectivities and architectures. For confident structural assignments, the fragmentation mechanisms of polymer ions must be understood, as they provide guidelines on how to deduce the desired information from the fragments observed in MS/MS spectra. This article reviews the fragmentation pathways of synthetic polymer ions that have been energized to decompose via collisionally activated dissociation (CAD), the most widely used activation method in polymer analysis. The compounds discussed encompass polystyrenes, poly(2-vinyl pyridine), polyacrylates, poly(vinyl acetate), aliphatic polyester copolymers, polyethers, and poly(dimethylsiloxane). For a number of these polymers, several substitution patterns and architectures are considered, and questions regarding the ionization agent and internal energy of the dissociating precursor ions are also addressed. Competing and consecutive dissociations are evaluated in terms of the structural insight they provide about the macromolecular structure. The fragmentation pathways of the diverse array of polymer ions examined fall into three categories, viz. (1) charge-directed fragmentations, (2) charge-remote rearrangements, and (3) charge-remote fragmentations via radical intermediates. Charge-remote processes predominate. Depending on the ionizing agent and the functional groups in the polymer, the incipient fragments arising by pathways (1)-(3) may form ion-molecule complexes that survive long enough to permit inter-fragment hydrogen atom, proton, or hydride transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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47
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Li X, Guo L, Casiano-Maldonado M, Zhang D, Wesdemiotis C. Top-Down Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Methods for Synthetic Polymer Analysis. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200542p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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48
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Reichel C. Practicing IEF-PAGE of EPO: the impact of detergents and sample application methods on analytical performance in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2011; 2:603-19. [PMID: 21204292 DOI: 10.1002/dta.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic techniques, namely isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) are key techniques used for confirming the doping-related abuse of recombinant erythropoietins and analogs. IEF-PAGE is performed on horizontal slab-gels with samples applied to the surface of the gel. Different sample application techniques can be employed, but application pieces and applicator strips are most frequently used. However, defective application pieces cause lane streaking during IEF of erythropoietin (EPO), which is especially pronounced in the acidic region of the gel. The effect is due to an incompatibility of the substance used for enhancing the wettability of the cellulose-based commercial product and is batch-dependent. A detailed mass spectrometric study was performed, which revealed that defective sample application pieces (bought between 2007 and 2010) contained a complex mixture of alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxysulfates, and alkyl sulfates (e.g. SDS). Anionic detergents, like the sulfates contained in these application pieces, are in general incompatible with IEF. Alternative application techniques proved partly useful. While homemade pieces made of blotting paper are a good alternative, the usage of applicator strips or shims is hampered by the risk of leaking wells, which lead to laterally diffused samples. Casting IEF-gels with wells appears to be the best solution, since sustained release of retained proteins from the application pieces can be avoided. Edge effects do not occur if wells are correctly filled with the samples. The evaluation of EPO-profiles with defects is prohibited by the technical document on EPO-analytics (TD2009EPO) of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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49
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Li X, Chan YT, Newkome GR, Wesdemiotis C. Gradient Tandem Mass Spectrometry Interfaced with Ion Mobility Separation for the Characterization of Supramolecular Architectures. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1284-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1022875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - George R. Newkome
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and ‡Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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50
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Aminlashgari N, Hakkarainen M. Emerging Mass Spectrometric Tools for Analysis of Polymers and Polymer Additives. MASS SPECTROMETRY OF POLYMERS – NEW TECHNIQUES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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