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Chen CS, Ogawa S, Imura Y, Suzuki M, Yoshimura E. Post-column detection of cadmium chelators by high-performance liquid chromatography using 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphinetetrasulfonic acid. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1141:122025. [PMID: 32109747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cd(II) is toxic to many species, including humans, because it inactivates a number of enzymes and induces cytopathic effects in the liver, kidney, and skeletal tissues in humans. Metallothionein and glutathione (GSH) play a major role in the protection against Cd(II)-induced toxicity in mammalian cells. In this study, a relatively simple method for detecting trace amounts of Cd(II) chelators was developed by using 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphinetetrasulfonic acid (TPPS). The TPPS-Cd(II) complex was added to the elutions of high-performance liquid chromatography. The Cd(II) chelators separated by column chromatography were mixed with Cd(II)-bound TPPS (TPPS-Cd(II)). Cd(II) from TPPS-Cd(II) was chelated by the eluted Cd(II) chelators, resulting in the formation of free TPPS. The absorbance of TPPS shifted from 434 nm (TPPS-Cd(II)) to 414 nm (TPPS), and this characteristic shift was used to estimate the quantity and affinity of the Cd(II) chelators. This new method was compared with the bathocuproine disulfonate (BCS) method developed in our previous study. Instead of BCS-Cu(I), TPPS-Cd(II) was used as the colorimetric reagent. The experimental setup of the TPPS-based method is more general, and the preparation of the colorimetric solution is also much simpler than the BCS method. To verify the efficacy of this new method, we determined the actual Cd(II)-chelating ability of GSH in horse blood; the obtained concentration was in good agreement with the previously reported value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Shang Chen
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shinya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuki Imura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Etsuro Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; The Open University of Japan, 2-11 Wakaba, Mishima-ku, Chiba-city, Chiba 261-8586, Japan.
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Zheng X, Chen S, Zheng M, Peng J, He X, Han Y, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Lv R, Lin R. Development of the HPLC-ELSD method for the determination of phytochelatins and glutathione in Perilla frutescens under cadmium stress conditions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171659. [PMID: 29892363 PMCID: PMC5990822 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, accurate and simple method was developed for the simultaneous determination of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light-scattering detector. GSH, phytochelatin 2 (PC2), PC3, PC4, PC5 and PC6 can be separated with baseline separation within 9 min using a Venusil AA column (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm particle sizes). Acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (0.1%) were employed as the mobile phase for the gradient elution. The drift tube temperature and flow rate of the carrier gas (N2) were 50°C and 1.5 l min-1, respectively. Under optimum conditions, good linear regression equations of six analytes were obtained with the detection limits ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 µg ml-1. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the quantification of GSH and PCs in Perilla frutescens (a cadmium hyperaccumulator) under cadmium stress. The recoveries were between 82.9% and 115.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqin Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaosan He
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongming Han
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingtie Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Rixin Lv
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyu Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, People's Republic of China
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Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz JM, Ariño C, Esteban M. Recent contributions to the study of phytochelatins with an analytical approach. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Ogawa S, Yoshimura E. Comparison of methanol and acetonitrile eluents for the quantitation of chelators specific to soft-metal ions by HPLC. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 909:34-6. [PMID: 23153641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
HPLC eluent systems employing acetonitrile and methanol were evaluated for the quantitation of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin (PC(n)), a family of peptides implicated in heavy-metal detoxification in higher plants. The detection system is based on the dequenching of copper(I)-bathocuproine disulfonate and is specific for soft-metal chelators. Although both elution systems yielded comparable analytical performance for each PC(n), the acetonitrile system had a lower sensitivity for GSH and a steadily increasing baseline. The inferior properties of the acetonitrile system may be due to complex formation between acetonitrile and Cu(I) ions. Both methods were applied to measure peptide levels in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Coefficients of variation (CVs) were less than 5%, except for GSH and PC(4) determinations in the acetonitrile system, in cases when CV values were found to be 8.8% and 6.3%, respectively. Recoveries were greater than 96%, except for GSH determination in the acetonitrile system, with a recovery of 84.4%; however, the concentration measured in the acetonitrile system did not differ from that measured in the methanol system at a significance level of 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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5
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Shen CC, Tseng WL, Hsieh MM. Selective extraction of thiol-containing peptides in seawater using Tween 20-capped gold nanoparticles followed by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1220:162-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Simmons DBD, Emery RJN. Phytochelatin induction by selenate in Chlorella vulgaris, and regulation of effect by sulfate levels. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:469-476. [PMID: 21038439 DOI: 10.1002/etc.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are short metal detoxification peptides made from the sulfur-rich molecule glutathione. The production of PCs by algae caused by Se exposure has never been studied, although many algae accumulate Se, forming Se-rich proteins and peptides, and higher plants have demonstrated PC production when treated with Se; therefore, a goal of the current study was to examine whether Se induces PC production in algae. Furthermore, selenate is thought to compete with sulfate in the S assimilation pathway, and sulfate therefore may have a protective effect against the toxic effects of high doses of Se in algae. Hence, the interaction of selenate and sulfate was investigated with respect to the induction of PCs. Chlorella vulgaris was cultured in media with either low (31.2 µM) or high (312 µM) concentrations of sulfate. These cultures were exposed to selenate in doses of 7, 35, and 70 nM for 48 h. In a separate treatment, Cd (890 nM) was added as a positive PC-inducing control, and one no-metal negative control was used. Total Se and Se speciation were determined, and glutathione, phytochelatin-2, and phytochelatin-3 were quantified in each of cell digests, cell medium, and cell lysates. We found that PCs and their precursor glutathione were induced by selenate as well as by a Cd control. The high concentration of sulfate was able to counter selenate-induced production of PCs and glutathione. These data support two possible mechanisms: a negative feedback system in the S assimilation pathway that affects PC production when sulfate is abundant, and competition for uptake at the ion transport level between selenate and sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denina B D Simmons
- Environmental & Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Gusmão R, Cavanillas S, Ariño C, Díaz-Cruz JM, Esteban M. Circular Dichroism and Voltammetry, Assisted by Multivariate Curve Resolution, and Mass Spectrometry of the Competitive Metal Binding by Phytochelatin PC5. Anal Chem 2010; 82:9006-13. [PMID: 20931969 DOI: 10.1021/ac1019733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gusmão
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Santiago Cavanillas
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Chang CW, Tseng WL. Gold Nanoparticle Extraction Followed by Capillary Electrophoresis to Determine the Total, Free, and Protein-Bound Aminothiols in Plasma. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2696-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902342c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, and National Sun Yat-sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, and National Sun Yat-sen University−Kaohsiung Medical University Joint Research Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ogawa S, Ichiki R, Abo M, Yoshimura E. Revision of analytical conditions for determining ligand molecules specific to soft metal ions using dequenching of copper(I)-bathocuproine disulfonate as a detection system. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9199-200. [PMID: 19785444 DOI: 10.1021/ac901782d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reoptimization of analytical conditions was performed for a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) detection system for Cu(I) chelators based on the dequenching of Cu(I)-bathocuproine disulfonate complexes that occurs in the presence of Cu(I) chelators. The revision corrects for emission and excitation wavelengths that were in fact second-order light of the actual optimal wavelengths and for the composition of the postcolumn solution. These revisions resulted in an order of magnitude decrease in detection limits of phytochelatins, a class of cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding peptides. The revised technique is capable of phytochelatin quantitation at femtomole quantities.
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Ogawa S, Yoshidomi T, Shirabe T, Yoshimura E. HPLC method for the determination of phytochelatin synthase activity specific for soft metal ion chelators. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 104:442-5. [PMID: 20074807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs) are nonprotein peptides with the general structure (gamma-Glu-Cys)(n)-Gly (PC(n)), where n is greater than or equal to 2. They are synthesized through a reaction catalyzed by phytochelatin synthase (PCS) in the presence of metal cations and using the tripeptide glutathione (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) and/or previously synthesized PC(n) as the substrate. Here, a highly sensitive assay for PCS activity was devised, in which the dequenching of Cu(I)-bathocuproinedisulfonate complexes was used in the detection system of a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatograph. Using recombinant PCS from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (rAtPCS1), this assay system was capable of determining PCS activity based on an amount of the enzyme preparation that was 100-fold less than that required for the 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) assay method. Although adsorption of the enzyme onto the reaction vessel hindered accurate activity determination, the inclusion of bovine serum albumin successfully resolved this issue. This method is a powerful tool for investigating PCS enzyme mechanisms with respect to the roles of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ogawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Simmons DBD, Hayward AR, Hutchinson TC, Emery RJN. Identification and quantification of glutathione and phytochelatins from Chlorella vulgaris by RP-HPLC ESI-MS/MS and oxygen-free extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:809-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Osaki Y, Shirabe T, Nakanishi H, Wakagi T, Yoshimura E. Characterization of phytochelatin synthase produced by the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Metallomics 2009; 1:353-8. [PMID: 21305133 DOI: 10.1039/b823013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phytochelatins (PCs), non-protein peptides with the general structure [(γ-Glu-Cys)n-Gly (n≥ 2)], are involved in the detoxification of toxic heavy metals mainly in higher plants. The synthesis of the peptides is mediated by phytochelatin synthase (PCS), which is activated by a range of heavy metals. CmPCS, a PCS-like gene found in the genomic DNA of the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, was isolated and a recombinant protein (rCmPCS) fused with a hexahistidine tag at the N-terminus of CmPCS was produced. The finding that this protein mediated PC synthesis from glutathione in a metal-dependent way clearly establishes that rCmPCS is functional. The maximum activity was attained at a reaction temperature of 50 °C, considerably higher than the temperature required for the maximal activity of PCS isolated from the higher plant Silene cucubalus, probably due to the alga being a thermophile. CmPCS showed optimal pH in a slightly higher region than higher plant PCSs, probably due to the less effective charge relay network in the catalytic triad. In addition, the pattern of enzyme activation by metal ions was specific to rCmPCS, with Ag+, Cu2+, and Hg2+ showing only limited activation. In contrast to other eukaryotic PCSs, CmPCS has an extra domain in the N-terminal region from residues 1 to 109, and contains fewer cysteine residues in the C-terminal domain. These differences may be responsible for the metal specificity of the activation of CmPCS. Although the enzyme preparation lost PCS activity progressively when stored at 4 °C, the inclusion of Cd2+ in the preparation effectively prevented the reduction of activity. Furthermore, Cd2+ effectively restored the activity of the inactivated enzyme. These results indicate that Cd2+ ions bind the enzyme to maintain the structural integrity of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Osaki
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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