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Klijn ME, Hubbuch J. Application of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light imaging in protein-based biopharmaceutical formulation characterization and development studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:319-336. [PMID: 34052429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Imaging is increasingly more utilized as analytical technology in biopharmaceutical formulation research, with applications ranging from subvisible particle characterization to thermal stability screening and residual moisture analysis. This review offers a comprehensive overview of analytical imaging for scientists active in biopharmaceutical formulation research and development, where it presents the unique information provided by the ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis), and infrared (IR) sections in the electromagnetic spectrum. The main body of this review consists of an outline of UV, Vis, and IR imaging techniques for several (bio)physical properties that are commonly determined during protein-based biopharmaceutical formulation characterization and development studies. The review concludes with a future perspective of applied imaging within the field of biopharmaceutical formulation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke E Klijn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, the Netherlands.
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Sala BM, Le Marchand T, Pintacuda G, Camilloni C, Natalello A, Ricagno S. Conformational Stability and Dynamics in Crystals Recapitulate Protein Behavior in Solution. Biophys J 2020; 119:978-988. [PMID: 32758421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidences has established that in many cases proteins may preserve most of their function and flexibility in a crystalline environment, and several techniques are today capable to characterize molecular properties of proteins in tightly packed lattices. Intriguingly, in the case of amyloidogenic precursors, the presence of transiently populated states (hidden to conventional crystallographic studies) can be correlated to the pathological fate of the native fold; the low fold stability of the native state is a hallmark of aggregation propensity. It remains unclear, however, to which extent biophysical properties of proteins such as the presence of transient conformations or protein stability characterized in crystallo reflect the protein behavior that is more commonly studied in solution. Here, we address this question by investigating some biophysical properties of a prototypical amyloidogenic system, β2-microglobulin in solution and in microcrystalline state. By combining NMR chemical shifts with molecular dynamics simulations, we confirmed that conformational dynamics of β2-microglobulin native state in the crystal lattice is in keeping with what observed in solution. A comparative study of protein stability in solution and in crystallo is then carried out, monitoring the change in protein secondary structure at increasing temperature by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The increased structural order of the crystalline state contributes to provide better resolved spectral components compared to those collected in solution and crucially, the crystalline samples display thermal stabilities in good agreement with the trend observed in solution. Overall, this work shows that protein stability and occurrence of pathological hidden states in crystals parallel their solution counterpart, confirming the interest of crystals as a platform for the biophysical characterization of processes such as unfolding and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanguy Le Marchand
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (FRE 2034 CNRS, UCBL, ENS Lyon), Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (FRE 2034 CNRS, UCBL, ENS Lyon), Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlo Camilloni
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ricagno
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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3
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Tiernan H, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Insight into Heterogeneous Distribution of Protein Aggregates at the Surface Layer Using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4760-4764. [PMID: 32129602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been used as therapeutics for the last few decades. It is necessary to investigate the stability of these mAbs under stress conditions and to elucidate aggregation mechanisms as a means of developing approaches which minimize the problem. Attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopic imaging allows probing of a sample at a depth of penetration of around 0.5-5 μm, which makes it suitable for the study of aggregated proteins when accumulated as a layer close to the surface of the ZnSe internal reflection element (IRE). Here, macro ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, along with a variable angle of incidence accessory, have been used to differentiate between the secondary structure of proteins in bulk solution and those that have precipitated onto or near the ZnSe IRE surface. IgG spectra obtained from protein samples in individual wells have been averaged, extracted, and preprocessed, and the Amide I bands of the protein samples were compared and further analyzed to reveal protein distribution at the ZnSe IRE surface. These findings show depth profiling of IgG aggregates at the ZnSe IRE surface (0.5-5 μm) and do not follow a trend of decreasing protein presence with an increasing angle of incidence or increasing depth of penetration, suggesting an irregular distribution of aggregates in the z-direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Tiernan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Wrobel TP, Mukherjee P, Bhargava R. Rapid visualization of macromolecular orientation by discrete frequency mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2017; 142:75-79. [PMID: 27754506 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01086e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging has been used to measure the composition and orientation of polymeric systems for decades. IR microscopy can provide detailed views of microscopic regions, allowing the observation of both morphology and molecular properties of a sample, but involves a trade-off between the spatial extent and details of molecular content. Here we describe an approximately two orders of magnitude faster approach to measure the spherulitic structure and molecular orientation in large semi-crystalline polymer samples compared to extant Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging. This discrete frequency approach utilizes individual narrowband emission lines of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) source to spectrally image large areas rapidly. The inherent polarization of the laser beam is employed to measure orientation, enabling calculation of Hermans in-plane orientation function along with molecular chain angles distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Wrobel
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Prabuddha Mukherjee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA and Departments of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science & Engineering and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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5
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Swithenbank M, Burnett AD, Russell C, Li LH, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Cunningham JE, Wood CD. On-Chip Terahertz-Frequency Measurements of Liquids. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7981-7987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Swithenbank
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher Russell
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lianhe H. Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - John E. Cunningham
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher D. Wood
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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6
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Machana S, Weerapreeyakul N, Barusrux S, Thumanu K, Tanthanuch W. Synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from Polyalthia evecta caused apoptosis in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:589-96. [PMID: 23569977 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the anticancer activity of the extract fraction of Polyalthia evecta (P. evecta) (Pierre) Finet & Gagnep and the synergistic anticancer effect of the extracts from P. evecta by using the ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy. METHODS The 50% ethanol-water crude leaf extract of P. evecta (EW-L) was prepared and was further fractionated to isolate various fractions. The anticancer activity was investigated from cytotoxicity against HepG2 using a neutral red assay and apoptosis induction by evaluation of nuclei morphological changes after DAPI staining. Synergistic anticancer effects of the extracts from P. evecta were performed using the ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy. RESULTS The result showed that the EW-L showed higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells than its fractionated extracts. The hexane extract exhibited higher cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction than the water extracts, but less than the EW-L. The combined water and hexane extracts apparently increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction. The %apoptotic cells induced by the extract mixture were increased about 2-fold compared to the single hexane extract. CONCLUSIONS The polar extract fraction is necessary for the anticancer activity of the non-polar extract fraction. The ATR/FT-IR spectra illustrates the physical interaction among the constituents in the extract mixture and reveals the presence of polyphenolic constituents in the EW-L, which might play a role for the synergistic anticancer effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasipawan Machana
- Graduate School, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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7
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Boulet-Audet M, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. High-throughput thermal stability analysis of a monoclonal antibody by attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopic imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9786-93. [PMID: 25221926 PMCID: PMC4218712 DOI: 10.1021/ac502529q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of biotherapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, has markedly increased in recent years. It is thus essential that biotherapeutic production pipelines are as efficient as possible. For the production process, one of the major concerns is the propensity of a biotherapeutic antibody to aggregate. In addition to reducing bioactive material recovery, protein aggregation can have major effects on drug potency and cause highly undesirable immunological effects. It is thus essential to identify processing conditions which maximize recovery while avoiding aggregation. Heat resistance is a proxy for long-term aggregation propensity. Thermal stability assays are routinely performed using various spectroscopic and scattering detection methods. Here, we evaluated the potential of macro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging as a novel method for the high-throughput thermal stability assay of a monoclonal antibody. This chemically specific visualization method has the distinct advantage of being able to discriminate between monomeric and aggregated protein. Attenuated total reflection is particularly suitable for selectively probing the bottom of vessels, where precipitated aggregates accumulate. With focal plane array detection, we tested 12 different buffer conditions simultaneously to assess the effect of pH and ionic strength on protein thermal stability. Applying the Finke model to our imaging kinetics allowed us to determine the rate constants of nucleation and autocatalytic growth. This analysis demonstrated the greater stability of our immunoglobulin at higher pH and moderate ionic strength, revealing the key role of electrostatic interactions. The high-throughput approach presented here has significant potential for analyzing the stability of biotherapeutics as well as any other biological molecules prone to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boulet-Audet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
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8
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Calero G, Cohen AE, Luft JR, Newman J, Snell EH. Identifying, studying and making good use of macromolecular crystals. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:993-1008. [PMID: 25084371 PMCID: PMC4118793 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14016574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As technology advances, the crystal volume that can be used to collect useful X-ray diffraction data decreases. The technologies available to detect and study growing crystals beyond the optical resolution limit and methods to successfully place the crystal into the X-ray beam are discussed. Structural biology has contributed tremendous knowledge to the understanding of life on the molecular scale. The Protein Data Bank, a depository of this structural knowledge, currently contains over 100 000 protein structures, with the majority stemming from X-ray crystallography. As the name might suggest, crystallography requires crystals. As detectors become more sensitive and X-ray sources more intense, the notion of a crystal is gradually changing from one large enough to embellish expensive jewellery to objects that have external dimensions of the order of the wavelength of visible light. Identifying these crystals is a prerequisite to their study. This paper discusses developments in identifying these crystals during crystallization screening and distinguishing them from other potential outcomes. The practical aspects of ensuring that once a crystal is identified it can then be positioned in the X-ray beam for data collection are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Calero
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Aina E Cohen
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joseph R Luft
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Collaborative Crystallisation Centre, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Edward H Snell
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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9
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Glassford SE, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Recent applications of ATR FTIR spectroscopy and imaging to proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2849-58. [PMID: 23928299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a label-free, non-destructive analytical technique that can be used extensively to study a wide variety of different molecules in a range of different conditions. The aim of this review is to discuss and highlight the recent advances in the applications of ATR FTIR spectroscopic imaging to proteins. It briefly covers the basic principles of ATR FTIR spectroscopy and ATR FTIR spectroscopic imaging as well as their advantages to the study of proteins compared to other techniques and other forms of FTIR spectroscopy. It will then go on to examine the advances that have been made within the field over the last several years, particularly the use of ATR FTIR spectroscopy for the understanding and development of protein interaction with surfaces. Additionally, the growing potential of Surface Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy (SEIRAS) within this area of applications will be discussed. The review includes the applications of ATR FTIR imaging to protein crystallisation and for high-throughput studies, highlighting the future potential of the technology within the field of protein structural studies and beyond.
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10
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Kazarian SG, Ewing AV. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging to tablet dissolution and drug release. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:1207-21. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.801452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging: recent advances and applications to biological systems. Analyst 2013; 138:1940-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36865c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Wrobel TP, Mateuszuk L, Kostogrys RB, Chlopicki S, Baranska M. Quantification of plaque area and characterization of plaque biochemical composition with atherosclerosis progression in ApoE/LDLR−/− mice by FT-IR imaging. Analyst 2013; 138:6645-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Zhou Y, Li B, Zhang P. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) for the study of photooxidation of polypropylene. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:566-573. [PMID: 22524962 DOI: 10.1366/11-06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) is used to characterize the photooxidation of polypropylene (PP) and identify the photooxidative products at different oxidation times. PP slices were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for times up to 60 hours and spatially resolved spectra were acquired with a transmission FT-IR imaging system in order to view the steric inhomogeneity of the photooxidation process of PP. The evolution of the oxidized products with irradiation time is shown through the application of PCA. Carboxylic acid is the major oxidized product in the initial period from 0 h to 8 h while ketone becomes the major product with the increase of irradiation time. Carboxylic anhydride is identified for the first time to our knowledge in oxidized PP after 16 h irradiation. Carboxylate ester is also observed in the oxidized PP after 32 h irradiation. Possible mechanisms forming these products have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
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14
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Ami D, Ricagno S, Bolognesi M, Bellotti V, Doglia SM, Natalello A. Structure, stability, and aggregation of β-2 microglobulin mutants: insights from a Fourier transform infrared study in solution and in the crystalline state. Biophys J 2012; 102:1676-84. [PMID: 22500768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-2 microglobulin (β2m) is an amyloidogenic protein involved in dialysis-related amyloidosis. We report here the study of the structural properties of the protein in solution and in the form of single crystals by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and microspectroscopy. The investigation has been extended to four β2m mutants previously characterized by x-ray crystallography: Asp(53)Pro, Asp(59)Pro, Trp(60)Gly, and Trp(60)Val. These variants displayed very similar three-dimensional structures but different thermal stability and aggregation propensity, investigated here by FTIR spectroscopy. For each variant, appreciable spectral differences were found between the protein in solution and in single crystals, consisting in a downshift of the main β-sheet band and in better resolved turn and loop bands, indicative of reduced protein secondary structure dynamics in the crystalline state. Notably, the well-resolved spectra of the β2m crystalline variants enabled us to identify structural differences induced by the single amino acid mutations. Such differences encompass turn and loop structures that might affect the stability and aggregation propensity of the investigated β2m variants. This study highlights the potential of FTIR microspectroscopy to acquire useful structural information on protein crystals, complementary to the crystallographic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Ami
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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15
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Glassford S, Chan KLA, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging of protein adsorption and crystallization on a wettability gradient surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3174-3179. [PMID: 22260648 DOI: 10.1021/la204524w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of self-assembled monolayers is an established method to study the effect of surface properties on proteins and other biological materials. The generation of a monolayer with a gradient of chemical properties allows for the study of multiple surface properties simultaneously in a high throughput manner. Typically, in order to detect the presence of proteins or biological material on a surface, the use of additional dyes or tags is required. Here we present a novel method of studying the effect of gradient surface properties on protein adsorption and crystallization in situ through the use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, which removes the need for additional labeling. We describe the successful application of this technique to the measurement of the growth of a gradient monolayer of octyltrichlorosilane across the surface of a silicon ATR element. ATR-FTIR imaging was also used to study the adsorption of lysozyme, as a model protein, onto the modified surface. The sensitivity of measurements obtained with a focal plane array (FPA) detector were improved though the use of pixel averaging which allowed small absorption bands to be detected with minimal effect on the spatial resolution along the gradient. Study of the effect of surface hydrophobicity on both adsorption of lysozyme to the element and lysozyme crystallization revealed that more lysozyme adsorbed to the hydrophobic side of the ATR element and more lysozyme crystals formed in the same region. These findings strongly suggest a correlation exists between surface protein adsorption and protein crystallization. This method could be applied to the study of other proteins and whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Glassford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Van Eerdenbrugh B, Taylor LS. Application of mid-IR spectroscopy for the characterization of pharmaceutical systems. Int J Pharm 2011; 417:3-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Zhong X, Ji C, Chan AKL, Kazarian SG, Ruys A, Dehghani F. Fabrication of chitosan/poly(ε-caprolactone) composite hydrogels for tissue engineering applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:279-288. [PMID: 21170732 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-010-4194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous chitosan/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) hydrogels with improved mechanical properties for tissue engineering applications. A modified emulsion lyophilisation technique was developed to produce 3D chitosan/PCL hydrogels. The addition of 25 and 50 wt% of PCL into chitosan substantially enhanced the compressive strength of composite hydrogel 160 and 290%, respectively, compared to pure chitosan hydrogel. The result of ATR-FTIR imaging corroborated that PCL and chitosan were well mixed and physically co-existed in the composite structures. The composite hydrogels were constructed of homogenous structure with average pore size of 59.7 ± 14 μm and finer pores with average size of 4.4 ± 2 μm on the wall of these larger pores. The SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy images confirmed that fibroblast cells were attached and proliferated on the 3D structure of these composite hydrogels. The composite hydrogels acquired in this study possessed homogeneous porous structure with improved mechanical strength and integrity. They may have a high potential for the production of 3D hydrogels for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhong
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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18
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Chan KLA, Niu X, de Mello AJ, Kazarian SG. Rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices for integrating with FT-IR spectroscopic imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2170-2174. [PMID: 20532270 DOI: 10.1039/c004246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A versatile approach for the rapid prototyping of microfluidic devices suitable for use with FT-IR spectroscopic imaging is introduced. Device manufacture is based on the direct printing of paraffin onto the surface of an infrared transparent substrate, followed by encapsulation. Key features of this approach are low running costs, rapid production times, simplicity of design modifications and suitability for integration with FT-IR spectroscopic measurements. In the current experiments, the minimum width of channel walls was found to be approximately 120 mum and approximately 200 when a 25 mum and 12 mum spacer is used, respectively. Water and poly(ethylene glycol) are used as model fluids in a laminar flow regime, and are imaged in both transmission and attenuated total reflection (ATR) modes. It is established that adoption of transmission mode measurements yields superior sensitivity whilst the ATR mode is more suitable for quantitative analysis using strong spectral absorption bands. Results indicate that devices manufactured using this approach are suitable for use with in situ FT-IR spectroscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Merten C, Kowalik T, Aßhoff SJ, Hartwig A. FTIR Imaging of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Isotactic Poly(propylene oxide) Spherulites. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:135A-152A. [PMID: 20482963 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, England
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Raghunathan K, Harris PT, Arvidson DN. Trial by fire: are the crystals macromolecules? Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:615-20. [PMID: 20445273 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110012078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein crystallization screens frequently yield salt crystals as well as protein crystals. A simple method for determining whether a crystal is composed of salt or macromolecules is suggested. A drop containing one or more crystals is transferred to a glass cover slip and the cover slip is then passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner. Macromolecule crystals are destroyed by this treatment, while salt crystals generally remain. The test can be performed after other commonly used tests such as crushing and staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Raghunathan
- Michigan State University, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, USA
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Chan KLA, Gulati S, Edel JB, de Mello AJ, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging of microfluidic flows using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2909-2913. [PMID: 19789743 DOI: 10.1039/b909573j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the chemical composition of microfluidic flows is crucial in both understanding and optimising reactive processes within small-volume environments. Herein we report the implementation of a novel detection methodology based on Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging using an infrared focal plane array detector for microfluidic applications. The method is based on the combination of an inverted prism-shape ATR crystal with a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic mixing device. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, we report the direct measurement and imaging of the mixing of two liquids of different viscosities and the imaging and mixing of H2O and D2O with consecutive H/D isotope exchange. This chemically specific imaging approach allows direct analysis of fluid composition as a function of spatial position without the use of added labels or dyes, and can be used to study many processes in microfluidics ranging from reactions to separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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