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Neo PK, Kitada Y, Deeying J, Thumsorn S, Soon MF, Goh QS, Leong YW, Ito H. Influence of Compounding Parameters on Color Space and Properties of Thermoplastics with Ultramarine Blue Pigment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4718. [PMID: 38139970 PMCID: PMC10747715 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of thermoplastics with pigments imparts diverse aesthetic qualities and properties to colored thermoplastic products. The selection of pigment type and content, along with specific processing conditions, plays a pivotal role in influencing color properties and overall product performance. This study focuses on optimizing these parameters to ensure the desired color quality and product functionality. Two types of polypropylene copolymer (PPCP) with different melt flow rates (MFRs) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compounded with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch (MB) in concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 wt.% using a twin-screw extruder. The compounding process was conducted at a constant screw speed of 200 rpm and a die temperature of 210 °C. The effects of screw speed and die temperature were investigated at a constant MB of 3 wt.%. Colored samples were fabricated by injection molding. Microscopic analysis revealed a well-dispersed pigment within the PPCP matrix when using the MB. Rheological properties, assessed through the power law index, confirmed effective pigment dispersion, facilitated by shear thinning behavior and controlled shear rate via the manipulation of screw speed and die temperature. The effects of masterbatch contents and processing conditions on color spaces were evaluated using CIELAB and CIELCH, with one-way ANOVA employed to identify statistical significance. Higher opacity in high-MFR PPCP and ABS resulted in increased lightness and color strength, surpassing low-MFR PPCP by 15-40% at equivalent MB contents. Masterbatch content emerged as a significant factor influencing the color spaces of all colored thermoplastics. Further analysis, including Fisher pairwise comparisons of one-way ANOVA, revealed that screw speed influenced the redness and hue of low-MFR PPCP, whereas die temperature affected the lightness and hue of high-MFR PPCP and ABS. Interestingly, the blueness and chroma of colored thermoplastics were minimally affected by both screw speed and die temperature. Notably, regardless of processing conditions, the flexural properties of colored thermoplastics remained comparable to the neat polymer when incorporated with ultramarine blue pigment masterbatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puay Keong Neo
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan;
- Omni-Plus System Limited, 994 Bendemeer Road, 01-03 B-Central, Singapore 339943, Singapore; (M.F.S.); (Q.S.G.)
| | - Yuki Kitada
- Department of Systems Innovation, Faculty of Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Jakawat Deeying
- Logistics and Supply Chain Management Research Center, Science and Technology Research Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, 1518 Pracharat 1 Road, Wongswang, Bangsue, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
| | - Supaphorn Thumsorn
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Moi Fuai Soon
- Omni-Plus System Limited, 994 Bendemeer Road, 01-03 B-Central, Singapore 339943, Singapore; (M.F.S.); (Q.S.G.)
| | - Qing Sheng Goh
- Omni-Plus System Limited, 994 Bendemeer Road, 01-03 B-Central, Singapore 339943, Singapore; (M.F.S.); (Q.S.G.)
| | - Yew Wei Leong
- Matwerkz Technologies Pte Ltd., 994 Bendemeer Road, 01-03 B-Central, Singapore 339943, Singapore;
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan;
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
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Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of the Mural Pigments in Lam Rim Hall of Wudang Lamasery, Baotou Area, Inner Mongolia, China. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12040456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents scientific analyses of the wall paintings in Wudang Lamasery, which is located in the Baotou area of Inner Mongolia, China. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the pigments of the mural of the Lam rim Hall. The results show that vermilion, red lead, chrome yellow, emerald green and synthetic ultramarine were used. The existence of synthetic pigments provides a clue for the date the mural was painted.
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Arjonilla P, Domínguez-Vidal A, Rubio Domene R, Correa Gómez E, de la Torre-López MJ, Ayora-Cañada MJ. Characterization of Wall Paintings of the Harem Court in the Alhambra Monumental Ensemble: Advantages and Limitations of In Situ Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051490. [PMID: 35268591 PMCID: PMC8912083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive techniques (X-ray fluorescence, XRF, and Raman spectroscopy) were used for the study of the Hispano Muslim wall paintings. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the semi-quantitative XRF results directly provided by the in-built factory calibrations with minimum user manipulation. The results obtained were satisfactory and highlighted differences and similarities among the measurement points. In this way, it was possible to differentiate the decorations carried out on gypsum plasterwork and the wall paintings over lime plaster. The color palette, revealed by combining the results from XRF and Raman spectroscopies, comprised the pigments hematite, lapis lazuli, cinnabar (in poor conservation state), and possibly, carbon. Evidence of past interventions was also provided by PCA on XRF data, which detected the presence of Pb, Ba, and Zn in some areas. Furthermore, the preparation layers have been studied in detail on cross-sections of two microsamples. Several layers of lime plaster with a compact microstructure have been observed. The characteristic of the pictorial layer and the identification of calcium oxalate point to the use of a secco-technique. The main alteration identified was a gypsum surface layer covering the painting and signs of plaster deterioration due to gypsum migration to more internal areas. Finally, the comparison with the observations made by restorers in previous interventions on these paintings revealed the importance of the representativeness gained with the in situ study, which enabled the analysis of a high number of areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Arjonilla
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.); (M.J.A.-C.)
| | - Ana Domínguez-Vidal
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.); (M.J.A.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-953212936
| | - Ramón Rubio Domene
- Conservation Department, Council of the Alhambra and Generalife, E-18009 Granada, Spain; (R.R.D.); (E.C.G.)
| | - Elena Correa Gómez
- Conservation Department, Council of the Alhambra and Generalife, E-18009 Granada, Spain; (R.R.D.); (E.C.G.)
| | - María José de la Torre-López
- Department of Geology, EPSL, Campus Científico Tecnológico, Universidad de Jaén, Cinturón Sur s/n, E-23700 Jaén, Spain;
| | - María José Ayora-Cañada
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Las Lagunillas, Universidad de Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.A.); (M.J.A.-C.)
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Spoto SE, Paladini G, Caridi F, Crupi V, D’Amico S, Majolino D, Venuti V. Multi-Technique Diagnostic Analysis of Plasters and Mortars from the Church of the Annunciation (Tortorici, Sicily). MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030958. [PMID: 35160902 PMCID: PMC8838427 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasters and mortars of the Church of the Annunciation (Tortorici, Sicily) were characterized, for the first time, both at the elemental and molecular levels, by means of portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy, to achieve information on the “state of health” of the whole structure. The understanding of their degradation mechanisms and the identification of consequent degradation patterns can define the environmental factors responsible for interpreting the potential pathological forms that can impact the general building vulnerability. In this sense, the results obtained in this article provide relevant information to identify and address both the characterization of building materials and the fundamental causes of their deterioration. At the same time, if coupled with the attempt to supply a chronological order of the major restoration interventions carried out on the investigated site, they provide new insights to calibrate the models for building vulnerability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Ettore Spoto
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.E.S.); (D.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Paladini
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.E.S.); (D.M.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-090-6765463 (G.P.); +39-090-6765097 (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Caridi
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.E.S.); (D.M.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-090-6765463 (G.P.); +39-090-6765097 (F.C.)
| | - Vincenza Crupi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
| | | | - Domenico Majolino
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.E.S.); (D.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Valentina Venuti
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D’Alcontres 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy; (S.E.S.); (D.M.); (V.V.)
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González-Cabrera M, Wieland K, Eitenberger E, Bleier A, Brunnbauer L, Limbeck A, Hutter H, Haisch C, Lendl B, Domínguez-Vidal A, Ayora-Cañada MJ. Multisensor hyperspectral imaging approach for the microchemical analysis of ultramarine blue pigments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:707. [PMID: 35027601 PMCID: PMC8758711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a multisensor hyperspectral approach for the characterization of ultramarine blue, a valuable historical pigment, at the microscopic scale combining the information of four analytical techniques at the elemental and molecular levels. The hyperspectral images collected were combined in a single hypercube, where the pixels of the various spectral components are aligned on top of each other. Selected spectral descriptors have been defined to reduce data dimensionality before applying unsupervised chemometric data analysis approaches. Lazurite, responsible for the blue color of the pigment, was detected as the major mineral phase present in synthetic and good quality pigments. Impurities like pyrite were detected in lower quality samples, although the clear identification of other mineral phases with silicate basis was more difficult. There is no correlation between the spatial distribution of the bands arising in the Raman spectra of natural samples in the region 1200-1850 cm-1 and any of the transition metals or rare earth elements (REE). With this information, the previous hypothesis (based on bulk analysis) attributing these bands to luminescence emissions due to impurities of these elements must be revised. We propose the consideration of CO2 molecules trapped in the cages of the aluminosilicate structure of sodalite-type. Additionally, correlation between certain Raman features and the combined presence of Ca, P, and REE, in particular Nd, was detected for the lowest quality pigment. Our results highlight the usefulness of fusing chemical images obtained via different imaging techniques to obtain relevant information on chemical structure and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M González-Cabrera
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - K Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - E Eitenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Bleier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - L Brunnbauer
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Hutter
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Haisch
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - B Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Domínguez-Vidal
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain
| | - M J Ayora-Cañada
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaén, Spain.
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6
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Application of Multispectral Imaging and Portable Spectroscopic Instruments to the Analysis of an Ancient Persian Illuminated Manuscript. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21154998. [PMID: 34372235 PMCID: PMC8348684 DOI: 10.3390/s21154998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Illuminated manuscripts are, in general, the final products of a wise and complex interaction of different competencies. In particular, each manuscript reflects uses and techniques rooted in the historical and geographical traditions of the area of realization. Defining the characteristics and the materials in these valuable artefacts is an essential element to reconstruct their history and allow a more precise collocation and a possible comparison with other works in similar periods and areas. Non-invasive methods, mainly using portable instruments, offer undoubtedly good support in these studies. Recent analyses of an ancient Persian illuminated manuscript, combining multispectral imaging and spectroscopic measurements made with portable instruments (XRF, FORS, micro-Raman, IR-ATR) on selected points, provided new data for an improved understanding of this rare book. This study details the possibilities offered by combining these non-invasive methods for an in-depth understanding of the techniques and practices behind the realization of Middle Eastern illuminated manuscripts and provided new perspectives for multidisciplinary approaches to research in this field.
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7
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Wang Y. The chromophore fading and spectroscopy analysis of lazurite in annealing treatment. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 247:119117. [PMID: 33160131 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing minerals play a key role in the sulfur cycle of the Earth's crust. However, there are few experimental studies and extrapolations on the stable existence and its conditions of polysulfides in the Earth's crust. Addressed this question, a mineral with sodalite group containing S3-, lazurite, was selected to be the research subject. Lazurite is a tectosilicate mineral with an incommensurately 3D modulated (ITM) structure. In this paper, lazurite powder and bulk samples were subjected to short-time (8 h), high-temperature (800℃) annealing experiments, and subsquently conducted the tests of FTIR, RAMAN, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and TG-differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The identity of both the initial and annealed lazurite demonstrated that the silicate framework has a structural memory at certain temperatures. Also, the results indicated that the thermal behavior of lazurite with framework expansion, cell distortion, and reversion is about 550-650 ℃, 650-750 ℃, and below 450 ℃, respectively. With the increase in temperature, the framework expanded, and the cage clusters were reversibly distorted. Meanwhile, the chromophore S3- could be oxidized, and it faded following the framework shrinkage during the cooling process. Moreover, the reversible forced equilibrium of the ITM formation had a limit temperature indicating that the annealing treatment and spectroscopy analysis of lazurite blocks and samples might be used as a reference for temperature limitation markers in geological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushen Wang
- Gemological Institute, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
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Abstract
The Chiaravalle Cross, a masterpiece of Mediaeval goldsmithery, went under restoration in 2016. This was a unique opportunity to undertake an in-depth multidisciplinary study. Several issues were addressed, as for example the chronology of the Cross, lacking any official document about it. The scientific investigations included in situ and laboratory measurements, and the analyses, part of a multidisciplinary protocol, completely characterized the gemstones adorning the Cross, the cameos, the gold, silver, jasper and glass parts, to derive indications on their provenance, authenticity and dating issues. All the results were shared with the whole collaboration of experts, which included art historians, a restorer, a conservator, a scholar in ancient glyptic, gemologists, archaeometallurgists, physicists and scientists in a very fruitful exchange of knowledge. This work is an example of a real multidisciplinary research, gathering good practices in the study of a complex piece of art.
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Influence of laser wavelength and laser energy on depth profiling of easel painting samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Breaking Preconceptions: Thin Section Petrography For Ceramic Glaze Microstructures. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
During the last thirty years, microstructural and technological studies on ceramic glazes have been essentially carried out through the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). On the contrary, optical microscopy (OM) has been considered of limited use in solving the very complex and fine-scale microstructures associated with ceramic glazes. As the crystallites formed inside glazes are sub- and micrometric, a common misconception is that it is not possible to study them by OM. This is probably one of the reasons why there are no available articles and textbooks and even no visual resources for describing and characterizing the micro-crystallites formed in glaze matrices. A thin section petrography (TSP) for ceramic glaze microstructures does not exist yet, neither as a field of study nor conceptually. In the present contribution, we intend to show new developments in the field of ceramic glaze petrography, highlighting the potential of OM in the microstructural studies of ceramic glazes using petrographic thin sections. The outcomes not only stress the pivotal role of thin section petrography for the study of glaze microstructures but also show that this step should not be bypassed to achieve reliable readings of the glaze microstructures and sound interpretations of the technological procedures. We suggest the adoption by the scientific community of an alternative vision on glaze microstructures to turn thin section petrography for glaze microstructures into a new specialized petrographic discipline. Such an approach, if intensively developed, has the potential to reduce the time and costs of scientific investigations in this specific domain. In fact, it can provide key reference data for the identification of the crystallites in ceramic glazes, avoiding the repetition of exhaustive protocols of expensive integrated analyses.
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Caggiani MC, Colomban P. Raman microspectroscopy for Cultural Heritage studies. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Raman effect is at the basis of Raman scattering and microspectrometry: in the first part of the chapter, it is very shortly exposed together with differences with infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and advantages and drawbacks of the technique. The importance of the choice of the excitation wavelength, of the spectrometer (fixed, portable and handheld) and of the optics is underlined, while the information provided by the technique for inorganic and organic materials is considered. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) theory and principle applications are also taken into account. In the second part of the chapter, all the different applications of Raman and SERS to cultural heritage materials are contemplated: minerals, gemstones, rocks, patinas and corrosion products, glass, pottery, mortars, dyes, binders, resins, paper, parchment, inks and human remains. For each category of objects, the answers that Raman microspectrometry and SERS can give to the archaeometric and conservation-related questions, the in situ investigations, the search of specific spectral parameters and the use of chemometrics are shown, together with the most recent advances in the field.
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Carter EA, Perez FR, Garcia JM, Edwards HGM. Raman spectroscopic analysis of an important Visigothic historiated manuscript. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0041. [PMID: 27799425 PMCID: PMC5095521 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been used to study fragments of early Visigothic historiated manuscripts from the important mediaeval library at Santo Domingo de Silos which were a part of a Beato dating from the tenth to the mid-eleventh centuries. These fragments are from some of the oldest manuscripts in the scriptorium of the monastery. In this study, a comparison is made between the pigments and inks used on these manuscripts and those used in a previous study of the unique Visigothic Beato de Valcavado in Santa Cruz, Valladolid, completed in the year 970, which is noted for its quality of execution as well as its content and is remarkable eschatologically in being identifiable as the complete work of only a single scribe. For comparative purposes, the pigments and inks used in the Silos Monastery Beato and a series of historiated early manuscripts from mediaeval times through to the Renaissance also held in the monastic library were analysed. Raman spectroscopy identified a range of mineral and organic pigments such as cinnabar, orpiment, minium, azurite and indigo. In addition, a number of admixtures were found, for example, indigo and orpiment to produce vergaut (green) and a mixture of cinnabar with iron-gall ink and cerussite to produce darker and lighter shades of red. Some interesting conclusions were drawn about the use of iron-gall and carbon-based inks.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Carter
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Core Facility and School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fernando Rull Perez
- Unidad Asociada UVa-CSIC al Centro de Astrobiología, Parque Tecnológico de Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesús Medina Garcia
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Chaplin TD, Clark RJH, Jones R, Gibbs R. Pigment analysis by Raman microscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) of thirteenth to fourteenth century illuminations and cuttings from Bologna. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:rsta.2016.0043. [PMID: 27799427 PMCID: PMC5095523 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2016.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive pigment analysis by Raman microscopy (RM) and portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) has been carried out on some Bolognese illuminations and cuttings chosen to represent the beginnings, evolution and height of Bolognese illuminated manuscript production. Dating to the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and held in a private collection, the study provides evidence for the pigments generally used in this period. The results, which are compared with those obtained for other north Italian artwork, show the developments in usage of artistic materials and technique. Also addressed in this study is an examination of the respective roles of RM and pXRF analysis in this area of technical art history.This article is part of the themed issue 'Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey D Chaplin
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Robin J H Clark
- Christopher Ingold Laboratories, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Richard Jones
- Archaeology, University of Glasgow, Gregory Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Robert Gibbs
- History of Art, University of Glasgow, 8 University Gardens, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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14
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Gambardella AA, Schmidt Patterson CM, Webb SM, Walton MS. Sulfur K-edge XANES of lazurite: Toward determining the provenance of lapis lazuli. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Llorent-Martínez E, Domínguez-Vidal A, Rubio-Domene R, Pascual-Reguera M, Ruiz-Medina A, Ayora-Cañada M. Identification of lipidic binding media in plasterwork decorations from the Alhambra using GC–MS and chemometrics: Influence of pigments and aging. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wang N, He L, Egel E, Simon S, Rong B. Complementary analytical methods in identifying gilding and painting techniques of ancient clay-based polychromic sculptures. Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ali EMA, Edwards HGM. Analytical Raman spectroscopy in a forensic art context: the non-destructive discrimination of genuine and fake lapis lazuli. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:415-419. [PMID: 24287050 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation between genuine and fake lapis lazuli specimens using Raman spectroscopy is assessed using laboratory and portable instrumentation operating at two longer wavelengths of excitation in the near-infrared, namely 1064 and 785 nm. In spite of the differences between the spectra excited here in the near infrared and those reported in the literature using visible excitation, it is clear that Raman spectroscopy at longer wavelengths can provide a means of differentiating between the fakes studied here and genuine lapis lazuli. The Raman spectra obtained from portable instrumentation can also achieve this result, which will be relevant for the verification of specimens which cannot be removed from collections and for the identification of genuine lapis lazuli inlays in, for example, complex jewellery and furniture. The non-destructive and non-contact character of the technique offers a special role for portable Raman spectroscopy in forensic art analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam M A Ali
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Howell G M Edwards
- Division of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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Samineni P, deCruz A, Villafaña TE, Warren WS, Fischer MC. Pump-probe imaging of historical pigments used in paintings. OPTICS LETTERS 2012; 37:1310-1312. [PMID: 22513669 DOI: 10.1364/ol.37.001310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed nonlinear optical pump-probe microscopy technique uses modulation transfer to sensitively extract excited-state dynamics of endogenous biological pigments, such as eumelanin and pheomelanin. In this work, we use this method to image and characterize several inorganic and organic pigments used in historical art. We show substantial differences in the near-IR pump-probe signatures from nominally similar pigments and suggest extensions to art restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyush Samineni
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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Dominguez-Vidal A, Jose de la Torre-Lopez M, Rubio-Domene R, Ayora-Cañada MJ. In situ noninvasive Raman microspectroscopic investigation of polychrome plasterworks in the Alhambra. Analyst 2012; 137:5763-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an36027f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Favaro M, Guastoni A, Marini F, Bianchin S, Gambirasi A. Characterization of lapis lazuli and corresponding purified pigments for a provenance study of ultramarine pigments used in works of art. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:2195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Romero-Pastor J, Duran A, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Van Grieken R, Cardell C. Compositional and Quantitative Microtextural Characterization of Historic Paintings by Micro-X-ray Diffraction and Raman Microscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8420-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201159e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Romero-Pastor
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Av/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Adrian Duran
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (CNRS-C2RMF), 14 quai François Mitterrand, Palais du Louvre, 75001 Paris, France, Materials Science Institute of Seville (CSIC-UNSE), Americo Vespucio 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | | | - René Van Grieken
- Micro and Trace Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carolina Cardell
- Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, University of Granada, Av/Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Deneckere A, De Reu M, Martens MPJ, De Coene K, Vekemans B, Vincze L, De Maeyer P, Vandenabeele P, Moens L. The use of a multi-method approach to identify the pigments in the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 80:125-132. [PMID: 21530370 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A selection of illuminations of the 12th century manuscript Liber Floridus was analysed with Raman spectroscopy (in situ and laboratory measurements), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-fluorescence photography and infrared reflectography (IRR). The aim of this study is to determine the pigments used, in order to search for anachronisms. Using a combination of Raman spectroscopy (molecular information) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (elemental information) following pigments could be identified: ultramarine (Na(8-10)Al(6)Si(6)O(24)S(2-4)), azurite (2CuCO(3)·Cu(OH)(2)), caput mortuum (Fe(2)O(3)), vermilion (HgS), orpiment (As(2)S(3)) and lead white (2PbCO(3)·Pb(OH)(2)). Moreover, two synthetic red pigments, PR4 and PR176, and a degradation product, gypsum (CaSO(4)·2H(2)O), were present in the manuscript. To establish the origin of the modern materials UV-fluorescence photography was used. Infrared reflectography (IRR) was applied to visualise the underdrawing of the investigated folios.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deneckere
- Ghent University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Determination of detection limits for SEM-EDS and m-FTIR analysis of artwork. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2241-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4881-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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