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Toul M, Slonkova V, Mican J, Urminsky A, Tomkova M, Sedlak E, Bednar D, Damborsky J, Hernychova L, Prokop Z. Identification, characterization, and engineering of glycosylation in thrombolyticsa. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108174. [PMID: 37182613 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, are the most common causes of disability and death worldwide. Blood clot hydrolysis by thrombolytic enzymes and thrombectomy are key clinical interventions. The most widely used thrombolytic enzyme is alteplase, which has been used in clinical practice since 1986. Another clinically used thrombolytic protein is tenecteplase, which has modified epitopes and engineered glycosylation sites, suggesting that carbohydrate modification in thrombolytic enzymes is a viable strategy for their improvement. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on computational and experimental identification of glycosylation sites and glycan identity, together with methods used for their reengineering. Practical examples from previous studies focus on modification of glycosylations in thrombolytics, e.g., alteplase, tenecteplase, reteplase, urokinase, saruplase, and desmoteplase. Collected clinical data on these glycoproteins demonstrate the great potential of this engineering strategy. Outstanding combinatorics originating from multiple glycosylation sites and the vast variety of covalently attached glycan species can be addressed by directed evolution or rational design. Directed evolution pipelines would benefit from more efficient cell-free expression and high-throughput screening assays, while rational design must employ structure prediction by machine learning and in silico characterization by supercomputing. Perspectives on challenges and opportunities for improvement of thrombolytic enzymes by engineering and evolution of protein glycosylation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Toul
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Slonkova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mican
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Urminsky
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Tomkova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Erik Sedlak
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 04154 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/C13, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Pekarska 53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic.
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2
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Mahdi WA, Absar MS, Choi S, Yang VC, Kwon YM. Enhanced control of bioactivity of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) through domain-directed enzymatic oxidation of terminal galactose. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2022; 12:479-486. [PMID: 36644546 PMCID: PMC9809136 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2022.23477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: In targeted enzyme prodrug constructs, it is critical to control the bioactivity of the drug in its prodrug form. The preparation of such constructs often involves conjugation reactions directed to functional groups on amino acid side chains of the protein, which result in random conjugation and incomplete control of bioactivity of a prodrug, which may result in significant nontarget effect. Thus, more specific method of modification is desired. If the drug is a glycoprotein, enzymatic oxidation may offer an alternative approach for therapeutic glycoproteins. Methods: Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a model glycoprotein enzyme, was treated with galactose oxidase (GO) and horseradish peroxidase, followed by thiolation reaction and conjugation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The LMWH-tPA conjugate was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography followed by centrifugal filtration. The conjugate was characterized for its fibrinolytic activity and for its plasminogen activation through an indirect amidolytic assay with a plasmin-specific substrate S-2251 when LMWH-tPA conjugate is complexed with protamine-albumin conjugate, followed by triggered activation in the presence of heparin. Results: LMWH-tPA conjugate prepared via enzymatic oxidation retained ~95% of its fibrinolytic activity with respect to native tPA. Upon complexation with protamine-albumin conjugate, the activity of LMWH-tPA was effectively inhibited (~90%) whereas the LMWH-tPA prepared by random thiolation exhibited ~55% inhibition. Addition of heparin fully generated the activities of both conjugates. Conclusion: The tPA was successfully modified via enzymatic oxidation by GO, resulting in enhanced control of its activity in the prodrug construct. This approach can be applied to other therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Mahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad S. Absar
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Suna Choi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center (TTUHSC), School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Victor C. Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnosis, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300070, China
,University of Michigan, College of Pharmacy, MI 48109-1065, USA
| | - Young M. Kwon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
,Corresponding author: Young M. Kwon, ykwon1nova.edu
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Miller JJ, Bohnsack RN, Olson LJ, Ishihara M, Aoki K, Tiemeyer M, Dahms NM. Tissue plasminogen activator is a ligand of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and consists of glycoforms that contain mannose 6-phosphate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8213. [PMID: 33859256 PMCID: PMC8050316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87579-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmin is the key enzyme in fibrinolysis. Upon interaction with plasminogen activators, the zymogen plasminogen is converted to active plasmin. Some studies indicate plasminogen activation is regulated by cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR), a protein that facilitates lysosomal enzyme trafficking and insulin-like growth factor 2 downregulation. Plasminogen regulation may be accomplished by CI-MPR binding to plasminogen or urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. We asked whether other members of the plasminogen activation system, such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), also interact with CI-MPR. Because tPA is a glycoprotein with three N-linked glycosylation sites, we hypothesized that tPA contains mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) and binds CI-MPR in a M6P-dependent manner. Using surface plasmon resonance, we found that two sources of tPA bound the extracellular region of human and bovine CI-MPR with low-mid nanomolar affinities. Binding was partially inhibited with phosphatase treatment or M6P. Subsequent studies revealed that the five N-terminal domains of CI-MPR were sufficient for tPA binding, and this interaction was also partially mediated by M6P. The three glycosylation sites of tPA were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and glycoforms containing M6P and M6P-N-acetylglucosamine were identified at position N448 of tPA. In summary, we found that tPA contains M6P and is a CI-MPR ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Richard N Bohnsack
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Linda J Olson
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Nancy M Dahms
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 W. Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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4
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Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Tarnowski M, Murtagh D, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J. Proteolysis is the most fundamental property of malignancy and its inhibition may be used therapeutically (Review). Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:15-25. [PMID: 30431071 PMCID: PMC6257838 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mortality rates of cancer patients decreased by ~1.5% per year between 2001 and 2015, although the decrease depends on patient sex, ethnic group and type of malignancy. Cancer remains a significant global health problem, requiring a search for novel treatments. The most common property of malignant tumors is their capacity to invade adjacent tissue and to metastasize, and this cancer aggressiveness is contingent on overexpression of proteolytic enzymes. The components of the plasminogen activation system (PAS) and the metal-loproteinase family [mainly matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] are overexpressed in malignant tumors, driving the local invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. This is the case for numerous types of cancer, such as breast, colon, prostate and oral carcinoma, among others. Present chemotherapeutics agents typically attack all dividing cells; however, for future therapeutic agents to be clinically successful, they need to be highly selective for a specific protein(s) and act on the cancerous tissues without adverse systemic effects. Inhibition of proteolysis in cancerous tissue has the ability to attenuate tumor invasion, angiogenesis and migration. For that purpose, inhibiting both PAS and MMPs may be another approach, since the two groups of enzymes are overexpressed in cancer. In the present review, the roles and new findings on PAS and MMP families in cancer formation, growth and possible treatments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Murtagh
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
| | - Ewa Skrzypczak-Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614‑2598, USA
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Lin TJ, Beal KM, Brown PW, DeGruttola HS, Ly M, Wang W, Chu CH, Dufield RL, Casperson GF, Carroll JA, Friese OV, Figueroa B, Marzilli LA, Anderson K, Rouse JC. Evolution of a comprehensive, orthogonal approach to sequence variant analysis for biotherapeutics. MAbs 2018; 11:1-12. [PMID: 30303443 PMCID: PMC6343769 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1531965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid sequence variation in protein therapeutics requires close monitoring during cell line and cell culture process development. A cross-functional team of Pfizer colleagues from the Analytical and Bioprocess Development departments worked closely together for over 6 years to formulate and communicate a practical, reliable sequence variant (SV) testing strategy with state-of-the-art techniques that did not necessitate more resources or lengthen project timelines. The final Pfizer SV screening strategy relies on next-generation sequencing (NGS) and amino acid analysis (AAA) as frontline techniques to identify mammalian cell clones with genetic mutations and recognize cell culture process media/feed conditions that induce misincorporations, respectively. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques had previously been used to monitor secreted therapeutic products for SVs, but we found NGS and AAA to be equally informative, faster, less cumbersome screening approaches. MS resources could then be used for other purposes, such as the in-depth characterization of product quality in the final stages of commercial-ready cell line and culture process development. Once an industry-wide challenge, sequence variation is now routinely monitored and controlled at Pfizer (and other biopharmaceutical companies) through increased awareness, dedicated cross-line efforts, smart comprehensive strategies, and advances in instrumentation/software, resulting in even higher product quality standards for biopharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jennifer Lin
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Kathryn M Beal
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Paul W Brown
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | | | - Mellisa Ly
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Wenge Wang
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Chia H Chu
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | - Robert L Dufield
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | - Gerald F Casperson
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | - James A Carroll
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | - Olga V Friese
- b Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Chesterfield , MO , USA
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Lisa A Marzilli
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Karin Anderson
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
| | - Jason C Rouse
- a Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , Pfizer, Inc , Andover , MA , USA
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6
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Bu TT, Shen J, Chao Q, Shen Z, Yan Z, Zheng HY, Wang BC. Dynamic N-glycoproteome analysis of maize seedling leaves during de-etiolation using Concanavalin A lectin affinity chromatography and a nano-LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ approach. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1943-1958. [PMID: 28942497 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The identification of N -glycosylated proteins with information about changes in the level of N -glycosylation during de-etiolation provides a database that will aid further research on plant N -glycosylation and de-etiolation. N-glycosylation is one of the most prominent and abundant protein post-translational modifications in all eukaryotes and in plants it plays important roles in development, stress tolerance and immune responses. Because light-induced de-etiolation is one of the most dramatic developmental processes known in plants, seedlings undergoing de-etiolation are an excellent model for investigating dynamic proteomic profiles. Here, we present a comprehensive, quantitative N-glycoproteomic profile of maize seedlings undergoing 12 h of de-etiolation obtained using Concanavalin A (Con A) lectin affinity chromatography enrichment coupled with a nano-LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ approach. In total, 1084 unique N-glycopeptides carrying 909 N-glycosylation sites and corresponding to 609 proteins were identified and quantified, including 186 N-glycosylation sites from 162 proteins that were significantly regulated over the course of the 12 h de-etiolation period. Based on hierarchical clustering analysis, the significantly regulated N-glycopeptides were divided into seven clusters that showed different N-glycosylation patterns during de-etiolation. We found no obvious difference in the enriched MapMan bincode categories for each cluster, and these clustered significantly regulated N-glycoproteins (SRNPs) are enriched in miscellaneous, protein, cell wall and signaling, indicating that although the N-glycosylation regulation patterns of these SRNPs might differ, they are involved in similar biological processes. Overall, this study represents the first large-scale quantitative N-glycoproteome of the model C4 plant, maize, which is one of the most important cereal and biofuel crops. Our results greatly expand the maize N-glycoproteomic database and also shed light on the potential roles of N-glycosylation modification during the greening of maize leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Bu
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhuo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bai-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Furuki K, Toyo'oka T. Retention of glycopeptides analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography is influenced by charge and carbon chain length of ion-pairing reagent for mobile phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Furuki
- Process Lab II, Biotechnology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc; Ibaraki Japan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Shizuoka Japan
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8
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Furuki K, Toyo’oka T, Ban K. Highly sensitive glycosylamine labelling of O-glycans using non-reductive β-elimination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2269-2283. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Yamamoto S, Kinoshita M, Suzuki S. Current landscape of protein glycosylation analysis and recent progress toward a novel paradigm of glycoscience research. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:273-300. [PMID: 27461579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the basics and some applications of methodologies for the analysis of glycoprotein glycans. Analytical techniques used for glycoprotein glycans, including liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), mass spectrometry (MS), and high-throughput analytical methods based on microfluidics, were described to supply the essentials about biopharmaceutical and biomarker glycoproteins. We will also describe the MS analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides as well as the chemical and enzymatic releasing methods of glycans from glycoproteins and the chemical reactions used for the derivatization of glycans. We hope the techniques have accommodated most of the requests from glycoproteomics researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachio Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Kinoshita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeo Suzuki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
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10
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Chevilley A, Lesept F, Lenoir S, Ali C, Parcq J, Vivien D. Impacts of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on neuronal survival. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:415. [PMID: 26528141 PMCID: PMC4607783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) a serine protease is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with different substrates, binding proteins, and receptors. In the last years, great interest has been given to the clinical relevance of targeting tPA in different diseases of the central nervous system, in particular stroke. Among its reported functions in the central nervous system, tPA displays both neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects. How can the protease mediate such opposite functions remain unclear but several hypotheses have been proposed. These include an influence of the degree of maturity and/or the type of neurons, of the level of tPA, of its origin (endogenous or exogenous) or of its form (single chain tPA versus two chain tPA). In this review, we will provide a synthetic snapshot of our current knowledge regarding the natural history of tPA and discuss how it sustains its pleiotropic functions with focus on excitotoxic/ischemic neuronal death and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chevilley
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
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11
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Houel S, Hilliard M, Yu YQ, McLoughlin N, Martin SM, Rudd PM, Williams JP, Chen W. N- and O-Glycosylation Analysis of Etanercept Using Liquid Chromatography and Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Equipped with Electron-Transfer Dissociation Functionality. Anal Chem 2013; 86:576-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Houel
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Mark Hilliard
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ying Qing Yu
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Niaobh McLoughlin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Silvia Millan Martin
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Mount Merrion,
Blackrock, County Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Weibin Chen
- Late Stage Development,
Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
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14
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Jadhav V, Hackl M, Druz A, Shridhar S, Chung CY, Heffner KM, Kreil DP, Betenbaugh M, Shiloach J, Barron N, Grillari J, Borth N. CHO microRNA engineering is growing up: recent successes and future challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1501-13. [PMID: 23916872 PMCID: PMC3854872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs with their ability to regulate complex pathways that control cellular behavior and phenotype have been proposed as potential targets for cell engineering in the context of optimization of biopharmaceutical production cell lines, specifically of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. However, until recently, research was limited by a lack of genomic sequence information on this industrially important cell line. With the publication of the genomic sequence and other relevant data sets for CHO cells since 2011, the doors have been opened for an improved understanding of CHO cell physiology and for the development of the necessary tools for novel engineering strategies. In the present review we discuss both knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs obtained from other biological models and proof of concepts already performed on CHO cells, thus providing an outlook of potential applications of microRNA engineering in production cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Jadhav
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Alley WR, Mann BF, Novotny MV. High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2668-732. [PMID: 23531120 PMCID: PMC3992972 DOI: 10.1021/cr3003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Alley
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Milos V. Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- National Center for Glycomics and Glycoproteomics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
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16
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Goojani HG, Javaran MJ, Nasiri J, Goojani EG, Alizadeh H. Expression and large-scale production of human tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in transgenic tobacco plants using different signal peptides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1940-51. [PMID: 23354501 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An attempt was made to assess the expression level and targeting of a human protein entitled recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) through accumulation in three cellular compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum and cytosolic and apoplastic spaces in transgenic tobacco plants. In this context, three chimeric constructs pBI-SP-tPA, pBI-tPA-KDEL, and pBI-Ext-tPA were employed and transferred into the tobacco plants through a popular transformation-based system called Agrobacterium tumefaciens. As an initial screening system, the incorporation of the rt-PA gene in the genomic DNA of tobacco transgenic plants and the possible existence of the rt-PA-specific transcript in the total RNAs of transgenic plant leaves were confirmed via PCR and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, respectively. Southern blot analysis, in addition, was used to determine the copy number of the corresponding gene (i.e., t-PA) transformed into the each transgenic plant; one or more copies were detected regarding transformants derived from all three abovementioned constructs. According to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the mean values of t-PA expression were calculated as 0.50, 0.68, and 0.69 μg/mg of the total soluble protein when a collection containing 30 transgenic plants transformed with pBI-SP-tPA, pBI-tPA-KDEL, and pBI-Ext-tPA was taken into account, respectively. The zymography assay was lastly performed and concluded the expression of the properly folded rt-PA in this expression system. Our results, altogether, revealed that tobacco plants could be utilized as a bioreactor system for the large-scale production of enzymatically active t-PA and presumably other therapeutic recombinant proteins in large quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Ghasemi Goojani
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Bao Y, Chen C, Newburg DS. Quantification of neutral human milk oligosaccharides by graphitic carbon high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 433:28-35. [PMID: 23068043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Defining the biological roles of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) requires an efficient, simple, reliable, and robust analytical method for simultaneous quantification of oligosaccharide profiles from multiple samples. The HMOS fraction of milk is a complex mixture of polar, highly branched, isomeric structures that contain no intrinsic facile chromophore, making their resolution and quantification challenging. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was devised to resolve and quantify 11 major neutral oligosaccharides of human milk simultaneously. Crude HMOS fractions are reduced, resolved by porous graphitic carbon high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a water/acetonitrile gradient, detected by mass spectrometric specific ion monitoring, and quantified. The HPLC separates isomers of identical molecular weights, allowing 11 peaks to be fully resolved and quantified by monitoring mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios of the deprotonated negative ions. The standard curves for each of the 11 oligosaccharides is linear from 0.078 or 0.156 to 20 μg/ml (R(2)>0.998). Precision (coefficient of variation) ranges from 1% to 9%. Accuracy is from 86% to 104%. This analytical technique provides sensitive, precise, and accurate quantification for each of the 11 milk oligosaccharides and allows measurement of differences in milk oligosaccharide patterns between individuals and at different stages of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanwu Bao
- Department of Biology, Program in Glycobiology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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18
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Bongers J, Devincentis J, Fu J, Huang P, Kirkley DH, Leister K, Liu P, Ludwig R, Rumney K, Tao L, Wu W, Russell RJ. Characterization of glycosylation sites for a recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody and a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry peptide mapping. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8140-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Matsui T, Takita E, Sato T, Kinjo S, Aizawa M, Sugiura Y, Hamabata T, Sawada K, Kato K. N-glycosylation at noncanonical Asn-X-Cys sequences in plant cells. Glycobiology 2011; 21:994-9. [PMID: 21123369 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular transport pathway in plant cells is often used for higher accumulation of recombinant proteins. In the endoplasmic reticulum, which acts as a gateway to the vesicular transport pathway, N-glycosylation occurs on specific Asn residues. This N-glycosylation in recombinant proteins must be carefully regulated as it can impact their enzymatic activity, half lives in serum when injected, structural stability, etc. In eukaryotic cells, including plant cells, N-glycans were found to be attached to Asn residues in Asn-X-Ser/Thr (X ≠ Pro) sequences. However, recently, N-glycosylations at noncanonical Asn-X-Cys sequences have been found in mammals and yeast. Our laboratory has discovered that N-glycans are attached to Asn residues at Asn-Thr-Cys sequences of double-repeated B subunit of Shiga toxin 2e produced in plant cells, the first reported case of N-glycosylation at a noncanonical Asn-X-Cys sequence in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Matsui
- Advanced Technology Research Laboratories, Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd., 1280 Kamiizumi, Sodegaura-shi, Chiba 299-0293, Japan
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20
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Hemayatkar M, Mahboudi F, Majidzadeh-A K, Davami F, Vaziri B, Barkhordari F, Adeli A, Mahdian R, Davoudi N. Increased expression of recombinant human tissue plasminogen activator in Leishmania tarentolae. Biotechnol J 2011; 5:1198-206. [PMID: 21058320 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is one of the most important thrombolytic agents for treating cardiovascular obstructions such as stroke. Glycoprotein rt-PA is a serine protease, consisting of 527 amino acids of which 35 are cysteine residues. A variety of recombinant protein expression systems have been developed for heterologous gene expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. In recent years, Leishmania tarentolae has been considered because of its safety aspects and special attributes in expression of complex proteins. In this study, two expression cassettes, each one including two copies of t-PA cDNA, were used for integration into the L. tarentolae genome by electroporation. Transformed clones were selected in the presence of appropriate antibiotics. Expression of active rt-PA was confirmed by Western blot and Zymography tests. Real-time PCR analysis was applied to investigate the presence of multiple t-PA gene copies in the parasite genome. Correlation of t-PA gene dosage and production rate was confirmed with real-time PCR. It was shown that the expression level of rt-PA in L. tarentolae is at least 480 IU/mL of culture media. This concentration of rt-PA is seven times higher than what was reported in previous studies in L. tarentolae and some other eukaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hemayatkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Jiménez-Castells C, Defaus S, Andreu D, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Recent progress in the field of neoglycoconjugate chemistry. Biomol Concepts 2010; 1:85-96. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlycosylation is probably the most complex secondary gene event that affects the vast majority of proteins in nature resulting in the occurrence of a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms for a single protein. Many functions are exerted by single monosaccharides, well-defined oligosaccharides, or larger glycans present in these glycoproteins. To unravel these functions it is of the utmost importance to prepare well-defined single glycans conjugated to the underlying aglycon. In this review, the most recent developments are described to address the preparation of carbohydrate-amino acid (glyco-conjugates). Naturally occurring N- and O-linked glycosylation are described and the preparation of non-natural sugar-amino acid linkages are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jiménez-Castells
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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