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Abstract
Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has become a powerful tool to characterize the molecular weights of polymers. Compared to common characterization techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), DOSY is faster, uses less solvent, and does not require a purified polymer sample. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polybutadiene (PB) molecular weights were determined by the linear correlation between the logarithm of their diffusion coefficients (D) and the logarithm of their molecular weights based on SEC molecular weights. Here, we emphasize the importance of the preparation needed to generate the calibration curves, which includes choosing the correct pulse sequence, optimizing parameters, and sample preparation. The limitation of the PMMA calibration curve was investigated by increasing the dispersity of PMMA. Additionally, by accounting for viscosity in the Stokes-Einstein equation, a variety of solvents were used to produce a "universal" calibration curve for PMMA to determine molecular weight. Furthermore, we place a spotlight on the increasing importance of DOSY NMR being incorporated into the polymer chemist's toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ruzicka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29203, United States
| | - Perry Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29203, United States
| | - Brian C Benicewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29203, United States
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2
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Zhu Q, Tree DR. Simulations of morphology control of self‐assembled amphiphilic surfactants. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinyu Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Douglas R. Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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3
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1H DOSY analysis of high molecular weight acrylamide-based copolymer electrolytes using an inverse-geometry diffusion probe. Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-023-00758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCopolymers of [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (AETAC) and acrylamide (AAm) (AETAC-co-AAm) are polyelectrolytes used as flocculants in wastewater purification. Diffusion-ordered two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments for AETAC-co-AAm samples with Mw ranging from 1.9 to 3.9 million and a polyacrylamide sample with Mw of 1.3 million were carried out in pure D2O and in D2O containing 0.1 or 1 M NaCl using an inverse-geometry diffusion probe system. Projections of the DOSY contour plots onto the diffusion coefficient (D) dimension gave distributions of D for the AETAC and AAm units in the samples. The D values at the maximum point of the distribution (Dp) agreed fairly well with those determined by dynamic light scattering.
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4
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Mishra R, Dumez JN. Theoretical analysis of flow effects in spatially encoded diffusion NMR. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:014204. [PMID: 36610961 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of translational diffusion coefficients by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is essential in a broad range of fields, including organic, inorganic, polymer, and supramolecular chemistry. It is also a powerful method for mixture analysis. Spatially encoded diffusion NMR (SPEN DNMR)" is a time efficient technique to collect diffusion NMR data, which is particularly relevant for the analysis of samples that evolve in time. In many cases, motion other than diffusion is present in NMR samples. This is, for example, the case of flow NMR experiments, such as in online reaction monitoring and in the presence of sample convection. Such motion is deleterious for the accuracy of DNMR experiments in general and for SPEN DNMR in particular. Limited theoretical understanding of flow effects in SPEN DNMR experiments is an obstacle for their broader experimental implementation. Here, we present a detailed theoretical analysis of flow effects in SPEN DNMR and of their compensation, throughout the relevant pulse sequences. This analysis is validated by comparison with numerical simulation performed with the Fokker-Planck formalism. We then consider, through numerical simulation, the specific cases of constant, laminar, and convection flow and the accuracy of SPEN DNMR experiments in these contexts. This analysis will be useful for the design and implementation of fast diffusion NMR experiments and for their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Mishra
- CNRS, CEISAM, Nantes Université, UMR 6230, F-4400 Nantes, France
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5
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Grabe B, Hiller W. Molar Mass Distribution and Chemical Composition Distribution of PS- b-PMMA Block Copolymers Determined by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Grabe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Hirano T, Yuki T, Kizu R, Kamiike R, Oshimura M, Ute K. Cationic homopolymerization of trans-anethole in the presence of solvate ionic liquid comprising LiN(SO2CF3)2 and Lewis bases. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Fillbrook LL, Nothling MD, Stenzel MH, Price WS, Beves JE. Rapid Online Analysis of Photopolymerization Kinetics and Molecular Weight Using Diffusion NMR. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:166-172. [PMID: 35574764 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Online, high-throughput molecular weight analysis of polymerizations is rare, with most studies relying on tedious sampling techniques and batchwise postanalysis. The ability to track both monomer conversion and molecular weight evolution in real time could underpin precision polymer development and facilitate study of rapid polymerization reactions. Here, we use a single time-resolved diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiment to simultaneously study the kinetics and molecular weight evolution during a photopolymerization, with in situ irradiation inside the NMR instrument. As a model system, we used a photoinduced electron transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization. The data allow diffusion coefficients and intensities to be calculated every 14 s from which the polymer size and monomer conversion can be extracted. Key to this approach is (1) the use of shuffled gradient amplitudes in the diffusion NMR experiment to access reactions of any rate, (2) the addition of a relaxation agent to increase achievable time resolution and, (3) a sliding correction that accounts for viscosity changes during polymerization. Diffusion NMR offers a uniquely simple, translatable handle for online monitoring of polymerization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - William S. Price
- Nanoscale Group, School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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8
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Hou J, Pearce E. Characterization of Polymer Molecular Weight Distribution by NMR Diffusometry: Experimental Criteria and Findings. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7958-7964. [PMID: 34032422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
NMR diffusometry finds useful applications in characterizing molecular weight (M) and molecular weight distribution (MWD) for polymers due to its unique advantages in generic detection, chemical selectivity, and quantitation. Here, we present a fundamental study to explore how the condition of diffusion measurement impacts the determined MWD. We use the critical dilute concentration Cdilute* to explicitly delineate the boundary of the sufficiently dilute condition, below which chain interactions have a negligible impact on polymer diffusion. We present solid evidence to validate the postulated theory that links Cdilute* to molecular weight, polydispersity, and chain conformation. Quantitative analysis reveals the consequence of violating the sufficiently dilute condition with M/MWD characterization. These findings provide useful guidance for M/MWD characterization by NMR diffusion and help to rationalize the data disparity that exists in the literature. The results further provide new insights into the interplay between chain conformations and diffusion for globular structure, such as proteins, and provide a different approach toward characterizing polymer architecture and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Hou
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Science, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
| | - Eric Pearce
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Analytical Science, Midland, Michigan 48667, United States
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9
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Kuz’mina NE, Moiseev SV, Kuz’min VS, Khorol’skiy MD, Luttseva AI. Verification of hypothesis about structural memory of solutions of polymorphic modifications using NMR spectroscopy. Russ Chem Bull 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-021-3061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Evans R. The interpretation of small molecule diffusion coefficients: Quantitative use of diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 117:33-69. [PMID: 32471534 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Measuring accurate molecular self-diffusion coefficients, D, by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques has become routine as hardware, software and experimental methodologies have all improved. However, the quantitative interpretation of such data remains difficult, particularly for small molecules. This review article first provides a description of, and explanation for, the failure of the Stokes-Einstein equation to accurately predict small molecule diffusion coefficients, before moving on to three broadly complementary methods for their quantitative interpretation. Two are based on power laws, but differ in the nature of the reference molecules used. The third addresses the uncertainties in the Stokes-Einstein equation directly. For all three methods, a wide range of examples are used to show the range of chemistry to which diffusion NMR can be applied, and how best to implement the different methods to obtain quantitative information from the chemical systems studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Evans
- Aston Institute of Materials Research, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom.
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11
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Hiller W. Quantitative Studies of Block Copolymers and Their Containing Homopolymer Components by Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolf Hiller
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Technical University Dortmund Otto‐Hahn‐Str. 4a D‐44227 Dortmund Germany
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12
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Antalek B, Slater L, Bennett G. Comprehensive Structural Assessment of Linear Block Polymers by NMR and SEC. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Antalek
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Lisa Slater
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
| | - Grace Bennett
- Eastman Kodak Company, 1999 Lake Avenue, Rochester, New York 14650, United States
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13
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Arrabal-Campos FM, Aguilera-Sáez LM, Fernández I. Algebraic Reconstruction Technique for Diffusion NMR Experiments. Application to the Molecular Weight Prediction of Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:943-950. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, Almería, E-04120, Spain
| | - Luis M. Aguilera-Sáez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, Almería, E-04120, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, Almería, E-04120, Spain
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14
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Williamson NH, Röding M, Miklavcic SJ, Nydén M. Scaling exponent and dispersity of polymers in solution by diffusion NMR. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 493:393-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Chamignon C, Duret D, Charreyre MT, Favier A. 1H DOSY NMR Determination of the Molecular Weight and the Solution Properties of Poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) in Various Solvents. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Chamignon
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS; Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères; UMR5223; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
| | - Damien Duret
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS; Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères; UMR5223; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- Univ Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie; USR3010; F-69364 Lyon France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Charreyre
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS; Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères; UMR5223; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- Univ Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie; USR3010; F-69364 Lyon France
| | - Arnaud Favier
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS; Laboratoire Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères; UMR5223; F-69621 Villeurbanne France
- Univ Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon; CNRS, Laboratoire Joliot-Curie; USR3010; F-69364 Lyon France
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16
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Arrabal-Campos FM, Oña-Burgos P, Fernández I. Molecular weight prediction with no dependence on solvent viscosity. A quantitative pulse field gradient diffusion NMR approach. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00691d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To progress on the practical issues of molecular weight prediction via diffusion NMR, the first log(Dη) vs. log(Mw) calibration curve is provided, allowing the easy and fast determination of weight-average molecular weights with no matter of the solvent used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- ceiA3
- Universidad de Almería
- Almería
- Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- ceiA3
- Universidad de Almería
- Almería
- Spain
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17
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Moreira G, Fedeli E, Ziarelli F, Capitani D, Mannina L, Charles L, Viel S, Gigmes D, Lefay C. Synthesis of polystyrene-grafted cellulose acetate copolymers via nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00752f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose acetate-g-polystyrene grafted copolymers have been synthesized by NMP under homogeneous conditions by using the 1,2-intermolecular radical addition methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Moreira
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | - Elisabetta Fedeli
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Université
- Centrale Marseille
- CNRS
- Fédération des Sciences Chimiques FR 1739
- F-13397 Marseille
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Laboratorio NMR “Annalaura Segre”
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche
- Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-00015 Monterotondo
- Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Laboratorio NMR “Annalaura Segre”
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche
- Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche
- I-00015 Monterotondo
- Italy
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
| | - Catherine Lefay
- Aix Marseille Université
- CNRS
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20
- France
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18
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Kuz’mina NE, Moiseev SV, Krylov VI, Yashkir VA, Merkulov VA. Determination of the average molecular weight of hydroxyethyl starches by diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Kuz’mina NE, Moiseev SV, Krylov VI, Yashkir VA, Merkulov VA. Quantitative determination of the average molecular weights of dextrans by diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Jang WS, Koo P, Sykorsky M, Narayanan S, Sandy A, Mochrie SGJ. The Static and Dynamic Structure Factor of a Diblock Copolymer Melt via Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sik Jang
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Peter Koo
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Marcin Sykorsky
- Linac
Coherent Light Source, Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alec Sandy
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Simon G. J. Mochrie
- Deparment
of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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21
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Tintaru A, Chendo C, Phan TNT, Rollet M, Giordano L, Viel S, Gigmes D, Charles L. End-group cleavage in MALDI of ATRP-made polystyrene: a silver-catalyzed reaction during sample preparation. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5454-62. [PMID: 23662637 DOI: 10.1021/ac400375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of the labile halide termination upon matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has always been reported as a major concern in mass analysis of polystyrene prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). By studying this issue using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, we evidence here that the ionization step is not involved in this deleterious process. Instead, removal of the halogen was shown to readily occur upon interaction of the silver salt (AgTFA) used as the cationizing agent in mass spectrometry, either in solution or in the solid-state when performing solvent-free sample preparation. In solution, this silver-induced reaction mostly consists of a nucleophilic substitution, leading to polystyrene molecules holding different terminations, depending on relative nucleophilicity of species present in the liquid-phase solution composition. In chloroform supplemented with AgTFA, trifluoroacetate-terminated PS were evidenced in ESI-MS spectra but experienced end-group cleavage in MALDI. In contrast, the major methoxy-terminated PS macromolecules formed when the silver-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution was performed in methanol were generated as intact gas-phase ions using both ionization techniques. This controlled and fast modification could hence be advantageously used as a rapid sample pretreatment for safe MALDI mass analysis of ATRP-made polystyrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Tintaru
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire ICR, Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France
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22
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23
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Chojnacka A, Ghaffar A, Feilden A, Treacher K, Janssen HG, Schoenmakers P. Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for studying N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate copolymers and their dissolution behaviour. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 706:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Gigmes D, Dufils PE, Glé D, Bertin D, Lefay C, Guillaneuf Y. Intermolecular radical 1,2-addition of the BlocBuilder MA alkoxyamine onto activated olefins: a versatile tool for the synthesis of complex macromolecular architecture. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00057h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Giordanengo R, Viel S, Hidalgo M, Allard-Breton B, Thévand A, Charles L. Analytical strategy for the molecular weight determination of random copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(methacrylic acid). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:1075-1085. [PMID: 20202862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Molecular weight characterization of random amphiphilic copolymers currently represents an analytical challenge. In particular, molecules composed of methacrylic acid (MAA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the repeat units raise issues in commonly used techniques. The present study shows that when random copolymers cannot be properly ionized by MALDI, and hence detected and measured in MS, one possible analytical strategy is to transform them into homopolymers, which are more amenable to this ionization technique. Then, by combining the molecular weight of the so-obtained homopolymers, as measured by MS, with the relative molar proportion of the MMA and MMA units, as given by (1)H NMR spectrum, one can straightforwardly estimate the molecular weight of the initial copolymer. A methylation reaction was performed to transform MAA-MMA copolymer samples into PMMA homopolymers, using trimethylsilyldiazomethane as a derivatization agent. Weight average molecular weight (M(w)) parameters of the MAA-MMA copolymers could then be derived from M(w) values obtained for the methylated MAA-MMA molecules by MALDI, which were also validated by pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) NMR. An alkene function in one of the studied copolymer end-groups was also shown to react with the methylation agent, giving rise to MMA-like polymeric by-products characterized by tandem mass spectrometry and which could be avoided by adjusting the amount of the trimethylsilyldiazomethane in the reaction medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Giordanengo
- Universités Aix-Marseille I, II, and III-CNRS, UMR 6264: Laboratoire Chimie Provence, Spectrométries Appliquées à la Chimie Structurale, Marseille, France
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