1
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Mwanza C, Ding SN. Newly Developed Electrochemiluminescence Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry for Multiplex Biosensing Applications: A Consolidated Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:666. [PMID: 37367031 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an upsurge in the extent to which electrochemiluminescence (ECL) working in synergy with bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is being applied in simple biosensing devices, especially in a clinical setup. The key objective of this particular write-up is to present a consolidated review of ECL-BPE, providing a three-dimensional perspective incorporating its strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and potential applications as a biosensing technique. The review encapsulates critical insights into the latest and novel developments in the field of ECL-BPE, including innovative electrode designs and newly developed, novel luminophores and co-reactants employed in ECL-BPE systems, along with challenges, such as optimization of the interelectrode distance, electrode miniaturization and electrode surface modification for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, this consolidated review will provide an overview of the latest, novel applications and advances made in this field with a bias toward multiplex biosensing based on the past five years of research. The studies reviewed herein, indicate that the technology is rapidly advancing at an outstanding purse and has an immense potential to revolutionize the general field of biosensing. This perspective aims to stimulate innovative ideas and inspire researchers alike to incorporate some elements of ECL-BPE into their studies, thereby steering this field into previously unexplored domains that may lead to unexpected, interesting discoveries. For instance, the application of ECL-BPE in other challenging and complex sample matrices such as hair for bioanalytical purposes is currently an unexplored area. Of great significance, a substantial fraction of the content in this review article is based on content from research articles published between the years 2018 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Mwanza
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
- Chemistry Department, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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2
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Thompson JR, Crooks RM. Enriching Cations Using Electric Field Gradients Generated by Bipolar Electrodes in the Absence of Buffer. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 United States
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3
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Park S, Sabbagh B, Abu-Rjal R, Yossifon G. Digital microfluidics-like manipulation of electrokinetically preconcentrated bioparticle plugs in continuous-flow. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:814-825. [PMID: 35080550 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00864a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate digital microfluidics-like manipulations of preconcentrated biomolecule plugs within a continuous flow that is different from the commonly known digital microfluidics involving discrete (i.e. droplets) media. This is realized using one- and two-dimensional arrays of individually addressable ion-permselective membranes with interconnecting microfluidic channels. The location of powered electrodes, dictates which of the membranes are active and generates either enrichment/depletion diffusion layers, which, in turn, control the location of the preconcentrated plug. An array of such powered membranes enables formation of multiple preconcentrated plugs of the same biosample as well as of preconcentrated plugs of multiple biosample types introduced via different inlets in a selective manner. Moreover, digital-microfluidics operations such as up-down and left-right translation, merging, and splitting, can be realized, but on preconcentrated biomolecule plugs instead of on discrete droplets. This technology, based on nanoscale electrokinetics of ion transport through permselective medium, opens future opportunities for smart and programmable digital-like manipulations of preconcentrated biological particle plugs for various on-chip biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
| | - Barak Sabbagh
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
| | - Ramadan Abu-Rjal
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 3200000, Israel.
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4
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Berzina B, Kim S, Peramune U, Saurabh K, Ganapathysubramanian B, Anand RK. Out-of-plane faradaic ion concentration polarization: stable focusing of charged analytes at a three-dimensional porous electrode. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:573-583. [PMID: 35023536 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01011e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization (ICP) accomplishes preconcentration for bioanalysis by localized depletion of electrolyte ions, thereby generating a gradient in electric field strength that facilitates electrokinetic focusing of charged analytes by their electromigration against opposing fluid flow. Such ICP focusing has been shown to accomplish up to a million-fold enrichment of nucleic acids and proteins in single-stage preconcentrators. However, the rate at which the sample volume is swept is limited, requiring several hours to achieve these high enrichment factors. This limitation is caused by two factors. First, an ion depleted zone (IDZ) formed at a planar membrane or electrode may not extend across the full channel cross section under the flow rate employed for focusing, thereby allowing the analyte to "leak" past the IDZ. Second, within the IDZ, large fluid vortices lead to mixing, which decreases the efficiency of analyte enrichment and worsens with increased channel dimensions. Here, we address these challenges with faradaic ICP (fICP) at a three-dimensional (3D) electrode comprising metallic microbeads. This 3D-electrode distributes the IDZ, and therefore, the electric field gradient utilized for counter-flow focusing across the full height of the fluidic channel, and its large area, microstructured surface supports smaller vortices. An additional bed of insulating microbeads restricts flow patterns and supplies a large area for surface conduction of ions through the IDZ. Finally, the resistance of this secondary bed enhances focusing by locally strengthening sequestering forces. This easy-to-build platform lays a foundation for the integration of enrichment with user-defined packed bed and electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Sungu Kim
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Umesha Peramune
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
| | - Kumar Saurabh
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- The Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, USA
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
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5
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Thompson JR, Wilder LM, Crooks RM. Filtering and continuously separating microplastics from water using electric field gradients formed electrochemically in the absence of buffer. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13744-13755. [PMID: 34760159 PMCID: PMC8549819 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we use experiments and finite element simulations to investigate the electrokinetics within straight microchannels that contain a bipolar electrode and an unbuffered electrolyte solution. Our findings indicate that in the presence of a sufficiently high electric field, water electrolysis proceeds at the bipolar electrode and leads to variations in both solution conductivity and ionic current density along the length of the microchannel. The significance of this finding is twofold. First, the results indicate that both solution conductivity and ionic current density variations significantly contribute to yield sharp electric field gradients near the bipolar electrode poles. The key point is that ionic current density variations constitute a fundamentally new mechanism for forming electric field gradients in solution. Second, we show that the electric field gradients that form near the bipolar electrode poles in unbuffered solution are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water in a bifurcated microchannel. This result expands the potential scope of membrane-free separations using bipolar electrodes. Water electrolysis at a bipolar electrode in the absence of buffer forms electric field gradients in a fundamentally new way. These electric field gradients are useful for continuously separating microplastics from water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Logan M Wilder
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA +1-512-475-8674
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6
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Khan JU, Ruland A, Sayyar S, Paull B, Chen J, Innis PC. Wireless bipolar electrode-based textile electrofluidics: towards novel micro-total-analysis systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3979-3990. [PMID: 34636814 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Point of care testing using micro-total-analysis systems (μTAS) is critical to emergent healthcare devices with rapid and robust responses. However, two major barriers to the success of this approach are the prohibitive cost of microchip fabrication and poor sensitivity due to small sample volumes in a microfluidic format. Here, we aimed to replace the complex microchip format with a low-cost textile substrate with inherently built microchannels using the fibers' spaces. Secondly, by integrating this textile-based microfluidics with electrophoresis and wireless bipolar electrochemistry, we can significantly improve solute detection by focusing and concentrating the analytes of interest. Herein, we demonstrated that an in situ metal electrode simply inserted inside the textile-based electrophoretic system can act as a wireless bipolar electrode (BPE) that generates localized electric field and pH gradients adjacent to the BPE and extended along the length of the textile construct. As a result, charged analytes were not only separated electrophoretically but also focused where their electrophoretic migration and counter flow (EOF) balances due to redox reactions proceeding at the BPE edges. The developed wireless redox focusing technique on textile constructs was shown to achieve a 242-fold enrichment of anionically charged solute over an extended time of 3000 s. These findings suggest a simple route that achieves separation and analyte focusing on low-cost surface-accessible inverted substrates, which is far simpler than the more complex ITP on conventional closed and inaccessible capillary channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Umar Khan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Department of Fibre and Textile Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Andres Ruland
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Sepidar Sayyar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS) and, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Jun Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
| | - Peter C Innis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia.
- Australian National Fabrication Facility - Materials Node, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, New South Wales 2500, Australia
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7
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Zhou Y, Stevens N, Engelberg DL. Corrosion electrochemistry with a segmented array bipolar electrode. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Thompson JR, Davies CD, Clausmeyer J, Crooks RM. Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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9
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Li X, Du Y, Wang H, Ma H, Wu D, Ren X, Wei Q, Xu JJ. Self-Supply of H2O2 and O2 by Hydrolyzing CaO2 to Enhance the Electrochemiluminescence of Luminol Based on a Closed Bipolar Electrode. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12693-12699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jing-Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Tutorial review: Enrichment and separation of neutral and charged species by ion concentration polarization focusing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:149-173. [PMID: 32825899 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization focusing (ICPF) is an electrokinetic technique, in which analytes are enriched and separated along a localized electric field gradient in the presence of a counter flow. This field gradient is generated by depletion of ions of the background electrolyte at an ion permselective junction. In this tutorial review, we summarize the fundamental principles and experimental parameters that govern selective ion transport and the stability of the enriched analyte plug. We also examine faradaic ICP (fICP), in which local ion concentration is modulated via electrochemical reactions as an attractive alternative to ICP that achieves similar performance with a decrease in both power consumption and Joule heating. The tutorial covers important challenges to the broad application of ICPF including undesired pH gradients, low volumetric throughput, samples that induce biofouling or are highly conductive, and limited approaches to on- or off-chip analysis. Recent developments in the field that seek to address these challenges are reviewed along with new approaches to maximize enrichment, focus uncharged analytes, and achieve enrichment and separation in water-in-oil droplets. For new practitioners, we discuss practical aspects of ICPF, such as strategies for device design and fabrication and the relative advantages of several types of ion selective junctions and electrodes. Lastly, we summarize tips and tricks for tackling common experimental challenges in ICPF.
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11
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Davies CD, Crooks RM. Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5547-5558. [PMID: 32874498 PMCID: PMC7441690 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we report continuous sorting of two microplastics in a trifurcated microfluidic channel using a new method called serial faradaic ion concentration polarization (fICP). fICP is an electrochemical method for forming ion depletion zones and their corresponding locally elevated electric fields in microchannels. By tuning the interplay between the forces of electromigration and convection during a fICP experiment, it is possible to control the flow of charged objects in microfluidic channels. The key findings of this report are threefold. First, fICP at two bipolar electrodes, configured in series and operated with a single power supply, yields two electric field gradients within a single microfluidic channel (i.e., serial fICP). Second, complex flow variations that adversely impact separations during fICP can be mitigated by minimizing convection by electroosmotic flow in favor of pressure-driven flow. Finally, serial fICP within a trifurcated microchannel is able to continuously and quantitatively focus, sort, and separate microplastics. These findings demonstrate that multiple local electric field gradients can be generated within a single microfluidic channel by simply placing metal wires at strategic locations. This approach opens a vast range of new possibilities for implementing membrane-free separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin D Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 , Austin , Texas , 78712-1224 , USA . ; Tel: +1-512-475-8674
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 , Austin , Texas , 78712-1224 , USA . ; Tel: +1-512-475-8674
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12
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Bondarenko MP, Bruening ML, Yaroshchuk AE. Current‐Induced Ion Concentration Polarization at a Perfect Ion‐Exchange Patch in an Infinite Insulating Wall. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201902068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola P. Bondarenko
- Institute of Bio-Colloid Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vernadskiy ave.42 03142 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana 46556 United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Andriy E. Yaroshchuk
- ICREA, pg. L.Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnic University of Catalonia av. Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
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13
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Kim S, Ganapathysubramanian B, Anand RK. Concentration Enrichment, Separation, and Cation Exchange in Nanoliter-Scale Water-in-Oil Droplets. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3196-3204. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Baskar Ganapathysubramanian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, 2043 Black Engineering, 2529 Union Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-2030, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 1605 Gilman Hall, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, United States
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14
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Baek S, Choi J, Son SY, Kim J, Hong S, Kim HC, Chae JH, Lee H, Kim SJ. Dynamics of driftless preconcentration using ion concentration polarization leveraged by convection and diffusion. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3190-3199. [PMID: 31475274 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, separation and preconcentration methods of (bio)molecules have been actively developed for various biomedical and chemical processes such as disease diagnostics, point of care test and environmental monitoring. Among the great developments of the electrokinetic method in a micro/nanofluidic platform is the ion concentration polarization (ICP) phenomenon, in which a target molecule is accumulated near a permselective nanoporous membrane under an applied electric field. ICP method has been actively studied due to its easy implementation and high preconcentration/separation efficiency. However, the dynamic behavior of preconcentrated analytes has not yet been fully studied, especially driftless migration, where the applied electric field is orthogonal to the direction of the drift migration. Here, we demonstrate anomalous shapes of preconcentrated analytes (either plug or dumbbell shape) and the morphologies were analytically modeled by the leverage of convection and diffusion migration. This model was experimentally verified with various lengths of DNA and the limiting cases (convection-free environment in paper-based microfluidic device and extremely low diffusivity of red blood cells) were also shown to confirm the model. Thus, this study not only provides an insight into the fundamental electrokinetic dynamics of molecules in an ICP platform but also plays a guiding role for the design of a nanofluidic preconcentrator for a lab on a chip application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Baek
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihye Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Young Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seongjun Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Chan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyomin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. and Nano Systems Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea and Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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15
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Davies CD, Johnson SE, Crooks RM. Effect of Chloride Oxidation on Local Electric Fields in Microelectrochemical Systems. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Sarah E. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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16
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Berzina B, Anand RK. Continuous micellar electrokinetic focusing of neutral species driven by ion concentration polarization. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2233-2240. [PMID: 31161167 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00327d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ion concentration polarization (ICP) has been broadly applied to accomplish electrokinetic focusing of charged species. However, ICP-based extraction and enrichment of uncharged (neutral) compounds, important for pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental applications, has not yet been reported. Here, we report the ICP-based continuous extraction of two neutral compounds from aqueous solution, by their partition into an ionic micellar phase. Our initial results show that the efficiency of the extraction increases with the concentration of the surfactant comprising the micellar phase, reaching 98 ± 2%, and drops precipitously when the concentration of the target compound exceeds the capacity of the micelles. As a key feature relevant to the practical application of this method, we show that focusing occurs even an order of magnitude below the critical micelle concentration through the local enrichment and assembly of surfactants into micelles, thus minimizing their consumption. To underscore the relevance of this approach to water purification, this method is applied to the extraction of pyrene, a model for polyaromatic hydrocarbons. This approach provides access to a broad range of strategies for selective separation that have been developed in micellar electrokinetic chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- The Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011-1021, USA.
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17
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Fu K, Xu W, Hu J, Lopez A, Bohn PW. Microscale and Nanoscale Electrophotonic Diagnostic Devices. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:a034249. [PMID: 30104197 PMCID: PMC6417966 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Detecting and identifying infectious agents and potential pathogens in complex environments and characterizing their mode of action is a critical need. Traditional diagnostics have targeted a single characteristic (e.g., spectral response, surface receptor, mass, intrinsic conductivity, etc.). However, advances in detection technologies have identified emerging approaches in which multiple modes of action are combined to obtain enhanced performance characteristics. Particularly appealing in this regard, electrophotonic devices capable of coupling light to electron translocation have experienced rapid recent growth and offer significant advantages for diagnostics. In this review, we explore three specific promising approaches that combine electronics and photonics: (1) assays based on closed bipolar electrochemistry coupling electron transfer to color or fluorescence, (2) sensors based on localized surface plasmon resonances, and (3) emerging nanophotonics approaches, such as those based on zero-mode waveguides and metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Wei Xu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jiayun Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Arielle Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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18
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Scida K, Eden A, Arroyo-Currás N, MacKenzie S, Satik Y, Meinhart CD, Eijkel JCT, Pennathur S. Fluorescence-Based Observation of Transient Electrochemical and Electrokinetic Effects at Nanoconfined Bipolar Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:13777-13786. [PMID: 30880379 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are conductors that, when exposed to an electric field, polarize and promote the accumulation of counterionic charge near their poles. The rich physics of electrokinetic behavior near BPEs has not yet been rigorously studied, with our current understanding of such bipolar effects being restricted to steady-state conditions (under constant applied fields). Here, we reveal the dynamic electrokinetic and electrochemical phenomena that occur near nanoconfined BPEs throughout all stages of a reaction. Specifically, we demonstrate, both experimentally and through numerical modeling, that the removal of an electric field produces solution-phase charge imbalances in the vicinity of the BPE poles. These imbalances induce intense and short-lived nonequilibrium electric fields that drive the rapid transport of ions toward specific BPE locations. To determine the origin of these electrokinetic effects, we monitored the movement and fluorescent behavior (enhancement or quenching) of charged fluorophores within well-defined nanofluidic architectures via real-time optical detection. By systematically varying the nature of the fluorophore, the concentration of the electrolyte, the strength of the applied field, and oxide growth on the BPE surface, we dissect the ion transport events that occur in the aftermath of field-induced polarization. The results contained in this work provide new insights into transient bipolar electrokinetics that improve our understanding of current analytical platforms and can drive the development of new micro- and nanoelectrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Alexander Eden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Sean MacKenzie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Yesil Satik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Carl D Meinhart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science , University of Twente , Enschede , Overijssel 7522 , The Netherlands
| | - Sumita Pennathur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
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19
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Bondarenko MP, Bruening ML, Yaroshchuk A. Highly Selective Current‐Induced Accumulation of Trace Ions at Micro‐/NanoPorous Interfaces. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mykola P. Bondarenko
- Institute of Bio‐Colloid Chemistry National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Vernadskiy ave.42 03142 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Merlin L. Bruening
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Andriy Yaroshchuk
- ICREA pg. L.Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytechnic University of Catalonia av. Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
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20
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Kitagawa F, Tanigawa-Joh K, Terashita S, Fujiki R, Nukatsuka I, Sueyoshi K, Otsuka K. On-line sample preconcentration by polarity switching in floating electrode-integrated microchannel. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2478-2483. [PMID: 30637781 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that the polarity switching was effective to enrich and separate fluorescent analytes which have weakly-dissociated groups in a floating platinum electrode (width, 50 µm; thickness, 2.5 µm)-integrated straight-channel in microchip electrophoresis (MCE). In the straight channel filled with an Alexa Flour 488 (AF488) solution, a sharp peak was observed after the polarity inversion with a 530-fold enhancement of the sensitivity relative to the conventional MCE analysis. By using a fluorescent pH indicator, we verified that a sharp high-pH zone was generated nearby the floating electrode and moved toward the anode with maintaining the high pH, which induced the sample enrichment like a dynamic pH junction mechanism. In the floating electrode-embedded channel, the mixture of AF488-labeled proteins was also well concentrated and separated within 100 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Kitagawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kana Tanigawa-Joh
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satomi Terashita
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ryohei Fujiki
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Isoshi Nukatsuka
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kenji Sueyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Prefecture University Graduate School of Engineering, Sakai, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Berzina B, Anand RK. An Electrokinetic Separation Route to Source Dialysate from Excess Fluid in Blood. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3720-3726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrise Berzina
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Robbyn K. Anand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 1605 Gilman Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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22
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Davies CD, Yoon E, Crooks RM. Continuous Redirection and Separation of Microbeads by Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Collin D. Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Eunsoo Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300 Austin, Texas 78712-1224 U.S.A
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23
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Li M, Anand RK. High-Throughput Selective Capture of Single Circulating Tumor Cells by Dielectrophoresis at a Wireless Electrode Array. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8950-8959. [PMID: 28609630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate continuous high-throughput selective capture of circulating tumor cells by dielectrophoresis at arrays of wireless electrodes (bipolar electrodes, BPEs). The use of BPEs removes the requirement of ohmic contact to individual array elements, thus enabling otherwise unattainable device formats. Capacitive charging of the electrical double layer at opposing ends of each BPE allows an AC electric field to be transmitted across the entire device. Here, two such designs are described and evaluated. In the first design, BPEs interconnect parallel microchannels. Pockets extruding from either side of the microchannels volumetrically control the number of cells captured at each BPE tip and enhance trapping. High-fidelity single-cell capture was achieved when the pocket dimensions were matched to those of the cells. A second, open design allows many non-targeted cells to pass through. These devices enable high-throughput capture of rare cells and single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
| | - Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50010, United States
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24
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Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Capillary-assisted bipolar electrochemistry: A focused mini review. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2687-2694. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- University of Bordeaux; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- CNRS; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
- Bordeaux INP; ISM; UMR 5255 Talence France
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25
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Zhang X, Zhai Q, Xing H, Li J, Wang E. Bipolar Electrodes with 100% Current Efficiency for Sensors. ACS Sens 2017; 2:320-326. [PMID: 28723210 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bipolar electrode (BPE) is an electron conductor that is embedded in the electrolyte solution without the direct connection with the external power source (driving electrode). When the sufficient voltage was provided, the two poles of BPE promote different oxidation and reduction reactions. During the past few years, BPEs with wireless feature and easy integration showed great promise in the various fields including asymmetric modification/synthesis, motion control, targets enrichment/separation, and chemical sensing/biosensing combined with the quantitative relationship between two poles of BPE. In this perspective paper, we first describe the concept and history of the BPE for analytical chemistry and then review the recent developments in the application of BPEs for sensing with ultrahigh current efficiency (ηc = iBPE/ichannel) including the open and closed bipolar system. Finally, we offer the guide for possible challenge faced and solution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Zhai
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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26
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Li X, Luo L, Crooks RM. Faradaic Ion Concentration Polarization on a Paper Fluidic Platform. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4294-4300. [PMID: 28303715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and characteristics of a paper-based analytical device for analyte concentration enrichment. The device, called a hybrid paper-based analytical device (hyPAD), uses faradaic electrochemistry to create an ion depletion zone (IDZ), and hence a local electric field, within a nitrocellulose flow channel. Charged analytes are concentrated near the IDZ when their electrophoretic and electroosmotic velocities balance. This process is called faradaic ion concentration polarization. The hyPAD is simple to construct and uses only low-cost materials. The hyPAD can be tuned for optimal performance by adjusting the applied voltage or changing the electrode design. Moreover, the throughput of hyPAD is 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional, micron-scale microfluidic devices. The hyPAD is able to concentrate a range of analytes, including small molecules, DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles, in the range of 200-500-fold within 5 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Long Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
| | - Richard M Crooks
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224 United States
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27
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Abstract
Microfluidics has been undergoing fast development in the past two decades due to its promising applications in biotechnology, medicine, and chemistry. Towards these applications, enhancing concentration sensitivity and detection resolution are indispensable to meet the detection limits because of the dilute sample concentrations, ultra-small sample volumes and short detection lengths in microfluidic devices. A variety of microfluidic techniques for concentrating analytes have been developed. This article presents an overview of analyte concentration techniques in microfluidics. We focus on discussing the physical mechanism of each concentration technique with its representative advancements and applications. Finally, the article is concluded by highlighting and discussing advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-29-8266-3222 (C.Z.); +65-6790-4883 (C.Y.)
| | - Zhengwei Ge
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (C.Z.); (C.Y.); Tel.: +86-29-8266-3222 (C.Z.); +65-6790-4883 (C.Y.)
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28
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Wei X, Panindre P, Zhang Q, Song YA. Increasing the Detection Sensitivity for DNA-Morpholino Hybridization in Sub-Nanomolar Regime by Enhancing the Surface Ion Conductance of PEDOT:PSS Membrane in a Microchannel. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wei
- Division
of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Yong-Ak Song
- Division
of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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29
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Park S, Yossifon G. Induced-charge electrokinetics, bipolar current, and concentration polarization in a microchannel-Nafion-membrane system. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:062614. [PMID: 27415327 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.062614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a floating electrode array located within the depletion layer formed due to concentration polarization across a microchannel-membrane interface device may produce not only induced-charge electro-osmosis (ICEO) but also bipolar current resulting from the induced Faradaic reaction. It has been shown that there exists an optimal thickness of a thin dielectric coating that is sufficient to suppress bipolar currents but still enables ICEO vortices that stir the depletion layer, thereby affecting the system's current-voltage response. In addition, the use of alternating-current electro-osmosis by activating electrodes results in further enhancement of the fluid stirring and opens new routes for on-demand spatiotemporal control of the depletion layer length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinwook Park
- Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
| | - Gilad Yossifon
- Micro- and Nanofluidics Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City 32000, Israel
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30
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Hlushkou D, Knust KN, Crooks RM, Tallarek U. Numerical simulation of electrochemical desalination. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:194001. [PMID: 27089841 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/19/194001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an effective numerical approach to simulate electrochemically mediated desalination of seawater. This new membraneless, energy efficient desalination method relies on the oxidation of chloride ions, which generates an ion depletion zone and local electric field gradient near the junction of a microchannel branch to redirect sea salt into the brine stream, consequently producing desalted water. The proposed numerical model is based on resolution of the 3D coupled Navier-Stokes, Nernst-Planck, and Poisson equations at non-uniform spatial grids. The model is implemented as a parallel code and can be employed to simulate mass-charge transport coupled with surface or volume reactions in 3D systems showing an arbitrarily complex geometrical configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hlushkou
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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31
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Zaino LP, Wichert WRA, Crouch GM, Bohn PW. Microchannel Voltammetry in the Presence of Large External Voltages and Electric Fields. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4200-4. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P. Zaino
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - William R. A. Wichert
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Garrison M. Crouch
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre
Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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32
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Exploring Gradients in Electrophoretic Separation and Preconcentration on Miniaturized Devices. SEPARATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/separations3020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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33
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Sequeira CAC, Cardoso DSP, Gameiro MLF. Bipolar Electrochemistry, a Focal Point of Future Research. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1147031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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34
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Abstract
Advancements in ion concentration polarization made over the past three years are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
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35
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Xu W, Fu K, Ma C, Bohn PW. Closed bipolar electrode-enabled dual-cell electrochromic detectors for chemical sensing. Analyst 2016; 141:6018-6024. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01415a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Battery operation of a closed-BPE dual cell with colorimetric readout by smartphone camera yields a simple, inexpensive, field-deployable electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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36
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Xu W, Ma C, Bohn PW. Coupling of Independent Electrochemical Reactions and Fluorescence at Closed Bipolar Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Paul W. Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
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37
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Abstract
Preconcentration of biomolecules by electrokinetic trapping at the nano/microfluidic interface has been extensively studied due to its significant efficiency. Conventionally, sample preconcentration takes place in continuous flow and therefore suffers from diffusion and dispersion. Encapsulation of the preconcentrated sample into isolated droplets offers a superior way to preserve the sample concentration for further analysis. Nevertheless, the rationale for an optimal design to obviate the sample dilution prior to encapsulation is still lacking. Herein, we propose a pressure-assisted strategy for positioning the concentrated sample plug directly at the ejecting nozzle, which greatly eliminates the concentration decline during sample ejection. A distinctive mechanism for this plug localization was elucidated by two-dimensional numerical simulations. Based on the simulation results, we developed an on-demand nanofluidic concentrator in which the nanochannels were facilely generated through lithography-free nanocracking on a polystyrene substrate. By wisely implementing an on-demand droplet generation module, our system can adaptively encapsulate the highly concentrated sample and effectively enhance the long-term stability. We experimentally demonstrated the preconcentration of a fluorescently labelled biomolecule, bovine serum albumin (BSA), by using an amplification factor of 10(4). We showed that, by adjusting the applied voltage, accumulation time, and pulsed pressure imposed on the control microchannel, our system can generate a droplet of the desired volume with a target sample concentration at a prescribed time. This study not only provides insights into the previously unidentified role of assisted pressure in sample positioning, but also offers an avenue for varied requirements in low-abundance biomolecule detection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Biomedical Engineering Division, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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38
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Song H, Wang Y, Garson C, Pant K. Concurrent DNA Preconcentration and Separation in Bipolar Electrode-Based Microfluidic Device. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:1273-1279. [PMID: 26005497 PMCID: PMC4437544 DOI: 10.1039/c4ay01858c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a bipolar electrode (BPE) device in a microfluidic dual-channel design for concurrent preconcentration and separation of composite DNA containing samples. The novelty of the present effort relies on the combination of BPE-induced ion concentration polarization (ICP) and end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis (ELFSE). The ion concentration polarization effect arising from the faradaic reaction on the BPE is utilized to exert opposing electrophoretic and electroosmotic forces on the DNA samples. Meanwhile, end-labeled free-solution electrophoresis alters the mass-charge ratio to enable simultaneous DNA separation in free solution. The microfluidic device was fabricated using standard and soft lithography techniques to form gold-on-glass electrode capped with a PDMS microfluidic channel. Experimental testing with various DNA samples was carried out over a range of applied electric field. Concentration ratios up to 285× within 5 minutes for a 102-mer DNA, and concurrent preconcentration and free-solution separation of binary mixture of free and bound 102-mer DNA within 6 minutes was demonstrated. The effect of applied electric field was also interrogated with respect to pertinent performance metrics of preconcentration and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Wang
- Corresponding author, , Phone: +01-256-726-4915, Fax: +01-256-726-4806
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Anand RK, Johnson ES, Chiu DT. Negative dielectrophoretic capture and repulsion of single cells at a bipolar electrode: the impact of faradaic ion enrichment and depletion. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:776-83. [PMID: 25562315 DOI: 10.1021/ja5102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the dielectrophoretic (DEP) forces generated by a bipolar electrode (BPE) in a microfluidic device and elucidates the impact of faradaic ion enrichment and depletion (FIE and FID) on electric field gradients. DEP technologies for manipulating biological cells provide several distinct advantages over other cell-handling techniques including label-free selectivity, inexpensive device components, and amenability to single-cell and array-based applications. However, extension to the array format is nontrivial, and DEP forces are notoriously short-range, limiting device dimensions and throughput. BPEs present an attractive option for DEP because of the ease with which they can be arrayed. Here, we present experimental results demonstrating both negative DEP (nDEP) attraction and repulsion of B-cells from each a BPE cathode and anode. The direction of nDEP force in each case was determined by whether the conditions for FIE or FID were chosen in the experimental design. We conclude that FIE and FID zones generated by BPEs can be exploited to shape and extend the electric field gradients that are responsible for DEP force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbyn K Anand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Breadmore MC, Tubaon RM, Shallan AI, Phung SC, Abdul Keyon AS, Gstoettenmayr D, Prapatpong P, Alhusban AA, Ranjbar L, See HH, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2012-2014). Electrophoresis 2015; 36:36-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Breadmore
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Ria Marni Tubaon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aliaa I. Shallan
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Sui Ching Phung
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Aemi S. Abdul Keyon
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Faculty of Science; Department of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Daniel Gstoettenmayr
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Pornpan Prapatpong
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Mahidol University; Rajathevee Bangkok Thailand
| | - Ala A. Alhusban
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Leila Ranjbar
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Hong Heng See
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies; Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Johor Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Dawod
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Faculty of Pharmacy; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Joselito P. Quirino
- School of Physical Science; Australian Centre of Research on Separation Science, University of Tasmania; Hobart Tasmania Australia
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41
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SUN AL, ZHENG XW. Electrochemiluminescence Behavior of Luminol at Closed Bipolar Electrode and Its Analytical Application. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(14)60761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bîrzu A, Coleman J, Kiss IZ. Highly disparate activity regions due to non-uniform potential distribution in microfluidic devices: Simulations and experiments. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Quist J, Vulto P, Hankemeier T. Isotachophoretic Phenomena in Electric Field Gradient Focusing: Perspectives for Sample Preparation and Bioassays. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4078-87. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403764e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Quist
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden
Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics
Centre (NMC), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, South Holland 2333CC, The Netherlands
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45
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Fosdick SE, Knust KN, Scida K, Crooks RM. Bipolar Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10438-56. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cao Z, Yobas L. Microchannel plate as a novel bipolar electrode for high-performance enrichment of anions. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1991-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Cao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay; Kowloon; Hong Kong
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay; Kowloon; Hong Kong
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47
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Scida K, Sheridan E, Crooks RM. Electrochemically-gated delivery of analyte bands in microfluidic devices using bipolar electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2292-2299. [PMID: 23657767 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for controlling enrichment, separation, and delivery of analytes into different secondary microchannels using simple microfluidic architecture is described. The approach, which is based on bipolar electrochemistry, requires only easily fabricated electrodes and a low-voltage DC power supply: no pumps or valves are necessary. Upon application of a voltage between two driving electrodes, passive bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are activated that result in formation of a local electric field gradient. This gradient leads to separation and enrichment of a pair of fluorescent analytes within a primary microfluidic channel. Subsequently, other passive BPEs can be activated to deliver the enriched tracers to separate secondary microchannels. The principles and performance underpinning the method are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Scida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Electrochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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Knust KN, Hlushkou D, Anand RK, Tallarek U, Crooks RM. Electrochemically Mediated Seawater Desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Knust KN, Hlushkou D, Anand RK, Tallarek U, Crooks RM. Electrochemically mediated seawater desalination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8107-10. [PMID: 23784935 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle N Knust
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th St., Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712-0165, USA
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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