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Idowu M, Taiwo G, Sidney T, Adewoye A, Ogunade IM. Plasma proteomic analysis reveals key pathways associated with divergent residual body weight gain phenotype in beef steers. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1415594. [PMID: 39104547 PMCID: PMC11298483 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1415594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
We utilized plasma proteomics profiling to explore metabolic pathways and key proteins associated with divergent residual body weight gain (RADG) phenotype in crossbred (Angus × Hereford) beef steers. A group of 108 crossbred growing beef steers (average BW = 282.87 ± 30 kg; age = 253 ± 28 days) were fed a high-forage total mixed ration for 49 days in five dry lot pens (20-22 beef steers per pen), each equipped with two GrowSafe8000 intake nodes to determine their RADG phenotype. After RADG identification, blood samples were collected from the beef steers with the highest RADG (most efficient; n = 15; 0.76 kg/d) and lowest RADG (least efficient; n = 15; -0.65 kg/d). Plasma proteomics analysis was conducted on all plasma samples using a nano LC-MS/MS platform. Proteins with FC ≥ 1.2 and false-discovery rate-adjusted p-values (FDR) ≤ 0.05 were considered significantly differentially abundant. The analysis identified 435 proteins, with 59 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between positive and negative-RADG beef steers. Plasma abundance of 38 proteins, such as macrophage stimulating 1 and peptidase D was upregulated (FC ≥ 1.2, FDR ≤ 0.05) in positive-RADG beef steers, while 21 proteins, including fibronectin and ALB protein were greater (FC < 1.2, FDR ≤ 0.05) in negative-RADG beef steers. The results of the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of all the DAPs showed enrichment of pathways such as metabolic processes, biological regulation, and catalytic activity in positive-RADG beef steers. Results of the EuKaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG) analysis revealed increased abundance of DAPs involved in energy production and conversion, amino acid transport and metabolism, and lipid transport and metabolism in positive-RADG beef steers. The results of this study revealed key metabolic pathways and proteins associated with divergent RADG phenotype in beef cattle which give more insight into the biological basis of feed efficiency in crossbred beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modoluwamu Idowu
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Godstime Taiwo
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Taylor Sidney
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Anjola Adewoye
- Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Ibukun M. Ogunade
- Division of Animal Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
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2
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Sun Y, Xu J, Xie X, Song H. An effective pre-treatment method for eliminating interference by serum albumin for analysis of anti-rHSA antibodies. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1116-1122. [PMID: 36756782 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) is important for risk assessment in clinical trials. ADA detection can be very difficult in the presence of high circulating levels of drugs or target proteins. We present an effective pretreatment method for eliminating interference by endogenous albumin for analyses of recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) ADAs. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation was used to extract albumin-ADA immune complexes from serum samples. Following acid dissociation, albumin-reactive antibodies could be detected through an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method. Normal human serum was used to establish detectable cut points. Goat anti-human albumin was used as the positive control to evaluate the assay performance. With regard to detection of anti-HSA antibodies, pretreatment with PEG could reduce the interference from albumin in serum. We discovered that the optimized PEG precipitation and acid dissociation (PandA) method had good performance in terms of sensitivity, drug tolerance, and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Jingzhi Xu
- United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyao Xie
- United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
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3
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Libert BP, Godinho JM, Foster SW, Grinias JP, Boyes BE. Implementing 1.5 mm internal diameter columns into analytical workflows. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463207. [PMID: 35732094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of smaller column diameters in liquid chromatography (LC) is often associated with capillary LC. Although there are many analytical benefits gained by adapting this format, routine use continues to be challenging due to column fragility and extra column dispersion. Bridging the gap between routinely used 2.1 mm columns and capillary bore columns allows for a sequential but far from insignificant increase in performance without the need for specialized equipment associated with very low dispersion LC systems. Moreover, an incremental decrease in column internal diameter (i.d.) allows for similar mass load (avoiding column overload that may be observed in much larger decreases in i.d. without trapping) and thus an increase in measured signal. As such, 1.5 mm i.d. columns provide an alternative intermediate dimension between the more regularly used 2.1 mm i.d. columns and 1 mm i.d. columns. These columns balance an increase in sensitivity compared to 2.1 mm i.d. columns (theoretically doubling the time-domain peak area in mass sensitive detectors for the same mass load), while mitigating the efficiency losses due to extra-column dispersion effects that are commonly observed with 1.0 mm i.d. columns. Here, the use of 1.5 mm i.d. columns was applied to LC/UV analysis of small molecules and LC/MS methods for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies. With equivalent mass load on column, the 1.5 mm i.d. columns provide two-to-threefold improvement in analyte peak area signal for small molecules as well as intact, subunit, and peptide levels of antibody analysis. Peak height was also increased using the 1.5 mm i.d. column, although the scale of increase varies between isocratic and gradient modes, likely due to differences in system dispersion effects and variation in electrospray ionization efficiency at different flow rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Libert
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
| | - Samuel W Foster
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd., Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Barry E Boyes
- Advanced Materials Technology, Inc., 3521 Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA.
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4
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Handlos Grauslund J, Holmström MO, Jørgensen NG, Klausen U, Weis-Banke SE, El Fassi D, Schöllkopf C, Clausen MB, Gjerdrum LMR, Breinholt MF, Kjeldsen JW, Hansen M, Koschmieder S, Chatain N, Novotny GW, Petersen J, Kjær L, Skov V, Met Ö, Svane IM, Hasselbalch HC, Andersen MH. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccination With a Peptide Derived From the Calreticulin Exon 9 Mutations Induces Strong Cellular Immune Responses in Patients With CALR-Mutant Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Front Oncol 2021; 11:637420. [PMID: 33718228 PMCID: PMC7952976 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.637420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The calreticulin (CALR) exon 9 mutations that are identified in 20% of patients with Philadelphia chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) generate immunogenic antigens. Thus, therapeutic cancer vaccination against mutant CALR could be a new treatment modality in CALR-mutant MPN. Methods The safety and efficacy of vaccination with the peptide CALRLong36 derived from the CALR exon 9 mutations was tested in a phase I clinical vaccination trial with montanide as adjuvant. Ten patients with CALRmut MPN were included in the trial and received 15 vaccines over the course of one year. The primary end point was evaluation of safety and toxicity of the vaccine. Secondary endpoint was assessment of the immune response to the vaccination epitope (www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT03566446). Results Patients had a median age of 59.5 years and a median disease duration of 6.5 years. All patients received the intended 15 vaccines, and the vaccines were deemed safe and tolerable as only two grade three AE were detected, and none of these were considered to be related to the vaccine. A decline in platelet counts relative to the platelets counts at baseline was detected during the first 100 days, however this did not translate into neither a clinical nor a molecular response in any of the patients. Immunomonitoring revealed that four of 10 patients had an in vitro interferon (IFN)-γ ELISPOT response to the CALRLong36 peptide at baseline, and four additional patients displayed a response in ELISPOT upon receiving three or more vaccines. The amplitude of the immune response increased during the entire vaccination schedule for patients with essential thrombocythemia. In contrast, the immune response in patients with primary myelofibrosis did not increase after three vaccines. Conclusion Therapeutic cancer vaccination with peptide vaccines derived from mutant CALR with montanide as an adjuvant, is safe and tolerable. The vaccines did not induce any clinical responses. However, the majority of patients displayed a marked T-cell response to the vaccine upon completion of the trial. This suggests that vaccines directed against mutant CALR may be used with other cancer therapeutic modalities to enhance the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Handlos Grauslund
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Orebo Holmström
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Grønne Jørgensen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Uffe Klausen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stine Emilie Weis-Banke
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Daniel El Fassi
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claudia Schöllkopf
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Mette Borg Clausen
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Julie Westerlin Kjeldsen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Morten Hansen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Guy Wayne Novotny
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jesper Petersen
- Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Marie Svane
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Institute for Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Helgudottir SS, Routhe LJ, Burkhart A, Jønsson K, Pedersen IS, Lichota J, Moos T. Epigenetic Regulation of Ferroportin in Primary Cultures of the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:3526-3539. [PMID: 32542592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroportin plays an essential role for iron transport through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). To maintain the integrity of the BBB, the BCECs gain support from pericytes and astrocytes, which together with neurons form the neurovascular unit (NVU). The objectives of the present study were to investigate ferroportin expression in primary cells of the NVU and to determine if ferroportin mRNA (Fpn) expression is epigenetically regulated. Primary rat BCECs, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons all expressed ferroportin mRNA at varying levels, with BCECs exhibiting the highest expression of Fpn, peaking when co-cultured but examined separately from astrocytes. Conversely, Fpn expression was lowest in isolated astrocytes, which correlated with high DNA methylation in their Slc40a1 promoter. To provide further evidence for epigenetic regulation, mono-cultured BCECs, pericytes, and astrocytes were treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid (VPA) and sodium butyrate (SB), which significantly increased Fpn and ferroportin protein in BCECs and pericytes. Furthermore, 59Fe export from BCECs was elevated after treatment with VPA. In conclusion, we present first time evidence stating that Fpn expression is epigenetically regulated in BCECs, which may have implications for pharmacological induction of iron transport through the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Sara Helgudottir
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lisa J Routhe
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Katrine Jønsson
- Department of Health Technology, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge S Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jacek Lichota
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 7E, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery (NRD) Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Fr. Bajers Vej 3B, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
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6
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Method development of a novel PK assay for antibody-conjugated drug measurement of ADCs using peptide-linker drug analyte. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2587-2596. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01701-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Direct quantitation of therapeutic antibodies for pharmacokinetic studies using immuno-purification and intact mass analysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:203-213. [PMID: 30734579 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The quantitation of therapeutic antibodies by MS often utilizes a surrogate peptide approach. Recent enhancements in instrumentation and sample preparation have enabled quantitation by detection of the intact molecule using MS. Methods & Results: A comparison of three methods for quantitative analysis of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies including analysis after deglycosylation, after hinge digestion and at the fully intact antibody level is reported. The optimized methodology provided sensitivity down to 0.1 μg/ml and a lower limit of quantitation of 0.5 ug/ml from a 30 μl sample volume. Conclusion: Application of this approach to a pharmacokinetic study compared with a conventional surrogate peptide and a ligand-binding assays provided consistent data with direct detection of the dosed molecule.
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8
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Helgudottir SS, Lichota J, Burkhart A, Moos T. Hepcidin Mediates Transcriptional Changes in Ferroportin mRNA in Differentiated Neuronal-Like PC12 Cells Subjected to Iron Challenge. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2362-2374. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Atajanov A, Zhbanov A, Yang S. Sorting and manipulation of biological cells and the prospects for using optical forces. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-018-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Chiu HH, Liao HW, Shao YY, Lu YS, Lin CH, Tsai IL, Kuo CH. Development of a general method for quantifying IgG-based therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in human plasma using protein G purification coupled with a two internal standard calibration strategy using LC-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1019:93-102. [PMID: 29625688 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs have generated much interest in recent years for treating various diseases. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) represents a high percentage of mAb drugs that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies, we developed a general liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantify the concentration of IgG-based mAbs in human plasma. Three IgG-based drugs (bevacizumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab) were selected to demonstrate our method. Protein G beads were used for sample pretreatment due to their universal ability to trap IgG-based drugs. Surrogate peptides that were obtained after trypsin digestion were quantified by using LC-MS/MS. To calibrate sample preparation errors and matrix effects that occur during LC-MS/MS analysis, we used two internal standards (IS) method that include the IgG-based drug-IS tocilizumab and post-column infused IS. Using two internal standards was found to effectively improve quantification accuracy, which was within 15% for all mAb drugs that were tested at three different concentrations. This general method was validated in term of its precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity for 3 demonstration mAb drugs. The successful application of the method to clinical samples demonstrated its' applicability in clinical analysis. It is anticipated that this general method could be applied to other mAb-based drugs for use in precision medicine and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Hsuan Chiu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yun Shao
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; The Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Center of Genomic Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Shibata K, Naito T, Okamura J, Hosokawa S, Mineta H, Kawakami J. Simple and rapid LC-MS/MS method for the absolute determination of cetuximab in human serum using an immobilized trypsin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 146:266-272. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Development of an LC-MS/MS method with protein G purification strategy for quantifying bevacizumab in human plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6583-6593. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Osaki F, Tabata K, Oe T. Quantitative LC/ESI-SRM/MS of antibody biopharmaceuticals: use of a homologous antibody as an internal standard and three-step method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5523-5532. [PMID: 28710515 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based therapeutic agents (antibody drugs) have attracted considerable attention as a new type of drug. Concomitantly, the use of quantitative approaches for characterizing antibody drugs, such as liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS), has increased. Generally, selective quantification of antibody drugs is done using unique peptides from variable regions (V H and V L) as surrogate peptides. Further, numerous internal standards (ISs) such as stable isotope-labeled (SIL)-intact proteins and SIL-surrogate peptides are used. However, developing LC-MS methodology for characterizing antibody drugs is time-consuming and costly. Therefore, LC-MS is difficult to apply for this purpose, particularly during the drug discovery stage when numerous candidates must be evaluated. Here, we demonstrate an efficient approach to developing a quantitative LC/electrospray ionization (ESI)-selected reaction monitoring (SRM)/MS method for characterizing antibody drugs. The approach consists of the following features: (i) standard peptides or SIL-IS are not required; (ii) a peptide from the homologous monoclonal antibody serves as an IS; (iii) method development is monitored using a spiked plasma sample and one quantitative MS analysis; and (iv) three predicted SRM assays are performed to optimize quantitative SRM conditions such as transition, collision energy, and declustering potential values. Using this strategy, we developed quantitative SRM methods for infliximab, alemtuzumab, and bevacizumab with sufficient precision (<20%)/accuracy (<±20%) for use in the drug discovery stage. We have also demonstrated that choosing a higher homologous peptide pair (from analyte mAb/IS mAb) is necessary to obtain the sufficient precision and accuracy. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Osaki
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Tabata
- Analysis & Pharmacokinetics Research Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Department of Bio-analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan.
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Li KP, Shanmuganad S, Carroll K, Katz JD, Jordan MB, Hildeman DA. Dying to protect: cell death and the control of T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:21-43. [PMID: 28462527 PMCID: PMC5416827 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in immune responses as they specifically recognize peptide/MHC complexes with their T-cell receptors and initiate adaptive immune responses. While T cells are critical for performing appropriate effector functions and maintaining immune memory, they also can cause autoimmunity or neoplasia if misdirected or dysregulated. Thus, T cells must be tightly regulated from their development onward. Maintenance of appropriate T-cell homeostasis is essential to promote protective immunity and limit autoimmunity and neoplasia. This review will focus on the role of cell death in maintenance of T-cell homeostasis and outline novel therapeutic strategies tailored to manipulate cell death to limit T-cell survival (eg, autoimmunity and transplantation) or enhance T-cell survival (eg, vaccination and immune deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Po Li
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kaitlin Carroll
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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15
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A multiplexed immunocapture liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous measurement of myostatin and GDF-11 in rat serum using an automated sample preparation platform. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 979:36-44. [PMID: 28599707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF-8), is a protein acting as a negative regulator in skeletal muscle growth. Inhibition of myostatin by therapeutic agents provides opportunities for current unmet medical needs. In order to better understand drug engagement to aid the drug development, we have developed a hybrid LC-MS/MS method which can differentially measure myostatin and another protein from the same GDF family, GDF-11. Although the two proteins share high homology, the LC-MS/MS assay provided the specificity based on monitoring of unique surrogate peptide generated from enzymatic digestion. An automated sample preparation platform, Agilent AssayMap Bravo, was used for automated immunocapture. Capture antibody that is non-competing with our investigational drug and has similar binding affinity to both myostatin and GDF-11 was used. Therefore, total myostatin and GDF-11 including both free form and drug-bound form were captured and measured. The enriched sample was digested after reduction and alkylation. Two surrogate peptides (IPAMVVDR for myostatin and IPGMVVDR for GDF-11) were monitored and the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was established at 1.0 ng/mL for myostatin and 0.1 ng/mL for GDF-11. The accuracy was demonstrated with recovery for IPAMVVDR between 99.2% and 103.1% and for IPGMVVDR between 90.3% and 114.5%. The developed hybrid assay exhibits sufficient sensitivity, accuracy and specificity to differentiate between the highly structurally similar myostatin and GDF-11. This analytical approach was successfully applied to a rat toxicology study, and was demonstrated to be a powerful tool for biomarker measurement in the present of a therapeutic agent.
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Zhao Y, Liu G, Yuan X, Gan J, Peterson JE, Shen JX. Strategy for the Quantitation of a Protein Conjugate via Hybrid Immunocapture-Liquid Chromatography with Sequential HRMS and SRM-Based LC-MS/MS Analyses. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5144-5151. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Guowen Liu
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiling Yuan
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jinping Gan
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jon E. Peterson
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jim X. Shen
- Analytical and Bioanalytical
Operations, Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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17
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Alpha-synuclein and iron: two keys unlocking Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:973-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Morbioli GG, Mazzu-Nascimento T, Aquino A, Cervantes C, Carrilho E. Recombinant drugs-on-a-chip: The usage of capillary electrophoresis and trends in miniaturized systems – A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:44-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Xie J, Li S, Mo C, Xiao X, Peng D, Wang G, Xiao Y. Genome and Transcriptome Sequences Reveal the Specific Parasitism of the Nematophagous Purpureocillium lilacinum 36-1. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1084. [PMID: 27486440 PMCID: PMC4949223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a promising nematophagous ascomycete able to adapt diverse environments and it is also an opportunistic fungus that infects humans. A microbial inoculant of P. lilacinum has been registered to control plant parasitic nematodes. However, the molecular mechanism of the toxicological processes is still unclear because of the relatively few reports on the subject. In this study, using Illumina paired-end sequencing, the draft genome sequence and the transcriptome of P. lilacinum strain 36-1 infecting nematode-eggs were determined. Whole genome alignment indicated that P. lilacinum 36-1 possessed a more dynamic genome in comparison with P. lilacinum India strain. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis showed that the P. lilacinum 36-1 had a closer relation to entomophagous fungi. The protein-coding genes in P. lilacinum 36-1 occurred much more frequently than they did in other fungi, which was a result of the depletion of repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses revealed the genes that were involved in pathogenicity, particularly in the recognition, adhesion of nematode-eggs, downstream signal transduction pathways and hydrolase genes. By contrast, certain numbers of cellulose and xylan degradation genes and a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes showed the potential of P. lilacinum 36-1 as an endophyte. Notably, the expression of appressorium-formation and antioxidants-related genes exhibited similar infection patterns in P. lilacinum strain 36-1 to those of the model entomophagous fungi Metarhizium spp. These results uncovered the specific parasitism of P. lilacinum and presented the genes responsible for the infection of nematode-eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Shaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Chenmi Mo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xueqiong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Deliang Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yannong Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
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Talhouk A, Kommoss S, Mackenzie R, Cheung M, Leung S, Chiu DS, Kalloger SE, Huntsman DG, Chen S, Intermaggio M, Gronwald J, Chan FC, Ramus SJ, Steidl C, Scott DW, Anglesio MS. Single-Patient Molecular Testing with NanoString nCounter Data Using a Reference-Based Strategy for Batch Effect Correction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153844. [PMID: 27096160 PMCID: PMC4838303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major weakness in many high-throughput genomic studies is the lack of consideration of a clinical environment where one patient at a time must be evaluated. We examined generalizable and platform-specific sources of variation from NanoString gene expression data on both ovarian cancer and Hodgkin lymphoma patients. A reference-based strategy, applicable to single-patient molecular testing is proposed for batch effect correction. The proposed protocol improved performance in an established Hodgkin lymphoma classifier, reducing batch-to-batch misclassification while retaining accuracy and precision. We suggest this strategy may facilitate development of NanoString and similar molecular assays by accelerating prospective validation and clinical uptake of relevant diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Talhouk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stefan Kommoss
- Department of Women’s Health, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Robertson Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Martin Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Leung
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre (GPEC), Vancouver General Hospital and The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Derek S. Chiu
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Steve E. Kalloger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Pancreas Centre BC, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David G. Huntsman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Genetic Pathology Evaluation Centre (GPEC), Vancouver General Hospital and The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Maria Intermaggio
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Fong C. Chan
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Susan J. Ramus
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David W. Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael S. Anglesio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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LAPORTE-PINFILDI ASDC, ZANGIROLANI LTO, SPINA N, MARTINS PA, MEDEIROS MATD. Atenção nutricional no pré-natal e no puerpério: percepção dos gestores da Atenção Básica à Saúde. REV NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652016000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos gestores quanto à atenção nutricional ao pré-natal e ao puerpério na rede básica de município da Baixada Santista, São Paulo, segundo estrutura e processo. Métodos: Realizou-se censo das 28 unidades básicas da área insular por meio de entrevistas com gestores. Avaliou-se a atenção nutricional segundo infraestrutura, processo de trabalho e vigilância alimentar e nutricional. Resultados: A inserção do nutricionista foi o principal componente insuficiente da dimensão estrutura, interferindo negativamente na atenção nutricional para 60% dos gestores. Encontrou-se baixa conformidade para as seguintes variáveis da dimensão processo: cálculo do índice de massa corporal (35%), acompanhamento do estado nutricional na curva índice de massa corporal/semana gestacional (46%) e realização de aconselhamento nutricional individualizado no pré-natal (14%). Conclusão: A atenção nutricional pré-natal e puerperal é insatisfatória para alcançar a integralidade do cuidado. Faz-se necessário sensibilizar gestores locais e capacitar equipes de saúde para assegurar a efetividade de tais ações em Santos.
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Gong C, Zheng N, Zeng J, Aubry AF, Arnold ME. Post-pellet-digestion precipitation and solid phase extraction: A practical and efficient workflow to extract surrogate peptides for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography--tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis of a therapeutic antibody in the low ng/mL range. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1424:27-36. [PMID: 26525666 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current LC-MS/MS approach for bioanalysis of protein therapeutics requires generating peptides from protein molecules via trypsin digestion, followed by sensitive detection of these surrogate peptides by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). However, the presence of huge amount of matrix-related interference peptides generated from trypsin digestion often causes substantial matrix effect or isobaric interferences during LC-MS/MS analysis. Solid phase extraction (SPE) exhibits great potential in sample extraction to overcome these challenges due to its characteristic features of high selectivity, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness and potential to be automated. Here, we report an effective SPE methodology for the bioanalysis of protein therapeutics involving post-pellet-digestion precipitation and SPE cleanup prior to UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Specifically, proteins in serum samples were first precipitated with methanol to enrich the protein analyte in the pellet prior to trypsin digestion of the pellet (pellet-digestion). The trypsin digest was further processed by a post-pellet-digestion precipitation (second precipitation) to remove matrix-related clog-causing components prior to SPE on OASIS™ MAX (Mixed-Mode Anion-Exchange) SPE plate. This methodology successfully overcame SPE clogging issue and enabled extraction of 100μL of monkey serum on SPE with significant sensitivity improvement to achieve a lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 50ng/mL for a human monoclonal antibody of the IgG4 subclass. This UHPLC-MS/MS assay was validated in a concentration range of 50-5000ng/mL with intra- and inter-assay precisions of within 9.6% CV, and assay accuracy of within ±2.9% Dev of their nominal concentrations. To our best knowledge, this is the pellet digestion with SPE method for LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of a monoclonal antibody for the first time to achieve a LLOQ in the low ng/mL concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Jianing Zeng
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
| | - Anne-Françoise Aubry
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Mark E Arnold
- Analytical & Bioanalytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Park MH, Lee MW, Shin YG. Qualification and application of a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric method for the determination of trastuzumab in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:625-31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ho Park
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 South Korea
| | - Min-Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 South Korea
| | - Young G. Shin
- College of Pharmacy; Chungnam National University; Daejeon 305-764 South Korea
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Hill RC, Oman TJ, Shan G, Schafer B, Eble J, Chen C. Development and Validation of a Multiplexed Protein Quantitation Assay for the Determination of Three Recombinant Proteins in Soybean Tissues by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7450-61. [PMID: 26237374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, traditional immunochemistry technologies such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are the predominant analytical tool used to measure levels of recombinant proteins expressed in genetically engineered (GE) plants. Recent advances in agricultural biotechnology have created a need to develop methods capable of selectively detecting and quantifying multiple proteins in complex matrices because of increasing numbers of transgenic proteins being coexpressed or "stacked" to achieve tolerance to multiple herbicides or to provide multiple modes of action for insect control. A multiplexing analytical method utilizing liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed and validated to quantify three herbicide-tolerant proteins in soybean tissues: aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-12), 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (2mEPSPS), and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). Results from the validation showed high recovery and precision over multiple analysts and laboratories. Results from this method were comparable to those obtained with ELISA with respect to protein quantitation, and the described method was demonstrated to be suitable for multiplex quantitation of transgenic proteins in GE crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Hill
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Trent J Oman
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Guomin Shan
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Barry Schafer
- Dow AgroSciences, LLC , 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
| | - Julie Eble
- Critical Path Services, LLC , 3070 McCann Farm Drive, Garnet Valley, Pennsylvania 19060, United States
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Critical Path Services, LLC , 3070 McCann Farm Drive, Garnet Valley, Pennsylvania 19060, United States
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Bults P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Quantification of biopharmaceuticals and biomarkers in complex biological matrices: a comparison of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and ligand binding assays. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:355-74. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantitation of a protein therapeutic in cynomolgus monkey serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 988:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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An B, Zhang M, Qu J. Toward sensitive and accurate analysis of antibody biotherapeutics by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1858-66. [PMID: 25185260 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable methodological advances in the past decade have expanded the application of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of biotherapeutics. Currently, LC/MS represents a promising alternative or supplement to the traditional ligand binding assay (LBA) in the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and toxicokinetic studies of protein drugs, owing to the rapid and cost-effective method development, high specificity and reproducibility, low sample consumption, the capacity of analyzing multiple targets in one analysis, and the fact that a validated method can be readily adapted across various matrices and species. While promising, technical challenges associated with sensitivity, sample preparation, method development, and quantitative accuracy need to be addressed to enable full utilization of LC/MS. This article introduces the rationale and technical challenges of LC/MS techniques in biotherapeutics analysis and summarizes recently developed strategies to alleviate these challenges. Applications of LC/MS techniques on quantification and characterization of antibody biotherapeutics are also discussed. We speculate that despite the highly attractive features of LC/MS, it will not fully replace traditional assays such as LBA in the foreseeable future; instead, the forthcoming trend is likely the conjunction of biochemical techniques with versatile LC/MS approaches to achieve accurate, sensitive, and unbiased characterization of biotherapeutics in highly complex pharmaceutical/biologic matrices. Such combinations will constitute powerful tools to tackle the challenges posed by the rapidly growing needs for biotherapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo An
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.); New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.); New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.)
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.); New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York (B.A., M.Z., J.Q.)
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Liu G, Zhao Y, Angeles A, Hamuro LL, Arnold ME, Shen JX. A novel and cost effective method of removing excess albumin from plasma/serum samples and its impacts on LC-MS/MS bioanalysis of therapeutic proteins. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8336-43. [PMID: 25083595 DOI: 10.1021/ac501837t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an innovative method to remove albumin from plasma/serum samples for the LC-MS/MS quantitation of therapeutic proteins. Different combinations of organic solvents and acids were screened for their ability to remove albumin from plasma and serum samples. Removal efficiency was monitored by two signature peptides (QTALVELVK and LVNEVTEFAK) from albumin. Isopropanol with 1.0% trichloroacetic acid was found to be the most effective combination to remove albumin while retaining the protein of interest. Our approach was compared with a commercial albumin depletion kit on both efficiency of albumin removal and recovery of target proteins. We have demonstrated that our approach can remove 95% of the total albumin in human plasma samples while retaining close to 100% for two of three therapeutic proteins tested, with the third one at 60-80%. The commercial kit removed 98% of albumin but suffered at least 50% recovery loss for all therapeutic proteins when compared to our approach. Using BMS-C as a probe compound, the incorporation of the albumin removal approach has improved both assay sensitivity and ruggedness, compared to the whole plasma protein digestion approach alone. An LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated based on this new approach for the analysis of BMS-C in monkey serum. This assay was successfully applied to a toxicological study. When the albumin removal method was used in another clinical LC-MS/MS method, the sensitivity improved 10-fold to 50 ng/mL LLOQ comparing to a typical pellet digestion method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Liu
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Co. ; Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Yang W, Kernstock R, Simmons N, Alak A. Guanidinated protein internal standard for immunoaffinity-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry quantitation of protein therapeutics. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1489-1500. [PMID: 24861599 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A protein internal standard (IS) is essential and superior to a peptide IS to achieve reproducible results in the quantitation of protein therapeutics using immunoaffinity-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Guanidination has been used as a protein post-modification technique for more than half a century. A decade ago, the modification was applied to lysine-ending peptides to enhance their MALDI responses and peptide sequencing coverage. However, rarely has tryptic digestion of guanidinated proteins been investigated, likely due to the early conclusion that trypsin did not hydrolyze peptide bonds involving homoarginine in guanidinated proteins. In this study, the opposite was observed. Guanidinated lysine residues of proteins did not hinder the access of trypsin allowing for proteolytic digestion. Based on this observation, a new concept of internal standard, named Guanidinated Protein Internal Standard (GP-IS), was proposed for LC/MS/MS quantitation of protein therapeutics. METHODS The GP-IS is prepared by treating a portion of the therapeutic protein (analyte) with guanidine to convert arginine residues in the protein into homoarginine residues. After tryptic digestion, the GP-IS produces a series of homoarginine-ending peptides plus another series of arginine-ending peptides. One of the homoarginine-ending peptides, which corresponds to the analyte surrogate (lysine-ending) peptide, was chosen as a peptide internal standard (GP-PIS) for LC/MS/MS quantitation. RESULTS Using this GP-IS approach, a sensitive and robust immunoaffinity-LC/MS/MS assay was developed and fully validated with a linearity range from 10 to 1000 ng/mL using 200 μL of human serum for the quantitation of an Astellas protein drug in clinical development. CONCLUSIONS The proposed strategy allows LC/MS/MS to play an ever-increasing role in bioanalytical support for protein therapeutics development because of its capability of completely tracking all variations from the beginning to the end of sample analysis, easier preparation compared to isotope-labeled protein-IS, and greater flexibility for changing to alternate analyte surrogate peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchu Yang
- Bioanalysis-US, Astellas Research Institute of America, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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Zhang H, Xiao Q, Xin B, Trigona W, Tymiak AA, Dongre AR, Olah TV. Development of a highly sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify total and free levels of a target protein, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10, at picomolar levels in human serum. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1535-1543. [PMID: 24861605 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) assays are increasingly being used for absolute quantitation of proteins due to high specificity and low cost. However, the major challenge for the LC/MS method is insufficient sensitivity. This paper details the strategies developed to maximize the sensitivity from aspects of chromatography, mass spectrometry, and sample preparation to achieve a highly sensitive LC/MS method. METHODS The method is based on the LC/MS/MS measurement of a surrogate peptide generated from trypsin digestion of interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). The sample preparation strategy involved selectively extracting IP-10 and removing high-abundance serum proteins through acidified protein precipitation (PPT). It was revealed in this work that these high-abundance serum proteins, if not separated from the protein of interest, could cause significant ionization saturation and high background noise in selected reaction monitoring (SRM), leading to a 100-fold higher lower limit of quantification (LLOQ). RESULTS Our method demonstrated that the acidified PPT could be optimized to selectively extract the protein of interest with full recovery of 97% to 103%, while the high-abundance serum proteins could be effectively removed with minimal matrix effect of 90% to 93%. For the first time, a highly sensitive LC/MS method with a LLOQ of 31.62 pM for the quantitation of IP-10 has been achieved, which is a 100-fold improvement over the generic method. CONCLUSIONS The described method offers excellent sensitivity with advantages of being antibody reagent independent and leads to significant cost and time savings. It has been successfully employed to determine both total and free IP-10 levels in human serum samples. This method development strategy may also be applied to other small proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, 08543, USA
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32
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The integration of ligand binding and LC-MS-based assays into bioanalytical strategies for protein analysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1827-41. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both LBAs and LC–MS-based assays are reviewed and summarized for applications in quantitative protein analysis. A strategy for platform selection is proposed based on several factors that contribute to the complexities of bioanalysis of biologics. Protein types, multiple co-existing forms, post-translational modifications, and affinities to ADA, targets, and endogenous proteins need to be considered when selecting the most appropriate platform. Other factors, such as intended use of data, assay sensitivity, available reagents, and multiple analytes also impact on the choice of bioanalytical platform. At BMS, strategies for the seamless integration of both platforms are being implemented to provide not only PK/PD data of the molecules but also useful information of the amino acid structure and functional relationship of the proteins.
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Hall MP. Biotransformation and in vivo stability of protein biotherapeutics: impact on candidate selection and pharmacokinetic profiling. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1873-80. [PMID: 24947971 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, since the metabolism of administered peptide/protein drugs ("biotherapeutics") has been expected to undergo predictable pathways similar to endogenous proteins, comprehensive biotherapeutic metabolism studies have not been widely reported in the literature. However, since biotherapeutics have rapidly evolved into an impressive array of eclectic modalities, there has been a shift toward understanding the impact of metabolism on biotherapeutic development. For biotherapeutics containing non-native chemical linkers and other moieties besides natural amino acids, metabolism studies are critical as these moieties may impart undesired toxicology. For biotherapeutics that are composed solely of natural amino acids, where end-stage peptide and amino acid catabolites do not generally pose toxicity concerns, the understanding of biotherapeutic biotransformation, defined as in vivo modifications such as peripherally generated intermediate circulating catabolites prior to end-stage degradation or elimination, may impact in vivo stability and potency/clearance. As of yet, there are no harmonized methodologies for understanding biotherapeutic biotransformation and its impact on drug development, nor is there clear guidance from regulatory agencies on how and when these studies should be conducted. This review provides an update on biotherapeutic biotransformation studies and an overview of lessons learned, tools that have been developed, and suggestions of approaches to address issues. Biotherapeutic biotransformation studies, especially for certain modalities, should be implemented at an early stage of development to 1) understand the impact on potency/clearance, 2) select the most stable candidates or direct protein re-engineering efforts, and 3) select the best bioanalytical technique(s) for proper drug quantification and subsequent pharmacokinetic profiling and exposure/response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hall
- Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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LC–MS/MS quantification of next-generation biotherapeutics: a case study for an IgE binding Nanobody in cynomolgus monkey plasma. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1201-13. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanobodies® are therapeutic proteins derived from the smallest functional fragments of heavy chain-only antibodies. The development and validation of an LC–MS/MS-based method for the quantification of an IgE binding Nanobody in cynomolgus monkey plasma is presented. Results: Nanobody quantification was performed making use of a proteotypic tryptic peptide chromatographically enriched prior to LC–MS/MS analysis. The validated LLOQ at 36 ng/ml was measured with an intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy <20%. The required sensitivity could be obtained based on the selectivity of 2D LC combined with MS/MS. No analyte specific tools for affinity purification were used. Plasma samples originating from a PK/PD study were analyzed and compared with the results obtained with a traditional ligand-binding assay. Excellent correlations between the two techniques were obtained, and similar PK parameters were estimated. Conclusion: A 2D LC–MS/MS method was successfully developed and validated for the quantification of a next generation biotherapeutic.
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Onami I, Ayabe M, Murao N, Ishigai M. A versatile method for protein-based antigen bioanalysis in non-clinical pharmacokinetics studies of a human monoclonal antibody drug by an immunoaffinity liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1334:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Application and challenges in using LC–MS assays for absolute quantitative analysis of therapeutic proteins in drug discovery. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:859-79. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As more protein therapeutics enter the drug-discovery pipeline, the traditional ligand-binding assay (LBA) faces additional challenges to meet the rapid and diverse bioanalytical needs in the early drug-discovery stage. The high specificity and sensitivity afforded by LC–MS, along with its rapid method development, is proving invaluable for the analysis of protein therapeutics in support of drug discovery. LC–MS not only serves as a quantitative tool to complement LBA in drug discovery, it also provides structural details at a molecular level, which are used to address issues that cannot be resolved using LBA alone. This review will describe the key benefits and applications, as well as the techniques and challenges for applying LC–MS to support protein quantification in drug discovery.
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Sandra K, Vandenheede I, Sandra P. Modern chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques for protein biopharmaceutical characterization. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:81-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pharmacokinetic studies of protein drugs: past, present and future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1065-73. [PMID: 23541379 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the growing number of therapeutic proteins on the market, there is an emergence of biotherapeutics designed from our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms responsible for their peripheral and tissue pharmacokinetics. Most of them have been optimized to increase their half-life through glycosylation engineering, polyethylene glycol conjugation or Fc fusion. However, our understanding of biological drug behaviors is still its infancy compared to the huge amount of data regarding small molecular weight drugs accumulated over half a century. Unfortunately, therapeutic proteins share few resemblances with these drugs. For instance drug-targeted-mediated disposition, binding to glycoreceptors, lysosomal recycling, large hydrodynamic volume and electrostatic charge are typical critical characteristics that cannot be derived from our anterior knowledge of classical drugs. However, the numerous discoveries made in the two last decades have driven and will continue to drive new options in biochemical engineering and support the design of complex delivery systems. Most of these new developments will be supported by novel analytical methods for assessing in vitro or in vivo metabolism parameters.
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39
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Analysis of biopharmaceutical proteins in biological matrices by LC-MS/MS I. Sample preparation. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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van den Broek I, Niessen WM, van Dongen WD. Bioanalytical LC–MS/MS of protein-based biopharmaceuticals. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 929:161-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry for the bioanalysis of proteins in drug development: Practical considerations in assay development and validation. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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42
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Characterization of critical reagents in ligand-binding assays: enabling robust bioanalytical methods and lifecycle management. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:227-44. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effective management of validated ligand-binding assays used for PK, PD and immunogenicity assessments of biotherapeutics is vital to ensuring robust and consistent assay performance throughout the lifetime of the method. The structural integrity and functional quality of critical reagents is often linked to ligand-binding assay performance; therefore, physicochemical and biophysical characterization coupled with assessment of assay performance can enable the highest degree of reagent quality. The implementation of a systematic characterization process for monitoring critical reagent attributes, utilizing detailed analytical techniques such as LC–MS, can expedite assay troubleshooting and identify deleterious trends. In addition, this minimizes the potential for costly delays in drug development due to reagent instability or batch-to-batch variability. This article provides our perspectives on a proactive critical reagent QC process. Case studies highlight the analytical techniques used to identify chemical and molecular factors and the interdependencies that can contribute to protein heterogeneity and integrity.
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Li H, Ortiz R, Tran L, Hall M, Spahr C, Walker K, Laudemann J, Miller S, Salimi-Moosavi H, Lee JW. General LC-MS/MS Method Approach to Quantify Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Using a Common Whole Antibody Internal Standard with Application to Preclinical Studies. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1267-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202792n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Robert Ortiz
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Linh Tran
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Michael Hall
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Chris Spahr
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Ken Walker
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - John Laudemann
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | - Sterling Miller
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
| | | | - Jean W. Lee
- PKDM and ‡Protein Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
91320, United States
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Wang SJ, Wu ST, Gokemeijer J, Fura A, Krishna M, Morin P, Chen G, Price K, Wang-Iverson D, Olah T, Weiner R, Tymiak A, Jemal M. Attribution of the discrepancy between ELISA and LC-MS/MS assay results of a PEGylated scaffold protein in post-dose monkey plasma samples due to the presence of anti-drug antibodies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1229-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Absolute quantitation of protein therapeutics in biological matrices by enzymatic digestion and LC–MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:2459-80. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of biotechnology has led to an increase in biotherapeutic drugs, especially recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. Ligand-binding assays or immunoassays are the standard methods of choice in pharmacokinetic studies in support of drug discovery and development for protein therapeutics. LC–MS-based methodologies are increasingly used as alternatives to immunoassays for absolute protein quantitation in biological samples. We review recent advancements in absolute quantitation of protein therapeutics in biological matrices by enzymatic digestion and LC–MS.
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Gaso-Sokac D, Kovac S, Clifton J, Josic D. Therapeutic plasma proteins--application of proteomics in process optimization, validation, and analysis of the final product. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1104-17. [PMID: 21544836 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the application of proteomic technology in the monitoring of different steps during the production of therapeutic proteins from human plasma. Recent advances in this technology enable the use of proteomics as an advantageous tool for the validation of already existing processes, the development and fine tuning of new production steps, the characterization and quality control of final products, the detection of both harmful impurities and modifications of the therapeutic protein and the auditing of batch-to-batch variations. Further, use of proteomics for preclinical testing of new products, which can be either recombinant or plasma-derived, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gaso-Sokac
- Department of Chemistry, J. J. Strossmayer Univeristy, Osijek, Croatia
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47
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Liu H, Manuilov AV, Chumsae C, Babineau ML, Tarcsa E. Quantitation of a recombinant monoclonal antibody in monkey serum by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:147-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Wang Y, Lu Q, Wu SL, Karger BL, Hancock WS. Characterization and comparison of disulfide linkages and scrambling patterns in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: using LC-MS with electron transfer dissociation. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3133-40. [PMID: 21428412 DOI: 10.1021/ac200128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The disulfides in three monoclonal antibodies (mAb), the anti-HER2, anti-CD11a, and GLP-1 with IgG4-Fc fusion protein, were completely mapped by LC-MS with the combination of electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. In addition to mapping the 4 inter- and 12 intrachain disulfides (total 16), the identification of scrambled disulfides in degraded samples (heat-stress) was achieved. The scrambling was likely attributed to an initial breakage between the light (Cys 214) and heavy (Cys 223) chains in anti-HER2, with the same observation found in a similar therapeutic mAb, anti-CD11a. On the other hand, the fusion antibody, with no light chain but containing only two heavy chains, generated much less scrambling under the same heat-stressed conditions. The preferred sites of scrambling were identified, such as the intrachain disulfide for CxxC in the heavy chain, and the C194 of the heavy chain pairing with the terminal Cys residue (C214) in the light chain. The interchain disulfides between the light and heavy chains were weaker than the interchain disulfides between the two heavy chains. The relative high abundance ions observed in ETD provided strong evidence for the linked peptide information, which was particularly useful for the identification of the scrambled disulfides. The use of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) helped the separation of these misfolded proteins for the determination of scrambled disulfide linkages. This methodology is useful for comparison of disulfide stability generated from different structural designs and providing a new way to determine the scrambling patterns, which could be applied for those seeking to determine unknown disulfide linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Hall MP, Gegg C, Walker K, Spahr C, Ortiz R, Patel V, Yu S, Zhang L, Lu H, DeSilva B, Lee JW. Ligand-binding mass spectrometry to study biotransformation of fusion protein drugs and guide immunoassay development: strategic approach and application to peptibodies targeting the thrombopoietin receptor. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:576-85. [PMID: 20625864 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of in vivo biotransformation (e.g., proteolysis) of protein therapeutic candidates reveals structural liabilities that impact stability. This information aids the development and confirmation of ligand-binding assays with the required specificity for bioactive moieties (including intact molecule and metabolites) for appropriate PK profiling. Furthermore, the information can be used for re-engineering of constructs to remove in vivo liabilities in order to design the most stable candidates. We have developed a strategic approach of ligand-binding mass spectrometry (LBMS) to study biotransformation of fusion proteins of peptides fused to human Fc ("peptibodies") using anti-human Fc immunoaffinity capture followed by tiered mass spectrometric interrogation. LBMS offers the combined power of selectivity of ligand capture with the specificity and detailed molecular-level information of mass spectrometry. In this paper, we demonstrate the preclinical application of LBMS to three peptibodies, AMG531 (romiplostim), AMG195(linear), and AMG195(loop), that target the thrombopoietin receptor. The data show that ligand capture offers excellent sample cleanup and concentration of intact peptibodies and metabolites for subsequent query by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification of in vivo proteolytic points. Additional higher-resolution analysis by nanoscale liquid chromatography interfaced with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is required for identification of heterogeneous metabolites. Five proteolytic points are accurately identified for AMG531 and two for AMG195(linear), while AMG195(loop) is the most stable construct in rats. We recommend the use of LBMS to assess biotransformation and in vivo stability during early preclinical phase development for all novel fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hall
- Department of PKDM, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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