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Gabler T, Krześniak A, Janik M, Myśliwiec A, Koba M, Buczyńska J, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Smietana M. Electrochemistry in an optical fiber microcavity - optical monitoring of electrochemical processes in picoliter volumes. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2763-2770. [PMID: 34047326 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate a novel method for multi-domain analysis of properties of analytes in volumes as small as picoliters, combining electrochemistry and optical measurements. A microcavity in-line Mach-Zehnder interferometer (μIMZI) obtained in a standard single-mode optical fiber using femtosecond laser micromachining was able to accommodate a microelectrode and optically monitor electrochemical processes inside the fiber. The interferometer shows exceptional sensitivity to changes in the optical properties of analytes in the microcavity. We show that the optical readout follows the electrochemical reactions. Here, the redox probe (ferrocenedimethanol) undergoing reactions of oxidation and reduction changes the optical properties of the analyte (refractive index and absorbance) that are monitored using the μIMZI. Measurements have been supported by numerical analysis of both optical and electrochemical phenomena. On top of the capability of the approach to perform analysis on a microscale, the difference between oxidized and reduced forms in the near-infrared region can be measured using the μIMZI, which is hardly possible using other optical techniques. The proposed multi-domain concept is a promising approach for highly reliable and ultrasensitive chemo- and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gabler
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Krześniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monika Janik
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland. and Gdańsk University of Technology, Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Myśliwiec
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marcin Koba
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland. and National Institute of Telecommunications, Szachowa 1, 04-894 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Buczyńska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Martin Jönsson-Niedziółka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Smietana
- Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland.
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Fu K, Han D, Ma C, Bohn PW. Electrochemistry at single molecule occupancy in nanopore-confined recessed ring-disk electrode arrays. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:51-64. [PMID: 27711896 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical reactions at nanoscale structures possess unique characteristics, e.g. fast mass transport, high signal-to-noise ratio at low concentration, and insignificant ohmic losses even at low electrolyte concentrations. These properties motivate the fabrication of high density, laterally ordered arrays of nanopores, embedding vertically stacked metal-insulator-metal electrode structures and exhibiting precisely controlled pore size and interpore spacing for use in redox cycling. These nanoscale recessed ring-disk electrode (RRDE) arrays exhibit current amplification factors, AFRC, as large as 55-fold with Ru(NH3)62/3+, indicative of capture efficiencies at the top and bottom electrodes, Φt,b, exceeding 99%. Finite element simulations performed to investigate the concentration distribution of redox species and to assess operating characteristics are in excellent agreement with experiment. AFRC increases as the pore diameter, at constant pore spacing, increases in the range 200-500 nm and as the pore spacing, at constant pore diameter, decreases in the range 1000-460 nm. Optimized nanoscale RRDE arrays exhibit a linear current response with concentration ranging from 0.1 μM to 10 mM and a small capacitive current with scan rate up to 100 V s-1. At the lowest concentrations, the average pore occupancy is 〈n〉 ∼ 0.13 molecule establishing productive electrochemical signals at occupancies at and below the single molecule level in these nanoscale RRDE arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Donghoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Chaoxiong Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Paul W Bohn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Fu K, Han D, Ma C, Bohn PW. Ion selective redox cycling in zero-dimensional nanopore electrode arrays at low ionic strength. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5164-5171. [PMID: 28393950 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge characteristics and the electrical double layer (EDL) effect govern the transport of ions into and out of nanopores, producing a permselective concentration polarization, which dominates the electrochemical response of nanoelectrodes in solutions of low ionic strength. In this study, highly ordered, zero-dimensional nanopore electrode arrays (NEAs), with each nanopore presenting a pair of recessed electrodes, were fabricated to couple EDL effects with redox cycling, thereby achieving electrochemical detection with improved sensitivity and selectivity. These NEAs exhibit current amplification as high as 55-fold due to the redox cycling effect, which can be further increased by ∼500-fold upon the removal of the supporting electrolyte. The effect of nanopore geometry, which is a key factor determining the magnitude of the EDL effect, is fully characterized, as is the effect of the magnitude and sign of the charge of the redox-active species. The observed changes in limiting current with the concentration of the supporting electrolyte confirm the accumulation of cations and repulsion of anions in NEAs presenting negative surface charge. Exploiting this principle, dopamine was selectively determined in the presence of a 3000-fold excess of ascorbic acid within the NEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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Zhang FT, Cai LY, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Immobilization-free DNA-based homogeneous electrochemical biosensors. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Freeman CJ, Farghaly AA, Choudhary H, Chavis AE, Brady KT, Reiner JE, Collinson MM. Microdroplet-Based Potentiometric Redox Measurements on Gold Nanoporous Electrodes. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3768-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Freeman
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Farghaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Hajira Choudhary
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
| | - Amy E. Chavis
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Kyle T. Brady
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Joseph E. Reiner
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Maryanne M. Collinson
- Department
of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2006, United States
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Hori N, Chikae M, Kirimura H, Takamura Y. Highly Sensitive Detection using Dual Working Electrode and Concentration Process in Electrochemical Metalloimmunoassay. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang Y, Shan X, Cui F, Li J, Wang S, Tao N. Electrochemical Reactions in Subfemtoliter-Droplets Studied with Plasmonics-Based Electrochemical Current Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 87:494-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Fengjuan Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
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Li T, Dong H, Fu X, He M, Li Y, Hu W. Microelectrode electrochemistry with semiconducting microelectrode chips. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:878-883. [PMID: 24123854 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined semiconducting microelectrodes on silicon chips are prepared for new insights into microelectrode electrochemistry. Unique voltammetric features are observed due to a combined effect of enhanced mass transport from microelectrodes and rectifying nature of the semiconductor-electrolyte interface. The "diffusional independence" of single elements in certain arrays is also carefully studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, PR China
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10
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Rizal B, Archibald MM, Connolly T, Shepard S, Burns MJ, Chiles TC, Naughton MJ. Nanocoax-Based Electrochemical Sensor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10040-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402441x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binod Rizal
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michelle M. Archibald
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Timothy Connolly
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Stephen Shepard
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michael J. Burns
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Thomas C. Chiles
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Michael J. Naughton
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Biology, §Integrated Sciences Cleanroom Facility, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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Flowers PA, Blake DA. Submicroliter Electrochemistry and Spectroelectrochemistry Using Standard Electrodes and a Polymer Electrolyte Salt Bridge. Anal Chem 2013; 85:3059-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303712v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke,
North Carolina 28372-1510, United States
| | - David A. Blake
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of North Carolina at Pembroke, Pembroke,
North Carolina 28372-1510, United States
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12
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Zhang DW, Liu JX, Nie J, Zhou YL, Zhang XX. Micropipet Tip-Based Miniaturized Electrochemical Device Combined with Ultramicroelectrode and Its Application in Immobilization-Free Enzyme Biosensor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2032-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303223u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Wen Zhang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing-Xin Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ji Nie
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ying-Lin Zhou
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
(BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Monitoring oxygen consumption of single mouse embryos using an integrated electrochemical microdevice. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 30:100-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Workman
- Unity Scientific LLC, 117 Old State Rd., Brookfield, Connecticut 06804, and United States National University, 11255 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Barry Lavine
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Ray Chrisman
- Atodyne Technologies, L.L.C., 4699 Pontiac Trail, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Mel Koch
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry (CPAC), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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15
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Abstract
Lithographically fabricated nanostructures appear in an increasingly wide range of scientific fields, and electroanalytical chemistry is no exception. This article introduces lithography methods and provides an overview of the new capabilities and electrochemical phenomena that can emerge in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Rassaei
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Exploration of electrochemical properties in ultrasmall volumes is still an emerging area. It is not only of great importance for the fundamental research, but also endowed with practical significance in the area of bioanalysis and medicine. Microelectrodes with superior electrochemical characteristics and versatile configurations are suitable tools for the investigation in confined geometries, and remarkable progress involving both preparation methods and theoretical interpretation has been made during the last few decades. Despite this success, electrochemical studies in nanoscopic volumes are still highly challenging due to the less predictable situations in very limited spatial and temporal domains, as well as difficulty in micromanipulation at the nanoscale. In this mini-review, we will summarize the main strategies for this topic, briefly look through the recent advances, and specifically introduce the design and application of a new kind of on-chip ultrasmall electrochemical cells based on micro- and nanogap electrodes, which are prepared by photolithographic method with volume ranging from femtolitre to attolitre. Finally, the limits of current systems and the future perspectives of this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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17
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da Silva RAB, Rabelo AC, Munoz RAA, Richter EM. Three-Electrode-Integrated Sensor into a Micropipette Tip. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang Q, Rodríguez-López J, Bard AJ. Evaluation of the Chemical Reactions from Two Electrogenerated Species in Picoliter Volumes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2969-78. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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