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Devers J, Pattison DI, Hansen AB, Christensen JH. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography as a tool for targeted and non-targeted analysis of contaminants of emerging concern in wastewater. Talanta 2025; 282:127032. [PMID: 39406094 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.127032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/20/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater is a major reservoir for chemical contaminants, both anthropogenic and biogenic. Recent chemical and toxicological analysis reveals the abundance and impact of these compounds, often termed contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concurrently, incomplete removal of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants sets a precedent for detailed characterisation and monitoring of such substances. Although liquid chromatography (LC) is frequently used for analysis of CECs in wastewater, gas chromatography (GC) maintains its significance for non-polar to mid-polar analytes. GC offers advantages such as increased separation efficiency, fewer matrix effects, and greater availability and reliability of reference mass spectra compared to LC. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) delivers unmatched peak capacity and separational capabilities, critical in the resolution of diverse compound groups present within wastewater. When coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry, it provides a powerful identification tool with spectral databases and both 1st and 2nd dimensional retention indices, and has allowed for the separation, reliable annotation and characterisation of diverse CECs within wastewater in recent years. Herein, on the basis of recent studies from the last fifteen years, we outline cutting-edge methodologies and strategies for wastewater analysis using GC × GC. This includes sample preparation, derivatization of polar analytes, instrumental setup, and data analysis, ultimately providing the reader a framework for future non-targeted analysis of wastewater and other complex environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Devers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - David I Pattison
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Asger B Hansen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Jan H Christensen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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2
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Cai H, Stearns SD. A fast temperature-programmed second-dimension column for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2435-2446. [PMID: 36449031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The short analysis time and constant temperature environment in the second dimension of two-dimensional comprehensive chromatography frequently causes wraparound problems, especially for complex high boilers. This problem can be solved by temperature programming on the second column, but since this requires heating and cooling the column in a matter of seconds, it is difficult to implement. In this study, we describe a method of accomplishing rapid heating and cooling with a resistively heated column cooled by compressed air. Critical to this method is minimizing the lag time between the actual temperature and the reported temperature by using the column heating element as the temperature sensor, virtually eliminating the danger of overshooting the temperature setpoint. This technique facilitates a ramp rate of up to 100 °C/s with minimal overshooting-well beyond the requirements of gas chromatography. A single-layer column bundle design allows a compressed-air cooling device to cool the column from 200 to 50 °C at an average rate of -21 °C/s. The secondary dimension temperature programming is facilitated by the longer secondary dimension time made possible by the direct flow modulation method. We evaluated the performance of the single-layer column bundle and demonstrated this method by applying it to a gasoline sample. We also compared this method with the traditional isothermal approach and found that use of the secondary temperature program reduced the naphthalene retention time from 12.1 to 6.3 s and its peak width at half height from 846 to 126 ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Cai
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA.
| | - Stanley D Stearns
- Valco Instruments Co. Inc., 8300 Waterbury Dr., Houston, TX, 77055, USA
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3
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Trinklein TJ, Synovec RE. Simulating comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry data with realistic run-to-run shifting to evaluate the robustness of tile-based Fisher ratio analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1677:463321. [PMID: 35853427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data has the potential to be hindered by run-to-run retention time shifting. To address this challenge, tile-based Fisher ratio (F-ratio) analysis (FRA) has been developed, which utilizes a supervised, untargeted approach involving a chromatographic segmentation routine termed "tiling" combined with the ANOVA F-ratio statistic to discover class-distinguishing analytes while minimizing false positives arising from shifting. The tiling algorithm is designed to account for retention shifting in both separation dimensions. Although applications of FRA have been reported, there remains a need to thoroughly evaluate the robustness of FRA for different levels of run-to-run retention shifting in order to broaden the scope of its application. To this end, a novel method of simulating GC×GC-TOFMS chromatograms with realistic run-to-run shifting is presented by random generation of low-frequency "shift functions". The dimensionless retention-time precision, <δr>, which is four times the standard deviation in retention time normalized to the peak width-at-base is used as a key modeling variable along with the 2D chromatographic saturation, αe,2D, and within-class relative standard deviation in peak area, RSDwc. We demonstrate that all three of these variables operate together to impact true positive discovery. To quantify the "success" of true positive discovery, GC×GC-TOFMS datasets for various combinations of <δr>, αe,2D, and RSDwc were simulated and then analyzed by FRA using a wide range of relative tile areas (RTA), which is a dimensionless measure of tile size. Since each hit in the FRA hit list was known a priori as either a true or false positive based on the simulation inputs, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were readily constructed. Then, the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) was used as a metric for discovery "success" for various combinations of the modeling variables. Based on the results of this study, recommendations for tile size selection and experimental design are provided, and further supported by comparison to previous tile-based FRA applications. For instance, values for <δr>, αe,2D, and RSDwc obtained from a GC×GC-TOFMS dataset of yeast metabolites suggested an optimum RTA of 6.25, corresponding closely to the RTA of 4.00 employed in the study, implying the simulation results obtained here can be generalized to real datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Trinklein
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Robert E Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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4
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Exploring the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Volatilome by Adding Extra Dimensions to Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Featuring Tandem Ionization: Validation of Ripening Markers in Headspace Linearity Conditions. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:274-287. [PMID: 34020455 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) combined with time-of-flight (TOF) MS is the most informative analytical approach for chemical characterization of the complex food volatilome. Key analytical features include separation power and resolution enhancement, improved sensitivity, and structured separation patterns from chemically correlated analytes. OBJECTIVE In this study, we explore the complex extra-virgin olive oil volatilome by combining headspace (HS) solid-phase microextraction (SPME), applied under HS linearity conditions to GC×GC-TOF MS and featuring hard and soft ionization in tandem. METHOD Multiple analytical dimensions are combined in a single run and evaluated in terms of chemical dimensionality, method absolute and relative sensitivity, identification reliability provided by spectral signatures acquired at 70 and 12 eV, and dynamic and linear range of response provided by soft ionization. RESULTS Method effectiveness is validated on a sample set of oils from Picual olives at different ripening stages. Ripening markers [3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (RS/SR), 3,4-diethyl-1,5-hexadiene (meso), (5Z)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (5E)-3-ethyl-1,5-octadiene, (E, Z)-3,7-decadiene and (E, E)-3,7-decadiene, (Z)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-pentenal, (Z)-2-pentenal, 1-pentanol, 1-penten-3-ol, 3-pentanone, and 1-penten-3-one] and quality indexes [(Z)-3-hexenal/nonanal, (Z)-3-hexenal/octane, (E)-2-pentenal/nonanal, and (E)-2-pentenal/octane] are confirmed for their validity in HS linearity conditions. CONCLUSIONS For the complex olive oil volatilome, the proposed approach offers concrete advantages for the validation of the informative role of existing analytes while suggesting new potential markers to be studied in larger sample sets. HIGHLIGHTS The accurate fingerprinting of volatiles by HS-SPME operating in HS linearity conditions followed by GC×GC-TOF MS featuring tandem ionization gives the opportunity to improve the quality of analytical data and reliability of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA.,University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Computer Science and Engineering Department, 256 Avery Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image LLC, 201 N 8th Street Unit 420, Lincoln, NE 68508, USA
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Robbat A, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Untargeted approaches in food-omics: The potential of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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6
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Stilo F, Bicchi C, Jimenez-Carvelo AM, Cuadros-Rodriguez L, Reichenbach SE, Cordero C. Chromatographic fingerprinting by comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography: Fundamentals and tools. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Climate and Processing Effects on Tea ( Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Metabolome: Accurate Profiling and Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102447. [PMID: 32456315 PMCID: PMC7288030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study applied an untargeted–targeted (UT) fingerprinting approach, based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOF MS), to assess the effects of rainfall and temperature (both seasonal and elevational) on the tea metabolome. By this strategy, the same compound found in multiple samples need only to be identified once, since chromatograms and mass spectral features are aligned in the data analysis process. Primary and specialized metabolites of leaves from two Chinese provinces, Yunnan (pu′erh) and Fujian (oolong), and a farm in South Carolina (USA, black tea) were studied. UT fingerprinting provided insight into plant metabolism activation/inhibition, taste and trigeminal sensations, and antioxidant properties, not easily attained by other analytical approaches. For example, pu′erh and oolong contained higher relative amounts of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars. Conversely, black tea contained less of all targeted compounds except fructose and glucose, which were more similar to oolong tea. Findings revealed compounds statistically different between spring (pre-monsoon) and summer (monsoon) in pu′erh and oolong teas as well as compounds that exhibited the greatest variability due to seasonal and elevational differences. The UT fingerprinting approach offered unique insights into how differences in growing conditions and commercial processing affect the nutritional benefits and sensory characteristics of tea beverages.
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9
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Impact of sample dimensionality on orthogonality metrics in comprehensive two-dimensional separations. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:138-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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10
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Stilo F, Liberto E, Reichenbach SE, Tao Q, Bicchi C, Cordero C. Untargeted and Targeted Fingerprinting of Extra Virgin Olive Oil Volatiles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry: Challenges in Long-Term Studies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5289-5302. [PMID: 30994349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection (GC × GC-MS) offers an information-rich basis for effective chemical fingerprinting of food. However, GC × GC-MS yields 2D-peak patterns (i.e., sample 2D fingerprints) whose consistency may be affected by variables related to either the analytical platform or to the experimental parameters adopted for the analysis. This study focuses on the complex volatile fraction of extra-virgin olive oil and addresses 2D-peak patterns variations, including MS signal fluctuations, as they may occur in long-term studies where pedo-climatic, harvest year, or shelf life changes are studied. The 2D-pattern misalignments are forced by changing chromatographic settings and MS acquisition. All procedural steps, preceding pattern recognition by template matching, are analyzed and a rational workflow defined to accurately realign patterns and analytes metadata. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection threshold, reference spectra extraction, and similarity match factor threshold are critical to avoid false-negative matches. Distance thresholds and polynomial transform parameters are key for effective template matching. In targeted analysis (supervised workflow) with optimized parameters, method accuracy reaches 92.5% (i.e., % of true-positive matches) while for combined untargeted and targeted ( UT) fingerprinting (unsupervised workflow), accuracy reaches 97.9%. Response normalization also is examined, evidencing good performance of multiple internal standard normalization that effectively compensates for discriminations occurring during injection of highly volatile compounds. The resulting workflow is simple, effective, and time efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Stilo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Erica Liberto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Stephen E Reichenbach
- Computer Science and Engineering Department , University of Nebraska , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Qingping Tao
- GC Image, LLC , Lincoln , Nebraska 68508 , United States
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
| | - Chiara Cordero
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Torino , Turin I-10125 , Italy
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11
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Cordero C, Kiefl J, Reichenbach SE, Bicchi C. Characterization of odorant patterns by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: A challenge in omic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Strączyński G, Ligor T. Comprehensive Gas Chromatography: Food and Metabolomocs Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 48:176-185. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1390426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska, Toruń, Poland
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13
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Lim H, Ahmed TM, Bergvall C, Westerholm R. Automated clean-up, separation and detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter extracts using a 2D-LC/2D-GC system: a method translation from two FIDs to two MS detectors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5619-5629. [PMID: 28741108 PMCID: PMC5583270 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An online two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography/2D gas chromatography system with two mass-selective detectors has been developed on the basis of a previous system with two flame ionization detectors. The method translation involved the change of carrier gas from hydrogen to helium, column dimension and detectors. The 2D system with two mass-selective detectors was validated with use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standards and two standard reference materials from air and diesel exhaust. Furthermore, the system was applied to a real sample, wood smoke particulates. The PAH values determined correlated well with the previous data and those from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The system enhanced the benefits of the previous system, which were limited by the low detectability and lack of mass selectivity. This study shows an automated 2D system that is valid for PAH analysis of complex environmental samples directly from crude extracts. Graphical Abstract Schematic illustration showing on-line clean-up, separation and detection using 2D-LC/2D-GC/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Trifa M Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Livsmedelsverket, Box 622, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Limnology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Jáčová J, Gardlo A, Friedecký D, Adam T, Dimandja JMD. Sample-independent approach to normalize two-dimensional data for orthogonality evaluation using whole separation space scaling. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1511:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Retention modeling and retention time prediction in gas chromatography and flow-modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: The contribution of pressure on solute partition. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1485:101-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Nan H, Zhang C, O’Brien RA, Benchea A, Davis JH, Anderson JL. Lipidic ionic liquid stationary phases for the separation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1481:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Li C, Wang D, Li N, Luo Q, Xu X, Wang Z. Identifying unknown by-products in drinking water using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry and in silico toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:535-543. [PMID: 27567153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Improvements in extraction and detection technologies have increased our abilities to identify new disinfection by-products (DBPs) over the last 40 years. However, most previous studies combined DBP identification and measurement efforts with toxicology to address concerns on a few expected DBPs, making it difficult to better define the health risk from the individual DBPs. In this study, a nontargeted screening method involving comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC × GC-qMS) combined with OECD QSAR Toolbox Ver. 3.2 was developed for identifying and prioritizing of volatile and semi-volatile DBPs in drinking water. The method was successfully applied to analyze DBPs formed during chlorination, chloramination or ozonation of the raw water. Over 500 compounds were tentatively identified in each sample, showing the superior performance of this analytical technique. A total of 170 volatile and semi-volatile DBPs representing fourteen chemical classes were then identified, according to the criteria that the DBP was presented in the duplicate treated samples. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the DBPs were evaluated using Toolbox, and 58 DBPs were found to be actual or potential genotoxicants. The accuracy of the compound identification was determined by comparing 47 identified compounds with commercially available standards. About 90% (41 of the 47) of the compounds that were automatically identified using the library were correct. The results show that GC×GC-qMS coupled with a quantitative structure-activity relationship model is a powerful and fast nontargeted screening technique for compounds. The method and results provide us a new idea for identification and prioritization of DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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Strozier ED, Mooney DD, Friedenberg DA, Klupinski TP, Triplett CA. Use of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Detection and Random Forest Pattern Recognition Techniques for Classifying Chemical Threat Agents and Detecting Chemical Attribution Signatures. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7068-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich D. Strozier
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505
King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - Douglas D. Mooney
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505
King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
- Early Moon, LLC, 1391 West
Fifth Avenue, Suite 423, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - David A. Friedenberg
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505
King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | | | - Cheryl A. Triplett
- Battelle Memorial Institute, 505
King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
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19
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Geiger M, Bowser MT. Effect of Fluorescent Labels on Peptide and Amino Acid Sample Dimensionality in Two Dimensional nLC × μFFE Separations. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2177-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Geiger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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20
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Žáček P, Kindl J, Frišonsová K, Průchová M, Votavová A, Hovorka O, Kovalczuk T, Valterová I. Biosynthetic Studies of the Male Marking Pheromone in Bumblebees by Using Labelled Fatty Acids and Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Mass Detection. Chempluschem 2015; 80:839-850. [PMID: 31973346 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC) coupled with mass detection was used as a tool for biosynthetic studies of bumblebee pheromones. Prior to biosynthetic experiments, the chromatographic behaviour of isotopically modified esters in the GC×GC system as well as their behaviour in mass detection was studied. The male marking pheromones of Bombus lucorum, Bombus lapidarius and Bombus terrestris were investigated. Main pheromonal components are ethyl tetradec-9-enoate (53 %) and ethyl dodecanoate (6 %) in B. lucorum, hexadec-9-en-1-ol (52 %) and hexadecan-1-ol (31 %) in B. lapidarius, and 2,3-dihydrofarnesol (58 %) and ethyl dodecanoate (15 %) in B. terrestris. The research strategy was based on 1) in vivo incubation of isotopically (2 H, 13 C) modified fatty acids (FAs) and analysis of their metabolites and 2) feeding experiments with 2 H- and 13 C-labelled FAs mixed with food. It was observed that labelled FAs were modified into the most abundant aliphatic compounds present in labial gland secretions. In feeding experiments, the labelled FAs were transformed into pheromone components. Transport of the FA precursors from the fat body through haemolymph was confirmed. The results show that FAs, stored in the form of triacylglycerols in the fat body, are likely to participate in the biosynthesis of some aliphatic pheromone components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Žáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic).,Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 8, 128 40 Prague 2 (Czech Republic)
| | - Jiří Kindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Kateřina Frišonsová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Markéta Průchová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Alena Votavová
- Agricultural Research, Zahradní 1, 66441 Troubsko (Czech Republic)
| | - Oldřich Hovorka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Tomáš Kovalczuk
- LECO Corp., Applicat. Lab. Prague, Sokolovská 219, 190 00 Prague 9 (Czech Republic)
| | - Irena Valterová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
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21
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GC × GC–TOFMS and supervised multivariate approaches to study human cadaveric decomposition olfactive signatures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4767-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8683-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Bioassay-Guided Separation and Identification of a New Anti-Lung Cancer Compound from Cordyceps militaris by Means of Off-Line Two-Dimensional Preparative Chromatography, Real-Time Cell Analysis, and X-ray Single-Crystal Diffraction. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Pauli GF, Chen SN, Simmler C, Lankin DC, Gödecke T, Jaki BU, Friesen JB, McAlpine JB, Napolitano JG. Importance of purity evaluation and the potential of quantitative ¹H NMR as a purity assay. J Med Chem 2014; 57:9220-31. [PMID: 25295852 PMCID: PMC4255677 DOI: 10.1021/jm500734a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
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In any biomedical and chemical context,
a truthful description of chemical constitution requires coverage
of both structure and purity. This qualification affects all drug
molecules, regardless of development stage (early discovery to approved
drug) and source (natural product or synthetic). Purity assessment
is particularly critical in discovery programs and whenever
chemistry is linked with biological and/or therapeutic outcome. Compared
with chromatography and elemental analysis, quantitative NMR (qNMR)
uses nearly universal detection and provides a versatile and orthogonal
means of purity evaluation. Absolute qNMR with flexible calibration
captures analytes that frequently escape detection (water, sorbents).
Widely accepted structural NMR workflows require minimal or no adjustments
to become practical 1H qNMR (qHNMR) procedures with simultaneous
qualitative and (absolute) quantitative capability. This study reviews
underlying concepts, provides a framework for standard qHNMR purity
assays, and shows how adequate accuracy and precision are achieved
for the intended use of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy and ‡Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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24
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Májek P, Krupčík J, Gorovenko R, Špánik I, Sandra P, Armstrong DW. Computerized optimization of flows and temperature gradient in flow modulated comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1349:135-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Chin ST, Marriott PJ. Multidimensional gas chromatography beyond simple volatiles separation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8819-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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26
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Interpretation of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography data using advanced chemometrics. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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28
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. Die umfassende zweidimensionale Gaschromatographie - eine neue Dimension für analytische Trennwissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Meinert C, Meierhenrich UJ. A New Dimension in Separation Science: Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10460-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Mostafa A, Edwards M, Górecki T. Optimization aspects of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1255:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Manzano C, Hoh E, Simonich SLM. Improved separation of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures using novel column combinations in GC × GC/ToF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:7677-84. [PMID: 22769970 PMCID: PMC3423902 DOI: 10.1021/es301790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are difficult to resolve because of the high degree of overlap in compound vapor pressures, boiling points, and mass spectral fragmentation patterns. The objective of this research was to improve the separation of complex PAH mixtures (including 97 different parent, alkyl-, nitro-, oxy-, thio-, chloro-, bromo-, and high molecular weight PAHs) using GC × GC/ToF-MS by maximizing the orthogonality of different GC column combinations and improving the separation of PAHs from the sample matrix interferences, including unresolved complex mixtures (UCM). Four different combinations of nonpolar, polar, liquid crystal, and nanostationary phase columns were tested. Each column combination was optimized and evaluated for orthogonality using a method based on conditional entropy that considers the quantitative peak distribution in the entire 2D space. Finally, an atmospheric particulate matter with diameter <2.5 μm (PM(2.5)) sample from Beijing, China, a soil sample from St. Maries Creosote Superfund Site, and a sediment sample from the Portland Harbor Superfund Site were analyzed for complex mixtures of PAHs. The highest chromatographic resolution, lowest synentropy, highest orthogonality, and lowest interference from UCM were achieved using a 10 m × 0.15 mm × 0.10 μm LC-50 liquid crystal column in the first dimension and a 1.2 m × 0.10 mm × 0.10 μm NSP-35 nanostationary phase column in the second dimension. In addition, the use of this column combination in GC × GC/ToF-MS resulted in significantly shorter analysis times (176 min) for complex PAH mixtures compared to 1D GC/MS (257 min), as well as potentially reduced sample preparation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Manzano
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Corresponding Author (, fax: 541-737-0497)
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32
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Venkatramani CJ, Wigman L, Mistry K, Chetwyn N. Simultaneous, sequential quantitative achiral-chiral analysis by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1748-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry Wigman
- Small Molecules Pharmaceutical Science; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Kavita Mistry
- Technical Regulatory; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
| | - Nicholas Chetwyn
- Small Molecules Pharmaceutical Science; Genentech Inc.; South San Francisco CA USA
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33
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Hantao LW, Aleme HG, Pedroso MP, Sabin GP, Poppi RJ, Augusto F. Multivariate curve resolution combined with gas chromatography to enhance analytical separation in complex samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 731:11-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Carr P, Davis J, Rutan S, Stoll D. Principles of Online Comprehensive Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2012; 50:139-235. [DOI: 10.1201/b11636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Application of GC–TOFMS for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Grapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53810-9.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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Omais B, Courtiade M, Charon N, Ponthus J, Thiébaut D. Considerations on Orthogonality Duality in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography. Anal Chem 2011; 83:7550-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Didier Thiébaut
- ESPCI, PECSA UMR CNRS 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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37
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography applied to illicit drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2361-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Muscalu AM, Reiner EJ, Liss SN, Chen T, Ladwig G, Morse D. A routine accredited method for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, chlorobenzenes and screening of other halogenated organics in soil, sediment and sludge by GCxGC-μECD. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2403-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Osiri JK, Shadpour H, Witek MA, Soper SA. Integrated multifunctional microfluidics for automated proteome analyses. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 304:261-94. [PMID: 21678138 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is a challenging field for realizing totally integrated microfluidic systems for complete proteome processing due to several considerations, including the sheer number of different protein types that exist within most proteomes, the large dynamic range associated with these various protein types, and the diverse chemical nature of the proteins comprising a typical proteome. For example, the human proteome is estimated to have >10(6) different components with a dynamic range of >10(10). The typical processing pipeline for proteomics involves the following steps: (1) selection and/or extraction of the particular proteins to be analyzed; (2) multidimensional separation; (3) proteolytic digestion of the protein sample; and (4) mass spectral identification of either intact proteins (top-down proteomics) or peptide fragments generated from proteolytic digestions (bottom-up proteomics). Although a number of intriguing microfluidic devices have been designed, fabricated and evaluated for carrying out the individual processing steps listed above, work toward building fully integrated microfluidic systems for protein analysis has yet to be realized. In this chapter, information will be provided on the nature of proteomic analysis in terms of the challenges associated with the sample type and the microfluidic devices that have been tested to carry out individual processing steps. These include devices such as those for multidimensional electrophoretic separations, solid-phase enzymatic digestions, and solid-phase extractions, all of which have used microfluidics as the functional platform for their implementation. This will be followed by an in-depth review of microfluidic systems, which are defined as units possessing two or more devices assembled into autonomous systems for proteome processing. In addition, information will be provided on the challenges involved in integrating processing steps into a functional system and the approaches adopted for device integration. In this chapter, we will focus exclusively on the front-end processing microfluidic devices and systems for proteome processing, and not on the interface technology of these platforms to mass spectrometry due to the extensive reviews that already exist on these types of interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Osiri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70817, USA
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40
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Piccolo L, Nassreddine S, Toussaint G, Geantet C. Discussion on “A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry approach for identification of C10 derivatives from decalin” by C. Flego, N. Gigantiello, W.O. Parker, Jr., V. Calemma [J. Chromatogr. A 1216 (2009) 2891]. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5872-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Zapadlo M, Krupčík J, Májek P, Armstrong DW, Sandra P. Use of a polar ionic liquid as second column for the comprehensive two-dimensional GC separation of PCBs. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5859-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Ding K, Xu Y, Wang H, Duan C, Guan Y. A vacuum assisted dynamic evaporation interface for two-dimensional normal phase/reverse phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5477-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Convex hull: A new method to determine the separation space used and to optimize operating conditions for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5449-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Comprehensive multidimensional separation methods by hyphenation of single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPI-TOF-MS) with GC and GC×GC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1435-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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45
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Zhu S. Effect of column combinations on two-dimensional separation in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Estimation of orthogonality and exploring of mechanism. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3312-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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46
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Analysis of organic compounds of water-in-crude oil emulsions separated by microwave heating using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2860-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/04/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Chapter 2 Basic Instrumentation for GC×GC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(09)05502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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48
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Wellner EF, Kalish H. A chip-based immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis assay for assessing hormones in human biological fluids. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3477-83. [PMID: 18651671 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A chip-based capillary electrophoresis system has been designed for assessing the concentrations of four hormones in whole human blood, saliva, and urine. The desired analytes were isolated by immunoextraction using a panel of four analyte-specific antibodies immobilized onto a glass fiber insert within the injection port of the chip. Following extraction, the captured analytes were labeled prior to electro-elution into the chip separation channel, where they were resolved into four individual peaks in circa 2 min. Quantification of each peak was achieved by on-line LIF detection and integration of the area under each peak. Comparison to commercial high-sensitivity immunoassays demonstrated that the chip-based assay provided fast, accurate, and precise measurements for the analytes under investigation. As the availability of commercially available antibodies rapidly expands, the application of this system will greatly increase. Chip-based CE separations of multiple analytes from a single sample also provide a significant advantage in the analysis of small samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Wellner
- Nanoscale Immunodiagnostics, Laboratory of Bioengineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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49
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Osiri JK, Shadpour H, Park S, Snowden BC, Chen ZY, Soper SA. Generating high peak capacity 2-D maps of complex proteomes using PMMA microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4984-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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50
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Cordero C, Bicchi C, Galli M, Galli S, Rubiolo P. Evaluation of different internal-diameter column combinations in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in flavour and fragrance analysis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3437-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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