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Valdez CA, Salazar EP, Leif RN. Trimethyloxonium-mediated methylation strategies for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of chlorinated phenols in various soils by electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1401. [PMID: 35082365 PMCID: PMC8792036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05463-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient methylation of a panel of five industrial and environmentally-relevant chlorophenols (CPs) employing trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate (TMO) for their qualitative detection and identification by electron impact gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (EI-GC–MS) is presented. The protocol’s execution is simple and smoothly converts the phenols into their O-methylated counterparts conveniently at ambient temperature. The efficiency of two versions of the protocol was successfully tested in their ability to simultaneously derivatize five CPs (2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol and triclosan) in six distinct, separate soil matrices (Nebraska EPA standard soil, Virginia Type A soil, Ottawa sand, Baker sand, Silt and Georgia EPA standard soil) when present at low levels (~ 10 μgg−1). The first version involves the direct derivatization of the spiked soils with the methylating salt while the second one involves an initial soil extraction step of the CPs followed by methylation. The MDL values for each methylated CP were determined and lower values were found (4.1–13.2 ng.mL−1) for both sand matrices (Ottawa and Baker) as well as for the Georgia EPA standard soil, while larger values (8.2–21.8 ng.mL−1) were found for the Virginia Type soil, Nebraska EPA standard soil and Silt. The presented protocol offers a safer and more practical alternative to the universally employed diazomethane method and can be readily applicable to matrices other than soils. Furthermore, the protocols described herein may find applicability to the methylation of other analytes bearing acidic protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Valdez
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA. .,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA. .,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
| | - Edmund P Salazar
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Roald N Leif
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.,Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division, L-090, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
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del Valle JM, Martín Á, Cocero MJ, de la Fuente JC, de la Cruz - Quiroz R. Supercritical CO2 extraction of solids using aqueous ethanol as static modifier is a two-step mass transfer process. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Naeeni MH, Yamini Y, Rezaee M, Seidi S. Microwave-assisted extraction combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a new approach to determination of chlorophenols in soil and sediments. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2469-75. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran; Iran
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Cerón I, Higuita J, Cardona C. Design and analysis of antioxidant compounds from Andes Berry fruits (Rubus glaucus Benth) using an enhanced-fluidity liquid extraction process with CO2 and ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Llorca-Pórcel J, Martínez-Parreño M, Martínez-Soriano E, Valor I. Analysis of chlorophenols, bisphenol-A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenols in soil by means of ultrasonic solvent extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction with in situ derivatisation. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:5955-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tölgyessy P, Vrana B, Bartal M, Krascsenits Z, Šilhárová K. Determination of Chlorophenols in Sediments Using Ultrasonic Solvent Extraction Followed by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Coupled to TD-GC-MS. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang JS, Jeong JH, Lee DW, Chang YS. EFFECT OF SOLVENT AND TEMPERATURE ON EXTRACTION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS FROM FLY ASH. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100106950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - J. H. Jeong
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - D. W. Lee
- b Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Y.-S. Chang
- c School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyoungbuk, 790-784, Korea
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Yang JS, Kim DH, Lee DW, Chang YS. EFFECT OF SOLVENT ON EXTRACTION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXINS FROM CHARCOAL. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - D. H. Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
- b Division of Chemical Metrology and Materials Evaluation , Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , P. O. Box 102, Daeduk Science Town, Daejon, 305-606, Korea
| | - D. W. Lee
- c Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Y.-S. Chang
- d School of Environmental Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology , San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Ky., 790-784, U.S.A
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Yang JS, Kim WS, Lee DW, Yu EK. ENHANCED-FLUIDITY LIQUID EXTRACTION OF PCBs AND PCDDs FROM FLY ASH. EFFECT OF STATIC/DYNAMIC MODIFICATION AND FLOW RATE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100103425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Yang
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul , 120-749 , Korea
| | - W.-S. Kim
- a Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul , 120-749 , Korea
| | - D. W. Lee
- b Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul , 120-749 , Korea
| | - E. K. Yu
- c Department of Chemistry , Sejong University , Seoul , 143-747 , Korea
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Charles PT, Dingle BM, Van Bergen S, Gauger PR, Patterson CH, Kusterbeck AW. Enhanced biosensor performance for on-site field analysis of explosives in water using solid-phase extraction membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/fact.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Arce L, Lista AG, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. SCREENING OF POLYPHENOLS IN GRAPE MARC BY ON-LINE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION–FLOW THROUGH SENSOR. ANAL LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/al-100104920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
The presence of H2O and CO2 in enhanced-fluidity liquids changes the pH in these mixtures due to the formation of carbonic acid. The acid-base equilibria in enhanced-fluidity liquids will also be affected by the reduction in the dielectric constant with the addition of CO2. The pH of enhanced-fluidity liquid mixtures at room temperature was determined from the UV/visible absorption spectra of several pH indicators. pH values of methanol/H2O/CO2 mixtures with CO2 proportions as high as 19.2 mol% are reported. The effect of adding buffer to methanol/H2O/CO2 mixtures on pH was also studied. It was also shown that pressure variation did not significantly influence the pH of enhanced-fluidity liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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15
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Attics as archives for house infiltrating pollutants: trace elements and pesticides in attic dust and soil from southern Nevada and Utah. Microchem J 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0026-265x(99)00018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The last 20 years have seen an intense interest in the use of supercritical fluids in separation science. This started with the introduction of commercial instruments first for packed and then for capillary chromatography and it looked as if this would be a technique to rival gas-liquid chromatography and HPLC. The activity developed quite rapidly into packed column supercritical fluid separations then into supercritical fluid extraction. However, in recent years there has been a decline in publications. These later techniques continue to be used but are now principally applied to a limited group of applications where they offer significant advantages over alternative techniques. This review looks back over this period and analyses how these methods were developed and the fluids, detectors and applications that were examined. It suggests why many of the initial applications have vanished and why the initial apparent promise was not fulfilled. The rise and fall of supercritical fluids represents a lesson in the way analysts approach new techniques and how we might view other new separation developments at the end of this millennium. The review looks forward to the future of supercritical fluids and their role at the end of the first century of separation science. Probably the most important idea that supercritical fluids have brought to separation science is a recognition that there is unity in the separation methods and that a continuum exists from gases to liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leics, UK.
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17
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Analysis of atmospheric semi-volatile organic pollutants by adsorptiveenrichment and off-line supercritical fluid extraction—Gas chromatography. Chromatographia 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Crespín MA, Gallego M, Valcarcel M. A Semiautomatic Module for the Direct Leaching and Determination of Sixteen Phenols in Agricultural Soils. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac981289u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Crespín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Miguel Valcarcel
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain
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Santos FJ, Jáuregui O, Pinto FJ, Galceran MT. Experimental design approach for the optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of chlorophenols from polluted soils. J Chromatogr A 1998; 823:249-58. [PMID: 9818405 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction and liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection (LC-ECD) were used to the determination of chlorophenols in contaminated soil samples. Full factorial design experiments were used in order to optimize the extraction parameters: pressure, extraction cell temperature and percentage of modifier. Pressure and percentage of modifier (methanol) had statistically significant effects on the recovery of the chlorophenols. Good repeatability (4.9-11.8%) and reproducibility (4.9-12.5%) were achieved and low detection limits (3-150 ng g-1) were obtained. The method was validated by comparing the results with those obtained in a European intercomparison exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Santos
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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Luque de Castro M, Garcı́a-Ayuso L. Soxhlet extraction of solid materials: an outdated technique with a promising innovative future. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00233-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Chester
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - J. D. Pinkston
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
| | - D. E. Raynie
- Miami Valley Laboratories, The Procter & Gamble Company, P.O. Box 538707, Cincinnati, Ohio 45253-8707
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García-Ayuso LE, Sánchez M, Fernández de Alba A, Luque de Castro MD. Focused Microwave-Assisted Soxhlet: An Advantageous Tool for Sample Extraction. Anal Chem 1998; 70:2426-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9711044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. E. García-Ayuso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain, Agrarian Laboratory of Córdoba, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M. Sánchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain, Agrarian Laboratory of Córdoba, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - A. Fernández de Alba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain, Agrarian Laboratory of Córdoba, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M. D. Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Córdoba, E-14004 Córdoba, Spain, Agrarian Laboratory of Córdoba, Junta de Andalucía, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain
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Yuan H, Olesik SV. Comparison of Reversed-Phase HPLC Separation Using Carbon Dioxide and Fluoroform for Enhanced-Fluidity Liquid Mobile Phases. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970978n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Yuan H, Olesik SV. Supercritical fluid and enhanced-fluidity liquid extraction of phenolics from river sediment. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Reighard TS, Olesik SV. Extraction of Phenoxyacid Herbicides from House Dust Using Methanol/CO2 Mixtures. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9605399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tricia S. Reighard
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Susan V. Olesik
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Reighard TS, Olesik SV. Bridging the Gap Between Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Liquid Extraction Techniques: Alternative Approaches to the Extraction of Solid and Liquid Environmental Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10408349608050568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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