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Aita S, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Montone CM, Taglioni E, Capriotti AL. Untargeted Analysis of Short-Chain Peptides in Urine Samples Short Peptides Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2745:31-43. [PMID: 38060178 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3577-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain peptides have attracted increasing attention in different research fields, including biomarker discovery, but also a well-known analytical challenge in complex matrices due to their low abundance compared to other molecules, which can cause extensive ion suppression during mass spectrometric acquisition. Moreover, there is a lack of analytical workflows for their comprehensive characterization since ordinary peptidomics strategies cannot identify them. In this context, an enrichment strategy was introduced and developed to isolate and clean up short-chain peptides by graphitized carbon black solid phase extraction. For better coverage of peptide polarity, urine samples were analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography by reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. High-resolution mass spectrometry allowed the detection of the eluting peptides by data-dependent mode using a suspect screening strategy with an inclusion list; peptides were identified by a semiautomated workflow implemented on Compound Discoverer. The complementarity of the orthogonal separation strategy was confirmed by peptide identification, resulting in 101 peptides identified from the RP runs, and 111 peptides from the HILIC runs, with 60 common identifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- SaraElsa Aita
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Taglioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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2
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Montone CM, Giannelli Moneta B, Aita SE, Aulenta F, Cavaliere C, Cerrato A, Fazi S, Laganà A, Paolini V, Petracchini F, Piovesana S, Capriotti AL. Untargeted analysis of contaminants in river water samples: Comparison between two different sorbents for solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry determination. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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3
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Piovesana S, Cerrato A, Antonelli M, Benedetti B, Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Montone CM, Laganà A. A clean-up strategy for identification of circulating endogenous short peptides in human plasma by zwitterionic hydrophilic liquid chromatography and untargeted peptidomics identification. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1613:460699. [PMID: 31767259 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Short peptides, namely di- tri- and tetra peptides, have been proven to play an important diagnostic role in several diseases. Therefore, the development of an analytical approach for their detection and identification is nowadays an important research goal. This paper describes an analytical procedure able to overcome the issues of short peptide isolation, clean-up and identification in plasma samples. Four different protocols were compared and tested to maximize both recovery and total number of identifications of short circulating plasma endogenous peptides. The purified peptides, coming from the four different tested protocols, were separated by zwitterionic hydrophilic liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with the purpose of accomplishing an untargeted investigation based on suspect screening for short peptides in plasma. In particular, the use of Phree™ Phospholipid removal cartridge in combination with a purification step by solid phase extraction on a graphitized carbon black sorbent allowed the identification of the largest number of amino acid sequences (91 short peptides). The clean-up procedure allowed to tackle the issue of the low abundance of such peptides and their suppression during mass-spectrometric analysis. The results indicated that sample preparation is therefore fundamental for short peptide analysis in plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Antonelli
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benedetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma "La Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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4
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Wang DD, Zhao Y, Ou yang MN, Guo HM, Yang ZH. Magnetic polydopamine modified with deep eutectic solvent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Piovesana S, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Crescenzi C, La Barbera G, Laganà A, Montone CM, Cavaliere C. Graphitized Carbon Black Enrichment and UHPLC-MS/MS Allow to Meet the Challenge of Small Chain Peptidomics in Urine. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11474-11481. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susy Piovesana
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giorgia La Barbera
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC, Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmela Maria Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavaliere
- Department of Chemistry, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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6
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Locatelli M, Sciascia F, Cifelli R, Malatesta L, Bruni P, Croce F. Analytical methods for the endocrine disruptor compounds determination in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1434:1-18. [PMID: 26805600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The potential risk of exposure to different xenobiotics, which can modulate the endocrine system and represent a treat for the wellness of an increasing number of people, has recently drawn the attention of international environmental and health agencies. Several agents, characterized by structural diversity, may interfer with the normal endocrine functions that regulate cell growth, homeostasis and development. Substances such as pesticides, herbicides, plasticizers, metals, etc. having endocrine activity (EDCs) are used in agriculture and industry and are also used as drugs for humans and animals. A difficulty in the analytical determination of these substances is the complexity of the matrix in which they are present. In fact, the samples most frequently analyzed consist of groundwater and surface water, including influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants and drinking water. In this review, several sample pretreatment protocols, assays and different instrumental techniques recently used in the EDCs determination have been considered. This review concludes with a paragraph in which the most recent hyphenated-instrument techniques are treated, highlighting their sensitivity and selectivity for the analyses of environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Locatelli
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy; Interuniversity Consortium of Structural and Systems Biology INBB, Viale Medaglie d'oro 305, 00136 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Sciascia
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Roberta Cifelli
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Luciano Malatesta
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Pantaleone Bruni
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
| | - Fausto Croce
- University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Department of Pharmacy, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti (CH), Italy
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7
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El-Debs R, Nehmé R, Claude B, Motteau S, Togola A, Berho C, Morin P. Coated capillaries with highly charged polyelectrolytes and carbon nanotubes co-aggregated with sodium dodecyl sulphate for the analysis of sulfonylureas by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1367:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Monicka JC, James C. DFT-assisted spectroscopic characterization of pyrazosulfuron-ethyl: FT-Raman, FTIR and UV–vis studies of a sulfonyl urea herbicide. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction combined with capillary HPLC for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in environmental water and banana juice samples. Talanta 2014; 127:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Magnetic molecular imprint-based extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides and their determination by capillary liquid chromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-0942-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Xie Y, Chen D, Zhao J, Peng Y, Jiang N, Zhou X, Du S, Zhang Z. An efficient hybrid design to prepare highly dense imprinted layer-coated silica particles for selective uptake of trace metsulfuron-methyl from complicated matrices. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Non-hydrolytic Sol-gel Methodology to Prepare a Molecularly Imprinted, Organic-silica Hybrid-based Stir Bar for Recognition of Sulfonylurea Herbicides. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Peng Y, Xie Y, Luo J, Nie L, Chen Y, Chen L, Du S, Zhang Z. Molecularly imprinted polymer layer-coated silica nanoparticles toward dispersive solid-phase extraction of trace sulfonylurea herbicides from soil and crop samples. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 674:190-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Headley JV, Du JL, Peru KM, McMartin DW. Mass spectrometry of the photolysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in Prairie waters. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:593-605. [PMID: 19890978 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This review of mass spectrometry of sulfonylurea herbicides includes a focus on studies relevant to Canadian Prairie waters. Emphasis is given to data gaps in the literature for the rates of photolysis of selected sulfonylurea herbicides in different water matrices. Specifically, results are evaluated for positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography separation for the study of the photolysis of chlorsulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, and ethametsulfuron-methyl. LC-MS/MS is shown to be the method of choice for the quantification of sulfonylurea herbicides with instrumental detection limits ranging from 1.3 to 7.2 pg (on-column). Tandem mass spectrometry coupled with the use of authentic standards likewise has proven to be well suited for the identification of transformation products. To date, however, the power of time-of-flight MS and ultrahigh resolution MS has not been exploited fully for the identification of unknown photolysis products. Dissipation of the herbicides under natural sunlight fit pseudo-first-order kinetics with half-life values ranging from 4.4 to 99 days. For simulated sunlight, radiation wavelengths shorter than 400 nm are required to induce significant photolytic reactions. The correlation between field dissipation studies and laboratory photolysis experiments suggests that photolysis is a major pathway for the dissipation of some sulfonylurea herbicides in natural Prairie waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Headley
- Aquatic Ecosystem Research Protection Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 3H5.
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15
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Liu X, Zhou J, Chen C. Transport selectivity of tribenuron-methyl imprinted polymer nanowire membrane prepared using N,O-bismethacryloyl ethanolamine as a functional crosslinking monomer. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Niu H, Shi Y, Cai Y, Wei F, Jiang G. Solid-phase extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides from water samples with single-walled carbon nanotubes disk. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Shariatgorji M, Amini N, Thorsen G, Crescenzi C, Ilag LL. μ-Trap for the SALDI-MS Screening of Organic Compounds Prior to LC/MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5515-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8005186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Amini
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Thorsen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlo Crescenzi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leopold L. Ilag
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Perreau F, Bados P, Kerhoas L, Nélieu S, Einhorn J. Trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides and their metabolites in water using a combination of off-line or on-line solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1265-73. [PMID: 17508206 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1326-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two alternatives for the rapid simultaneous quantification of six sulfonylurea herbicides and five of their main degradation products in natural water are proposed. For concentration, the compounds were extracted on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene solid phase under pH and elution conditions that suppressed any hydrolysis. The eluates were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry within 20 min. The whole method was validated and shown to give no hydrolysis artefacts. The application of off-line and on-line SPE of sulfonylureas enabled the 0.1 microg L(-1) and 1 ng L(-1) LOQ levels to be reached, respectively. The on-line SPE-LC-MS-MS method allowed the accurate quantitation of all sulfonylureas and three degradation products at 0.1 microg L(-1) or below in natural water, with an average repeatability of 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Perreau
- Unité de Phytopharmacie et Médiateurs Chimiques, INRA, Versailles Cedex, France
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19
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Li Y, George JE, McCarty CL, Wendelken SC. Compliance analysis of phenylurea and related compounds in drinking water by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry coupled with solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1134:170-6. [PMID: 16997312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry method was reported for the compliance analysis of seven phenylurea compounds and two related herbicides (tebuthiuron and propanil) in drinking water. The volumes of the sample and final extract used in the method were 500 mL and 10 mL, respectively. The obtained method detection limits were less than 0.03 microg/L, and the mean recoveries were 74-128% with a relative standard deviation of 2.6-8.3% for all the studied compounds. The peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratios ranged from 3.3 for cis-siduron to 34.2 for fluometuron. The accuracy and precision resulting from reagent and drinking water samples fortified at higher concentration levels were similar to these results. Several analytes were detected in the drinking water samples, including tebuthiuron at 0.5 microg/L, propanil at 0.7 microg/L, diuron at 0.1-2.1 microg/L, and linuron at 0.1-0.8 microg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Li
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., South Bend, IN 46617, USA.
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20
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Losito I, Amorisco A, Carbonara T, Lofiego S, Palmisano F. Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonyl-urea herbicides in river water at sub-parts-per-billion level by on-line preconcentration and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 575:89-96. [PMID: 17723576 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method based on on-line preconcentration followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for the determination of three sulfonyl-urea (thifensulfuron, metsulfuron, chlorsulfuron) and two phenyl-urea (isoproturon and chlortoluron) herbicides in water at sub-ppb concentration ranges. Preconcentration was accomplished using on-line enrichment on a C18 cartridge; the procedure was optimized by an evaluation of the breakthrough volumes for the target analytes. Subsequently, LC-ESI-MS/MS was adopted for analytes separation and detection. In particular, a selective reaction monitoring (SRM) approach, based on the detection of a peculiar fragment for each analyte, was chosen for MS/MS analysis, in order to enhance selectivity. Normalization to the response of a phenyl-urea herbicide (chloroxuron), used as an internal standard, was also adopted to achieve a reproducibility enhancement. The described method was applied to the analysis of the target analytes in river water samples and LOD values ranging between 8 and 30 ppt were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Losito
- Università degli Studi di Bari, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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21
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Preconcentration and determination of nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl and metsulfuron-methyl in water samples using carbon nanotubes packed cartridge in combination with high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Bastide J, Cambon JP, Breton F, Piletsky S, Rouillon R. The use of molecularly imprinted polymers for extraction of sulfonylurea herbicides. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Degelmann P, Wenger J, Niessner R, Knopp D. Development of a class-specific ELISA for sulfonylurea herbicides (sulfuron screen). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2004; 38:6795-6802. [PMID: 15669341 DOI: 10.1021/es0496266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of a direct competitive ELISA for the detection of a broad range of sulfonylurea herbicides (SUs) is described. Polyclonal antibodies were generated in rabbits using three different immunizing haptens. Antiserum with the broadest specificity was obtained with a mesosulfuronbenzylamine derivative which was coupled via a succinic acid spacer to keyhole limpet hemocyanine. A heterologous enzyme tracer which did not contain the succinic acid bridge was prepared using activated horseradish peroxidase. The direct competitive ELISA was optimized and applied for spiked tap and surface water samples. From 30 SUs, 8 compounds showed a molar cross-reactivity (CR) higher than 100% (this value was set for the hapten) and 11 compounds CRs between 10% and 100%. The ELISA can detect 16 SUs at a concentration of 0.1 microg/L or lower. Different surface and tap water samples were spiked with chlorimuron ethyl, metsulfuron methyl, or primisulfuron methyl at concentrations of 100, 200, or 500 ng/L and subsequently analyzed by both ELISA and HPLC-UV. Correlation analysis revealed good agreement between both methods (r2 = 0.983/0.948/0.982; n = 21 for each analyte). Using ELISA, no sample pretreatment other than filtration was necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Degelmann
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany
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24
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Carabias-Martı́nez R, Rodrı́guez-Gonzalo E, Herrero-Hernández E, Hernández-Méndez J. Simultaneous determination of phenyl- and sulfonylurea herbicides in water by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with UV diode array or mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Ayano E, Kanazawa H, Ando M, Nishimura T. Determination and quantitation of sulfonylurea and urea herbicides in water samples using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Ibáñez M, Sancho JV, Pozo OJ, Hernández F. Use of Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis: Elucidation of Transformation Products of Triazine Herbicides in Water after UV Exposure. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1328-35. [PMID: 14987089 DOI: 10.1021/ac035200i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The high resolution and exact mass capabilities of hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometry can provide an ultimate confirmation in target analysis mode and aid in discovery and elucidation of unknown analytes. In this paper, the latter approach has been applied to study the transformation products of selected pesticides (terbuthylazine, simazine, terbutryn, terbumeton) in environmental waters. Additionally, the usefulness of software modules, originally designed for drug metabolism discovery, has been tested. Different environmental waters spiked at a 0.5 microg/mL level have been irradiated with a mercury lamp for 7 days, sampling 3-mL aliquots every approximately 12 h. After centrifugation, 50 microL was directly injected in an LC-ESI-QTOF system. The high sensitivity in full-scan mode allowed us to elucidate minor metabolites even below 2% of the total peak area. The mass errors observed in almost every case fell below 2 mDa, allowing assignment of a highly probable empirical formula. Besides, the MS/MS capability of this tandem instrument was very useful for differentiation between isomeric transformation products. This work shows that hyphenated LC-QTOF is a powerful approach for the rapid screening and confirmation of unknown pesticide transformation products in environmental water.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ibáñez
- Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Sciences Department, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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Abstract
Herbicides are chemical substances that are applied to agricultural soils, gardens, lawns, or plants to destroy or to prevent the growth of undesirable vegetation. The herbicides included in this review are generally synthetic organic compounds that are ingredients in commercial herbicide products that were designated active during late 2002 in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's database of registered and canceled pesticide products. The compounds are organized into 21 categories according to their general chemical structures or a common structural group. The herbicides in each category are discussed in terms of their structures, their database electron ionization mass spectra, and their amenability to separation and measurement with gas chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Ionization techniques that are considered here are mainly electron ionization, electrospray, and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Sixty-six references are provided to herbicide reviews, and to the recent herbicide analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry research literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Budde
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W Martin L King, Jr Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, USA.
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Laganà A, Bacaloni A, De Leva I, Faberi A, Fago G, Marino A. Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu JF, Chao JB, Jiang GB, Cai YQ, Liu JM. Trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water by on-line continuous flow liquid membrane extraction--C18 precolumn liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr A 2003; 995:21-8. [PMID: 12800919 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(03)00515-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An on-line system that consists of continuous-flow liquid membrane extraction (CFLME), C18 precolumn, and liquid chromatography with UV detection was applied to trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water. During preconcentration by CFLME, five target compounds, including metsulfuron methyl, bensulfuron methyl, tribenuron methyl, sulfometuron methyl, and ethametsulfuron, were enriched in 960 microl of 0.5 mol l(-1) Na2CO3-NaHCO3 (pH 10.8) buffer used as acceptor. This acceptor was on-line neutralized and transported to the C18 precolumn where the analytes were absorbed and focused. Then the focused analytes were injected onto a C18 analytical column for separation and detection at 240 nm. The proposed method was applied to determine sulfonylurea herbicides in water, river, and reservoir water with detection limits of 10-50 ng l(-1) when enriching a 120-ml sample. Throughput is typically one sample per hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-fu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China
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Mangani F, Pierini E, Mastrogiacomo AR, Lattanzi L. Discussion of thermodynamic data obtained by adsorption gas chromatography on carbograph 6. Chromatographia 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02492413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Zhu QZ, Degelmann P, Niessner R, Knopp D. Selective trace analysis of sulfonylurea herbicides in water and soil samples based on solid-phase extraction using a molecularly imprinted polymer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:5411-5420. [PMID: 12521169 DOI: 10.1021/es0207908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) as a template, 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid as a functional monomer, divinylbenzene as a cross-linker, and dichloromethane as a porogen. This polymer was used as a solid-phase extraction material for the quantitative enrichment of five sulfonylureas (nicosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl, sulfometuron-methyl, and chlorsulfuron) in natural water and soil samples and off-line coupled to a reversed-phase HPLC/diode array detection (HPLC/DAD). Washing solvent was optimized in terms of kind and volume for removing the matrix constituents nonspecifically adsorbed on the MIP. It has been shown that the nonspecific binding ability of the sulfonylureas to the polymer largely increased along with increasing the concentration of Ca2+ ions in the water sample, whereas complexation of divalent ions with EDTA eliminated this interference completely. The stability of MIP was tested by consecutive percolation of water sample, and it was shown that the performance of the MIP did not vary even after 200 enrichment and desorption cycles. Recoveries of the five sulfonylureas extracted from 1 L of tap water and surface water samples such as river water and rainwater at a 50 ng/L spike level were not lower than 96%. The recoveries of sulfonylureas extracted from 10-g soil sample at the 50 microg/kg level were in the range of 71-139%. Depending on the particular compound, the limit of detection varied from 2 to 14 ng/L in water and from 5 to 12 microg/kg in soil samples. The MIP was also compared with a commercially available C-18 column and an immunoaffinity support with encapsulated polyclonal anti-MSM antibodies in sol-gel glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Zhi Zhu
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chemical Balneology, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Molecularly imprinted polymer for metsulfuron-methyl and its binding characteristics for sulfonylurea herbicides. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Parry R. Accurate mass analysis of ethanesulfonic acid degradates of acetochlor and alachlor using high-performance liquid chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 957:3-9. [PMID: 12102310 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Degradates of acetochlor and alachlor (ethanesulfonic acids, ESAs) were analyzed in both standards and in a groundwater sample using high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. The negative pseudomolecular ion of the secondary amide of acetochlor ESA and alachlor ESA gave average masses of 256.0750+/-0.0049 amu and 270.0786+/-0.0064 amu respectively. Acetochlor and alachlor ESA gave similar masses of 314.1098+/-0.0061 amu and 314.1153+/-0.0048 amu; however, they could not be distinguished by accurate mass because they have the same empirical formula. On the other hand, they may be distinguished using positive-ion electrospray because of different fragmentation spectra, which did not occur using negative-ion electrospray.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thurman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
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34
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Chao JB, Liu JF, Wen MJ, Liu JM, Cai YQ, Jiang GB. Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides by continuous-flow liquid membrane extraction on-line coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 955:183-9. [PMID: 12075921 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
On-line coupling continuous-flow liquid membrane extraction (CFLME) with HPLC, a novel automatic system was developed for the determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in water. After an automatic trace-enrichment process by CFLME, which is the combination of continuous flow liquid-liquid extraction and support liquid membrane (SLM) extraction, the target analytes were concentrated in 50 microl of 0.2 M Na2CO3-NaHCO3 (pH 10.0) buffer. The concentrated sample solutions were injected directly onto a C18 analytical column with a valve, and detected at 240 nm with a diode array detector. Metsulfuron methyl (MSM), and DPX-A 7881 were baseline separated with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 67 mM KH2PO4-Na2HPO4 (pH 5.91) buffer (45+55, v+v) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml min(-1). With an enrichment time of 10 min and enrichment sample volume of 20 ml, the enrichment factors and detection limits are 100 and 0.05 microg l(-1) for MSM, and 96 and 0.1 microg l(-1) for DPX-A 7881, respectively. The linear range and precision (RSD) are 0.1-50 microg l(-1) and 7.0% for MSM, and 0.2-50 microg l(-1) and 9.2% for DPX-A 7881, respectively. This proposed method was applied to determine MSM and DPX-A 7881 in seawater, tap water, and bottled mineral water with spiked recoveries in the range of 83-95% for MSM and 88-100% for DPX-A 7881, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bo Chao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
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35
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Mastrogiacomo AR, Ottaviani MF, Pierini E, Cangiotti M, Mauro M, Mangani F. Comparison of chemical and physical properties of carbon blacks for sampling and analysis of environmental pollutants. Chromatographia 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Clowers BH, Steiner WE, Dion HM, Matz LM, Tam M, Tarver EE, Hill HH. Evaluation of sulfonylurea herbicides using high resolution electrospray ionization ion mobility quadrupole mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/fact.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Thurman EM, Ferrer I, Barceló D. Choosing between atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization interfaces for the HPLC/MS analysis of pesticides. Anal Chem 2001; 73:5441-9. [PMID: 11816571 DOI: 10.1021/ac010506f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An evaluation of over 75 pesticides by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) clearly shows that different classes of pesticides are more sensitive using either atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) or electrospray ionization (ESI). For example, neutral and basic pesticides (phenylureas, triazines) are more sensitive using APCI (especially positive ion). While cationic and anionic herbicides (bipyridylium ions, sulfonic acids) are more sensitive using ESI (especially negative ion). These data are expressed graphically in a figure called an ionization-continuum diagram, which shows that protonation in the gas phase (proton affinity) and polarity in solution, expressed as proton addition or subtraction (pKa), is useful in selecting APCI or ESI. Furthermore, sodium adduct formation commonly occurs using positive ion ESI but not using positive ion APCI, which reflects the different mechanisms of ionization and strengthens the usefulness of the ionization-continuum diagram. The data also show that the concept of "wrong-way around" ESI (the sensitivity of acidic pesticides in an acidic mobile phase) is a useful modification of simple PKa theory for mobile-phase selection. Finally, this finding is used to enhance the chromatographic separation of oxanilic and sulfonic acid herbicides while maintaining good sensitivity in LC/MS using ESI negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Thurman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, USA.
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38
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Application of restricted-access media column in coupled-column RPLC with UV detection and electrospray mass spectrometry for determination of azole pesticides in urine. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Discussion of thermodynamic data obtained by adsorption gas chromatography of hydrocarbons on carbograph 4. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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40
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Bruno F, Curini R, Di Corcia A, Nazzari M, Samperi R. Method development for measuring trace levels of penicillins in aqueous environmental samples. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:1391-1400. [PMID: 11507750 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A method based on liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with an electrospray ion source and a single quadrupole instrument (LC/ES-MS) has been developed for determining trace levels of eight widely used penicillins in aqueous environmental samples. Analyte extraction was performed from 4 L tap water, 2 L groundwater, 1 L river water, 0.2 L treated sewage and 0.1 L raw sewage, by using a Carbograph 4 cartridge. During removal of the solvent, penicillins were purposely allowed to convert into their penicilloyl methyl esters. This 'in situ' derivatization step resulted in a dramatic enhancement of the response of the ES-MS system for non-amphoteric penicillins. Analyte recoveries were better than 80% irrespective of the type of aqueous sample, with the exception of amoxicillin (76%) and ampicillin (77%) in tap water. At the level of 50 ng/L of each analyte in ground water, the within-day precision was in the range 6-10%. Calibration curves were linear for injected amounts up to 800 ng, with R(2) in the range 0.9952-0.9995. When injecting large equivalent volumes of the aqueous samples, the electrospray matrix effect altered in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of the analytes by severely weakening signals for fragment ions, as compared to spectra of reference standards. Remedies to obviate this anomalous unwelcome effect are suggested. On the basis of a signal-to-noise ratio of 10, limits of quantification were estimated to range between 2 (cloxacillin) and 24 ng/L (amoxicillin) in river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università "La Sapienza", Piazza Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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41
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Development of solid extraction unit for determining multiple herbicides in maize. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02789749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Hogendoorn E, van Zoonen P. Recent and future developments of liquid chromatography in pesticide trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 892:435-53. [PMID: 11045503 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the application of liquid chromatography (LC) in pesticide analysis was usually focused on groups of compounds or single compounds for which no suitable conditions were available for analysis with gas chromatography (GC). However, recent developments in both detection and column material technology show that LC significantly enlarged its scope in this field of analysis. Obviously, the most striking example is the rather abrupt transition of LC coupled to mass spectrometric detection (MS) from an experimental and scientifically fashionable technique to a robust, sensitive and selective detection mode rendering LC-MS being increasingly used in pesticide trace analysis. Other recent major developments originate from the innovation of new LC column packing materials, viz. immuno-affinity sorbents, restricted access medium materials and molecular imprinted polymers improving considerably the screening of polar pesticides by means of reversed-phase LC with UV detection. In this review the merits and perspectives of these important LC developments and their impact to current and future applications in pesticide trace analysis are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hogendoorn
- Laboratory of Organic-Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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43
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Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in soil extracts by solid-phase extraction and capillary zone electrophoresis. Chromatographia 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02490444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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44
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Laganà A, Fago G, Marino A, Penazzi VM. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry tandem for multiresidue determination of selected post-emergence herbicides after soil column extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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45
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Laganà A, Fago G, Fasciani L, Marino A, Mosso M. Determination of diphenyl-ether herbicides and metabolites in natural waters using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array tandem mass spectrometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)00813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Di Corcia A, Nazzari M, Rao R, Samperi R, Sebastiani E. Simultaneous determination of acidic and non-acidic pesticides in natural waters by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2000; 878:87-98. [PMID: 10843548 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest and demand for real multi-residue methods able to simultaneously determine pesticides with a broad spectrum of chemical characteristics in environmental and biological matrices. A method based on solid-phase extraction with a Carbograph 4 cartridge and liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC-ES-MS) enabling simultaneous determination of non-acidic and acidic pesticides in real water samples is described. On repeatedly (n=5) extracting 4 l of drinking water (spike level 50 ng/l), 2 l of ground water (spike level 100 ng/l) and 1 l of river water (spike level 200 ng/l), recovery of 26 base/neutral pesticides and 13 acidic pesticides were equal to or better than 80%, except for carbendazim (67%), butocarboxim (73%), aldicarb (75%) and molinate (77%). Relative standard deviations ranged between 4 and 15%. Final extracts containing acidic and non-acidic pesticides were analyzed in a single chromatographic run while the ES-MS system was operated in both positive and negative ion modes. With the aim of finding the best operating conditions, in terms of sensitivity, the pH of the LC eluent was varied in the 2.9-8.4 range. Altogether, the best results were obtained by using an LC eluent containing 1 mmol/l formic acid. Over the entire pH range considered, well shaped peaks for both basic and acidic analytes were achieved by the use of a new generation LC column. By extracting selected ion current profiles from the total ion current mass chromatogram relative to analysis of 4 l of drinking water spiked with 50 ng/l of each of the 39 analytes, estimated limits of detection ranged between 0.05 and 1.5 ng/l, except for propyzamide (8 ng/l) and 2,4-DB (3 ng/l).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Corcia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
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Furlong ET, Burkhardt MR, Gates PM, Werner SL, Battaglin WA. Routine determination of sulfonylurea, imidazolinone, and sulfonamide herbicides at nanogram-per-liter concentrations by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2000; 248:135-46. [PMID: 10805234 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonylurea (SU), imidazolinone (IMI), and sulfonamide (SA) herbicides are new classes of low-application-rate herbicides increasingly used by farmers. Some of these herbicides affect both weed and crop species at low dosages and must be carefully used. Less is known about the effect of these compounds on non-crop plant species, but a concentration of 100 ng/l in water has been proposed as the threshold for possible plant toxicity for most of these herbicides. Hence, analytical methods must be capable of detecting SUs, IMIs, and SAs at concentrations less than 100 ng/l in ambient water samples. The authors developed a two-cartridge, solid-phase extraction method for isolating 12 SU, 3 IMI, and 1 SA herbicides by using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS) to identify and quantify these herbicides to 10 ng/l. This method was used to analyze 196 surface- and ground-water samples collected from May to August 1998 throughout the Midwestern United States, and more than 100 quality-assurance and quality-control samples. During the 16 weeks of the study, the HPLC/ESI-MS maintained excellent calibration linearity across the calibration range from 5 to 500 ng/l, with correlation coefficients of 0.9975 or greater. Continuing calibration verification standards at 100-ng/l concentration were analyzed throughout the study, and the average measured concentrations for individual herbicides ranged from 93 to 100 ng/l. Recovery of herbicides from 27 reagent-water samples spiked at 50 and 100 ng/l ranged from 39 to 92%, and averaged 73%. The standard deviation of recoveries ranged from 14 to 26%, and averaged 20%. This variability reflects multiple instruments, operators, and the use of automated and manual sample preparation. Spiked environmental water samples had similar recoveries, although for some herbicides, the sample matrix enhanced recoveries by as much as 200% greater than the spiked concentration. This matrix enhancement was sample- and compound-dependent. Concentrations of herbicides in unspiked duplicate environmental samples were typically within 25% of each other. The results demonstrate the usefulness of HPLC/ESI-MS for determining low-application-rate herbicides at ambient concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Furlong
- US Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, CO 80225-0046, USA.
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48
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Hogendoorn EA, Westhuis K, Dijkman E, Heusinkveld HA, den Boer AC, Evers EA, Baumann RA. Semi-permeable surface analytical reversed-phase column for the improved trace analysis of acidic pesticides in water with coupled-column reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection. Determination of bromoxynil and bentazone in surface water. J Chromatogr A 1999; 858:45-54. [PMID: 10544890 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The coupled-column (LC-LC) configuration consisting of a 3 microm C18 column (50 x 4.6 mm I.D.) as the first column and a 5 microm C18 semi-permeable-surface (SPS) column (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) as the second column appeared to be successful for the screening of acidic pesticides in surface water samples. In comparison to LC-LC employing two C18 columns, the combination of C18/SPS-C18 significantly decreased the baseline deviation caused by the hump of the co-extracted humic substances when using UV detection (217 nm). The developed LC-LC procedure allowed the simultaneous determination of the target analytes bentazone and bromoxynil in uncleaned extracts of surface water samples to a level of 0.05 microg/l in less than 15 min. In combination with a simple solid-phase extraction step (200 ml of water on a 500 mg C18-bonded silica) the analytical procedure provides a high sample throughput. During a period of about five months more than 200 ditch-water samples originating from agricultural locations were analyzed with the developed procedure. Validation of the method was performed by randomly analyzing recoveries of water samples spiked at levels of 0.1 microg/l (n=10), 0.5 microg/l (n=7) and 2.5 microg/l (n=4). Weighted regression of the recovery data showed that the method provides overall recoveries of 95 and 100% for bentazone and bromoxynil, respectively, with corresponding intra-laboratory reproducibilities of 10 and 11%, respectively. Confirmation of the analytes in part of the samples extracts was carried out with GC-negative ion chemical ionization MS involving a derivatization step with bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide. No false negatives or positives were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Hogendoorn
- Laboratory of Organic-Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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49
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Steen RJ, Hogenboom AC, Leonards PE, Peerboom RA, Cofino WP, Brinkman UA. Ultra-trace-level determination of polar pesticides and their transformation products in surface and estuarine water samples using column liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:157-66. [PMID: 10536834 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00772-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is developed for the determination of polar pesticides and their transformation products [atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, diuron, 3,4-dichlorophenylmethylurea, 3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DPU), monuron, bentazone, anthranil-isopropylamide, chloridazon, metolachlor] in surface, estuarine and sea water samples at the low ng/l level. Solid-phase extraction is combined off-line with column liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-ESI-MS-MS). The applicability of two solid-phase materials, i.e., LiChrolut EN cartridges and graphitized carbon black extraction disks, is evaluated. The influence of the organic solvent used in gradient LC, as well as the amount of co-extracted humic material on the ESI process is studied. The eluotropic strength of the organic solvent was found to have a distinct effect on the sensitivity of ESI-MS if coupled with LC gradient separations. Methanol gave much better results than acetonitrile and phenylurea compounds are more susceptible to solvent changes than triazines. Co-extracted humic material causes signal suppression in ESI-MS-MS detection. The degree of suppression depends upon the sample pH and the nature of the samples, i.e., surface or estuarine water. Detection limits in LC-ESI-MS-MS ranged from 0.2 to 2 ng/l, with the exception of DPU (8 ng/l). The applicability of the procedure was demonstrated by analyzing surface and estuarine water.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Steen
- Vrije Universiteit, Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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