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Brazaca LC, Dos Santos PL, de Oliveira PR, Rocha DP, Stefano JS, Kalinke C, Abarza Muñoz RA, Bonacin JA, Janegitz BC, Carrilho E. Biosensing strategies for the electrochemical detection of viruses and viral diseases - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1159:338384. [PMID: 33867035 PMCID: PMC9186435 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the causing agents for many relevant diseases, including influenza, Ebola, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Its rapid replication and high transmissibility can lead to serious consequences not only to the individual but also to collective health, causing deep economic impacts. In this scenario, diagnosis tools are of significant importance, allowing the rapid, precise, and low-cost testing of a substantial number of individuals. Currently, PCR-based techniques are the gold standard for the diagnosis of viral diseases. Although these allow the diagnosis of different illnesses with high precision, they still present significant drawbacks. Their main disadvantages include long periods for obtaining results and the need for specialized professionals and equipment, requiring the tests to be performed in research centers. In this scenario, biosensors have been presented as promising alternatives for the rapid, precise, low-cost, and on-site diagnosis of viral diseases. This critical review article describes the advancements achieved in the last five years regarding electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of viral infections. First, genosensors and aptasensors for the detection of virus and the diagnosis of viral diseases are presented in detail regarding probe immobilization approaches, detection methods (label-free and sandwich), and amplification strategies. Following, immunosensors are highlighted, including many different construction strategies such as label-free, sandwich, competitive, and lateral-flow assays. Then, biosensors for the detection of viral-diseases-related biomarkers are presented and discussed, as well as point of care systems and their advantages when compared to traditional techniques. Last, the difficulties of commercializing electrochemical devices are critically discussed in conjunction with future trends such as lab-on-a-chip and flexible sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
| | - Pãmyla Layene Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Pessoa Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Santos Stefano
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Kalinke
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Juliano Alves Bonacin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-859, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Matemática e Educação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
| | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica-INCTBio, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Ensafi AA, Heydari-Bafrooei E, Dinari M, Mallakpour S. Improved immobilization of DNA to graphite surfaces, using amino acid modified clays. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3022-3028. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nano-sized biosensor containing valine amino acid organo-modified Cloisite as a bionanohybrid film for immobilization of DNA was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Ensafi
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Dinari
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - S. Mallakpour
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Mir M, Alvarez M, Azzaroni O, Knoll W. Comparison of different supramolecular architectures for oligonucleotide biosensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13001-13006. [PMID: 18947242 DOI: 10.1021/la802228e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a comparative study between two biosensing platforms that are commonly used to immobilize capture probes. These platforms refer to thiolated and biotinylated oligonucleotide strands chemisorbed on Au surfaces (DNA SAM) and bioconjugated on streptavidin (SA) monolayers (SA SAM), respectively. Both interfacial architectures were studied using surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices and surface plasmon spectroscopy (SPR). Our studies indicated that DNA SAM platforms enable higher densities of surface-confined oligonucleotide probes. However, their hybridization efficiency is lower when compared to that obtained in SA SAM platforms, thus impacting on a lower detection limit, 5 nM. Furthermore, binding of SA molecules to the biotinylated targets, in an attempt to enhance the signal in both platforms, revealed striking differences between both architectures. The SA underlayer used in the SA SAM configuration confers nonfouling characteristics to the interfacial assembly, thus precluding the nonspecific binding of SA onto the surface. The antifouling behavior of the SA DNA platform is an important feature to be considered in the amplification of hybridization events through the bioconjugation of biotinylated targets with streptavidin-based tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Mir
- Max-Planck-Institut fur Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Kizek R, Masarik M, Kramer KJ, Potesil D, Bailey M, Howard JA, Klejdus B, Mikelova R, Adam V, Trnkova L, Jelen F. An analysis of avidin, biotin and their interaction at attomole levels by voltammetric and chromatographic techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1167-78. [PMID: 15747114 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-004-3027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electroanalytical determination of avidin in solution, in a carbon paste, and in a transgenic maize extract was performed in acidic medium at a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The oxidative voltammetric signal resulting from the presence of tyrosine and tryptophan in avidin was observed using square-wave voltammetry. The process could be used to determine avidin concentrations up to 3 fM (100 amol in 3 microl drop) in solution, 700 fM (174 fmol in 250 microl solution) in an avidin-modified electrode, and 174 nM in a maize seed extract. In the case of the avidin-modified CPE, several parameters were studied in order to optimize the measurements, such as electrode accumulation time, composition of the avidin-modified CPE, and the elution time of avidin. In addition, the avidin-modified electrode was used to detect biotin in solution (the detection limit was 7.6 pmol in a 6 mul drop) and to detect biotin in a pharmaceutical drug after various solvent extraction procedures. Comparable studies for the detection of biotin were developed using HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and flow injection analysis with electrochemical detection, which allowed biotin to be detected at levels as low as 614 pM and 6.6 nM, respectively. The effects of applied potential, acetonitrile content, and flow rate of the mobile phase on the FIA-ED signal were also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Zemedelska 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Williams E, Pividori MI, Merkoçi A, Forster RJ, Alegret S. Rapid electrochemical genosensor assay using a streptavidin carbon-polymer biocomposite electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 19:165-75. [PMID: 14611751 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(03)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensor capable of detecting a specific DNA sequence was designed by bulk modification of a graphite epoxy composite electrode with streptavidin (2% w/w). Streptavidin is used to immobilise a biotinylated capture DNA probe to the surface of the electrode. Simultaneous hybridisation occurs between the biotin DNA capture probe and the target-DNA and between the target-DNA and a digoxigenin modified probe. The rapid binding kinetic of streptavidin-biotin allows a one step immobilisation/hybridisation procedure. Secondly, enzyme labelling of the DNA duplex occurs via an antigen-antibody reaction between the Dig-dsDNA and an anti-Dig-HRP. Finally, electrochemical detection is achieved through a suitable substrate (H2O2) for the enzyme-labelled duplex. Optimisation of the sensor design, the modifier content and the immobilisation and hybridisation times was attained using a simple nucleotide sequence. Regeneration of the surface is achieved with a simple polishing procedure that shows good reproducibility. The generic use of a modified streptavidin carbon-polymer biocomposite electrode capable of surface regeneration and a one step hybridisation/immobilisation procedure are the main advantages of this approach. In DNA analysis, this procedure, if combined with the polymerase chain reaction, would represent certain advantages with respect to classical techniques, which prove to be time consuming in situations where a simple and rapid detection is required. This innovative developed material may be used for the detection of any analyte that can be coupled to the biotin-streptavidin reaction, as is the case of immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Williams
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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Pividori MI, Merkoçi A, Alegret S. Electrochemical genosensor design: immobilisation of oligonucleotides onto transducer surfaces and detection methods. Biosens Bioelectron 2000; 15:291-303. [PMID: 11219741 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(00)00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present report reviews immobilisation techniques of purified oligonucleotides on electrochemical transducers and their corresponding detection techniques. Most of the literature reviewed was published in the 1990s. The immobilisation techniques of a DNA probe to the surface of an electrochemical transducer made from carbon, gold, platinum or polypyrrole, ranged from simple adsorption to covalent bonding. Recent efforts to couple the recognition layer containing the immobilised nucleic acid recognition layer with the electrochemical signal transducer are discussed. Special attention is given to hybridisation biosensing based on electroactive indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Pividori
- Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
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