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Yang L, Wu T, Fu C, Chen G, Xu S, Xu W. SERS determination of protease through a particle-on-a-film configuration constructed by electrostatic assembly in an enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15679g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a simple and universal method for trypsin determination with the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Cuicui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structures and Materials
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
- P. R. China
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2
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Wu Z, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xiao H, Shen A, Zhou X, Hu J. A simple and universal “turn-on” detection platform for proteases based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 65:375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fan H, Jiang X, Zhang T, Jin Q. Peptide-induced fluorescence quenching of conjugated polyelectrolyte for label-free, ultrasensitive and selective assay of protease activity. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 34:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramsay LM, Cermak N, Dada OO, Dovichi NJ. Capillary isoelectric focusing with pH 9.7 cathode for the analysis of gastric biopsies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2025-30. [PMID: 21461616 PMCID: PMC4429874 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Capillary isoelectric focusing tends to suffer from poor reproducibility, particularly for the analysis of complex protein samples from cellular or tissue homogenates. This poor reproducibility appears to be associated with erratic variations in electroosmotic flow. One cause of electroosmotic flow variation is degradation of the capillary coating caused by the extremely basic solution commonly used during mobilization and focusing; this degradation of the capillary coating can be reduced by employing a CAPS mobilization buffer at pH 9. Another cause of variation is protein adsorption to the capillary wall, which causes an increase in electroosmotic flow. The effects of protein adsorption can be reduced by use of surfactants in the buffer and by employing an extremely low sample loading. We report the use of CAPS mobilization buffer in combination with an ultrasensitive laser-induced fluorescence detector for the reproducible analysis of ∼2 ng of protein from a Barrett's esophagus biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M. Ramsay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Nathan Cermak
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Oluwatosin O. Dada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46617, USA
| | - Norman J. Dovichi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46617, USA
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Shihabi ZK. REVIEW OF APPLICATIONS OF CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR CLINICAL ANALYSIS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2006. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zak K. Shihabi
- a Pathology Department , Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center , Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, U.S.A
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6
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Glatz Z. Determination of enzymatic activity by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:23-37. [PMID: 16574509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are biological catalysts that play an important role in biochemical reactions necessary for normal growth, maturation and reproduction through whole live world. Their accurate quantitation in biological samples is important in many fields of biochemistry, not only in routine biochemistry and in fundamental research, but also in clinical and pharmacological research and diagnosis. Since the direct measurement of enzymes by masses is impossible, they must be quantified by their catalytic activities. Many different methods have been applied for this purpose so far. Although photometric methods are undoubtedly the most frequently used, separation methods will further gain their position in this field. The article reviews different possibilities for the assay of enzymatic activity by means of capillary electrophoresis (CE). Both the off-line and on-line enzyme assays based on CE are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Visser NFC, Lingeman H, Irth H. Sample preparation for peptides and proteins in biological matrices prior to liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 382:535-58. [PMID: 15834556 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The determination of peptides and proteins in a biological matrix normally includes a sample-preparation step to obtain a sample that can be injected into a separation system in such a way that peptides and proteins of interest can be determined qualitatively and/or quantitatively. This can be a rather challenging, labourious and/or time-consuming process. The extract obtained after sample preparation is further separated using a compatible separation system. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the generally applied technique for this purpose, but capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is an alternative, providing fast, versatile and efficient separations. In this review, the recent developments in the combination of sample-preparation procedures with LC and CZE, for the determination of peptides and proteins, will be discussed. Emphasis will be on purification from and determination in complex biological matrices (plasma, cell lysates, etc.) of these compounds and little attention will be paid to the proteomics area. Additional focus will be put on sample-preparation conditions, which can be 'hard' or 'soft', and on selectivity issues. Selectivity issues will be addressed in combination with the used separation technique and a comparison between LC and CZE will be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F C Visser
- Faculty of Sciences, Division of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Iadarola P, Annovazzi L, Lupi A, Luisetti M, Casado B, Doring G, Worlitzsch D, Cetta G, Viglio S. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AS A MODERN TOOL FOR DETERMINING PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITIES IN PURIFIED SPECIMENS AND IN REAL SAMPLES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-120013989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iadarola
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Laura Annovazzi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Anna Lupi
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Luisetti
- b Laboratorio di Biochimica e Genetica , Clinica di Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio , IRCCS Policlinico , San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Begona Casado
- c Department of Medicine , Georgetown University , Washington, DC, 20007, U.S.A
| | - Gerd Doring
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Worlitzsch
- d Department of General and Environmental Hygiene , Hygiene Institute , University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cetta
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Simona Viglio
- a Dipartimento di Biochimica “A. Castellani” , Università di Pavia , Via Taramelli 3/B, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Abstract
One of the weak points of capillary electrophoresis is the need to implement rigorously sample pretreatment because its great impact on the quality of the qualitative and quantitative results provided. One of the approaches to solve this problem is through the symbiosis of automatic continuous flow systems (CFSs) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this review a systematic approach to CFS-CE coupling is presented and discussed. The design of the corresponding interface depends on three factors, namely: (a) the characteristics of the CFS involved which can be non-chromatographic and chromatographic; (b) the type of CE equipment: laboratory-made or commercially available; and (c) the type of connection which can be in-line (on-capillary), on-line or mixed off/on-line. These are the basic criteria to qualify the hyphenation of CFS (solid-phase extraction, dialysis, gas diffusion, evaporation, direct leaching) with CE described so far and applied to determine a variety of analytes in many different types of samples. A critical discussion allows one to demonstrate that this symbiosis is an important topic in research and development, besides separation and detection, to consolidate CE as a routine analytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Valcárcel
- Analytical Chemistry Division, University of Córdoba, Spain.
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Steinrücke P, Aldinger U, Hill O, Hillisch A, Basch R, Diekmann S. Design of helical proteins for real-time endoprotease assays. Anal Biochem 2000; 286:26-34. [PMID: 11038269 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2000.4780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play a key role in cellular biology and have become priority targets for new pharmaceuticals. Thus, there is a high demand for specific, sensitive, and quick assays to monitor the activity of endoproteases. We designed affinity-tagged helical proteins with unique protease cleavage sites and thus constructed universal, molecularly defined, and uniform substrates for in vitro detection of IgA endoprotease. The substrate is a 10.5-kDa recombinant helical protein with a high-affinity (His)(6)-tag at the amino-terminal end. Further elements are a unique proteolytic recognition site and a C-terminal helical extension, which is cut off by the protease. Proteolytic action can be monitored in real time using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Femtomole amounts of protease could be reliably and quantitatively detected within a few minutes after the start of the reaction. The detection signal changed linearly with the amount of protease and was independent of the applied sample flow rate. The biochip can be reversibly loaded with the recombinant protease substrate, so that the SPR assay is well-suited for automation. By substituting an HIV protease site for the recognition site of the IgAse, we also obtained a substrate for the quantitative and sensitive detection of HIV-1 endoprotease. Our substrate design is thus generally applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steinrücke
- Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, IMB Jena e.V., Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, 07745, Germany.
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Stafslien DK, Cleary PP. Characterization of the streptococcal C5a peptidase using a C5a-green fluorescent protein fusion protein substrate. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:3254-8. [PMID: 10809707 PMCID: PMC94514 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.11.3254-3258.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-C5a-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein was designed for use as a substrate for the streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA). The substrate was immobilized on a glutathione-Sepharose affinity matrix and used to measure wild-type SCPA activity in the range of 0.8 to 800 nM. The results of the assay demonstrated that SCPA is highly heat stable and has optimal activity on the synthetic substrate at or above pH 8.0. SCPA activity was unaffected by 0.1 to 10 mM Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Mn(2+) but was inhibited by the same concentrations of Zn(2+). The assay shows high sensitivity to ionic strength; NaCl inhibits SCPA cleavage of GST-C5a-GFP in a dose-dependent manner. Based on previously published computer homology modeling, four substitutions were introduced into the putative active site of SCPA: Asp(130)-Ala, His(193)-Ala, Asn(295)-Ala, and Ser(512)-Ala. All four mutant proteins had over 1,000-fold less proteolytic activity on C5a in vitro, as determined both by the GFP assay described here and by a polymorphonuclear cell adherence assay. In addition, recombinant SCPA1 and SCPA49, from two distinct lineages of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci), and recombinant SCPB, from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci), were compared in the GFP assay. The three enzymes had similar activities, all cleaving approximately 6 mol of C5a mmol of SCP(-1) liter(-1) min(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Stafslien
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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