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Li Y, Liu S, Sun D, Luo M, Qi X, Zhao S, Ma Z. Single-layer multitasking vortex-metalens for ultra-compact two-photon excitation STED endomicroscopy imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:3795-3807. [PMID: 33770972 DOI: 10.1364/oe.416698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the novel capabilities of engineering the optical wavefront at the nanoscale, the dielectric metalens has been utilized for fluorescence microscopy imaging system. However, the main technical difficulty is how to realize the achromatic focusing and light modulation simultaneously by a single-layer metalens in the two-photon excitation STED (TPE-STED) endomicroscopy imaging system. Herein, by combining the spatial multiplexing technology and vortex phase modulation, a single-layer multitasking vortex-metalens as a miniature microscopy objective on the end of fiber was proposed. The multitasking vortex-metalens with 36-sectors interleaving (diameter of 100 μm) could focus the excitation beam (1050 nm) and depletion beam (599 nm) to the same focal distance, modulate a doughnut-shaped depletion spot with vortex phase and reshape the focal spots to further make improvement in the quality and symmetry. According to the TPE-STED theory, a symmetrical effective fluorescent spot with the lateral resolution of 30 nm was obtained by the proposed metalens. Thus, with the advantage of ultra-compact and lightweight, we prospect that the subminiature multitasking metalens will help guide future developments in high-performance metalenses toward high-resolution and real-time images for deep biological tissue in vivo and enable scientific high-end miniature endomicroscopy imaging system.
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2
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Becker W, Hirvonen LM, Milnes J, Conneely T, Jagutzki O, Netz H, Smietana S, Suhling K. A wide-field TCSPC FLIM system based on an MCP PMT with a delay-line anode. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:093710. [PMID: 27782585 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the implementation of a wide-field time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) method for fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). It is based on a 40 mm diameter crossed delay line anode detector, where the readout is performed by three standard TCSPC boards. Excitation is performed by a picosecond diode laser with 50 MHz repetition rate. The photon arrival timing is obtained directly from the microchannel plates, with an instrumental response of ∼190 to 230 ps full width at half maximum depending on the position on the photocathode. The position of the photon event is obtained from the pulse propagation time along the two delay lines, one in x and one in y. One end of a delay line is fed into the "start" input of the corresponding TCSPC board, and the other end is delayed by 40 ns and fed into the "stop" input. The time between start and stop is directly converted into position, with a resolution of 200-250 μm. The data acquisition software builds up the distribution of the photons over their spatial coordinates, x and y, and their times after the excitation pulses, typically into 512 × 512 pixels and 1024 time channels per pixel. We apply the system to fluorescence lifetime imaging of cells labelled with Alexa 488 phalloidin in an epi-fluorescence microscope and discuss the application of our approach to other fluorescence microscopy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Becker
- Becker & Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 30, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Liisa M Hirvonen
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - James Milnes
- Photek Ltd., 26 Castleham Rd., Saint Leonards-on-Sea TN38 9NS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Conneely
- Photek Ltd., 26 Castleham Rd., Saint Leonards-on-Sea TN38 9NS, United Kingdom
| | - Ottmar Jagutzki
- Institut für Kernphysik, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Netz
- Becker & Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 30, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Smietana
- Becker & Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 30, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Suhling
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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3
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Liu C, Liu YL, Perillo EP, Dunn AK, Yeh HC. Single-Molecule Tracking and Its Application in Biomolecular Binding Detection. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2016; 22:6804013. [PMID: 27660404 PMCID: PMC5028128 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2016.2568160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades significant advances have been made in single-molecule detection, which enables the direct observation of single biomolecules at work in real time and under physiological conditions. In particular, the development of single-molecule tracking (SMT) microscopy allows us to monitor the motion paths of individual biomolecules in living systems, unveiling the localization dynamics and transport modalities of the biomolecules that support the development of life. Beyond the capabilities of traditional camera-based tracking techniques, state-of-the-art SMT microscopies developed in recent years can record fluorescence lifetime while tracking a single molecule in the 3D space. This multiparameter detection capability can open the door to a wide range of investigations at the cellular or tissue level, including identification of molecular interaction hotspots and characterization of association/dissociation kinetics between molecules. In this review, we discuss various SMT techniques developed to date, with an emphasis on our recent development of the next generation 3D tracking system that not only achieves ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution but also provides sufficient working depth suitable for live animal imaging. We also discuss the challenges that current SMT techniques are facing and the potential strategies to tackle those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78703 USA
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4
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Syed A, Lesoine MD, Bhattacharjee U, Petrich JW, Smith EA. The Number of Accumulated Photons and the Quality of Stimulated Emission Depletion Lifetime Images. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:767-72. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Syed
- U.S. Department of Energy; Ames Laboratory; Ames IA
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA
| | - Michael D. Lesoine
- U.S. Department of Energy; Ames Laboratory; Ames IA
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA
| | - Ujjal Bhattacharjee
- U.S. Department of Energy; Ames Laboratory; Ames IA
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA
| | - Jacob W. Petrich
- U.S. Department of Energy; Ames Laboratory; Ames IA
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA
| | - Emily A. Smith
- U.S. Department of Energy; Ames Laboratory; Ames IA
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA
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5
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Ehrlich N, Anhalt K, Paulsen H, Brakmann S, Hübner CG. Exonucleolytic degradation of high-density labeled DNA studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analyst 2012; 137:1160-7. [PMID: 22268065 DOI: 10.1039/c2an15879e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The exonucleolytic degradation of high-density labeled DNA by exonuclease III was monitored using two-color fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). One strand of the double stranded template DNA was labeled on either one or two base types and additionally at one end via a 5' Cy5 tagged primer. Exonucleolytic degradation was followed via the diffusion time, the brightness of the remaining DNA as well as the concentration of released labeled bases. We found a hydrolyzation rate of about 11 to 17 nucleotides per minute per enzyme (nt/min/enzyme) for high-density labeled DNA, which is by a factor of about 4 slower than for unlabeled DNA. The exonucleolytic degradation of a 488 base pair long double stranded DNA resulted in a short double stranded DNA segment of 112 ± 40 base pairs (bp) length with two single-stranded tails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Ehrlich
- Institute of Physics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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6
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Xu Y, Melia TJ, Toomre DK. Using light to see and control membrane traffic. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:822-30. [PMID: 22079055 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular compartmentalization into discrete organelles is maintained by membrane trafficking including vesiculation and tubulation. Recent advances in superresolution imaging have begun to bring these small and dynamic events into focus. Most nanoscopes exploit, and are limited by, switching dyes ON and OFF. Using ground state depletion to switch dyes into long-lived dark states can exploit specific photophysical properties of dyes, such as redox potential or pK(a), and expand the repertoire of nanoscopy probes for multicolor imaging. Seeing is not enough, and new technologies based on homodimerization, heterodimerization and selective release can manipulate membrane trafficking in pulse-chase and light-controlled ways. Herein we highlight the utility and promise of these strategies and discuss their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
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7
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Barber PR, Ameer-Beg SM, Pathmananthan S, Rowley M, Coolen ACC. A Bayesian method for single molecule, fluorescence burst analysis. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:1148-1158. [PMID: 21258537 PMCID: PMC3018088 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.001148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There is currently great interest in determining physical parameters, e.g. fluorescence lifetime, of individual molecules that inform on environmental conditions, whilst avoiding the artefacts of ensemble averaging. Protein interactions, molecular dynamics and sub-species can all be studied. In a burst integrated fluorescence lifetime (BIFL) experiment, identification of fluorescent bursts from single molecules above background detection is a problem. This paper presents a Bayesian method for burst identification based on model selection and demonstrates the detection of bursts consisting of 10% signal amplitude. The method also estimates the fluorescence lifetime (and its error) from the burst data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. R. Barber
- University of Oxford, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology,
Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research,
Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - S. M. Ameer-Beg
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research,
Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - S. Pathmananthan
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research,
Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - M. Rowley
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research,
Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - A. C. C. Coolen
- King's College London, Division of Cancer Research & Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research,
Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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8
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Hui-Ling W, Wen-You L, Xi-Wen H, Peng-Yuan Y, Hong L. Interactions of Night Blue with Nucleic Acids and Determination of Nucleic Acids Using Resonance Light Scattering Technique. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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9
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Heider EC, Barhoum M, Peterson EM, Schaefer J, Harris JM. Identification of single fluorescent labels using spectroscopic microscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:37-45. [PMID: 20132596 DOI: 10.1366/000370210790572034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Detection of single, fluorescently labeled biomolecules is providing a powerful approach to measuring molecular transport, biomolecular interactions, and localization in biological systems. Because the biological molecules of interest rarely exhibit sufficient intrinsic fluorescence to allow observation of individual molecules, they are usually labeled with fluorescent dye molecules, fluorescent proteins, semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots, or fluorescently doped silica or polymer nanospheres to allow their detection. Differences in the photophysical and spectral properties of different labels allow one to identify individual molecules by distinguishing their corresponding labels. A simple approach to measuring fluorescence spectra of individual fluorescent labels can be implemented in a standard wide-field fluorescence microscope, where a grating or prism is incorporated into the path from the microscope to an imaging detector to disperse the emission spectrum. In this work, principal components and cluster analysis are applied to the identification of fluorescence spectra from single fluorescent labels, with statistical tests of the classification results. Spectra are determined from diffracted images of fluorescent nanospheres labels, where emission maxima are separated by less than 20 nm, and of single dye-molecule labels with 30 nm separation. Clusters of points in an eigenvector representation of the spectra correctly classify known labels (both nanospheres and single molecules) and unambiguously identify unknown labels in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Heider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-0850, USA
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10
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Zhang Q, Soon HW, Tian H, Fernando S, Ha Y, Chen NG. Pseudo-random single photon counting for time-resolved optical measurement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2008; 16:13233-13239. [PMID: 18711561 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.013233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report a new time-resolved optical measurement method which combines single photon counting and the spread spectrum time-resolved optical measurement method. A laser diode modulated with pseudo-random bit sequences replaces the short pulse laser used in conventional time-resolved optical systems, while a single photon detector records the pulse sequence in response to the modulated excitation. Periodic cross-correlation is used to retrieve the impulse response. Feasibility of our approach is validated experimentally. A rise time around 150 picoseconds has been achieved with our prototype. Besides high temporal resolution, the new method also affords other benefits such as high photon counting rate, fast data acquisition, portability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Li L, Tian X, Zou G, Shi Z, Zhang X, Jin W. Quantitative Counting of Single Fluorescent Molecules by Combined Electrochemical Adsorption Accumulation and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2008; 80:3999-4006. [DOI: 10.1021/ac702534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinzhe Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhikun Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wenrui Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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12
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Eggeling C, Widengren J, Brand L, Schaffer J, Felekyan S, Seidel CAM. Analysis of photobleaching in single-molecule multicolor excitation and Förster resonance energy transfer measurements. J Phys Chem A 2007; 110:2979-95. [PMID: 16509620 DOI: 10.1021/jp054581w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dye photobleaching is a major constraint of fluorescence readout within a range of applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of photobleaching in fluorescence experiments applying multicolor laser as well as Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mediated excitation using several red-emitting dyes frequently used in multicolor experiments or as FRET acceptors. The chosen dyes (cyanine 5 (Cy5), MR121, Alexa660, Alexa680, Atto647N, Atto655) have chemically distinct chromophore systems and can be excited at 650 nm. Several fluorescence analysis techniques have been applied to detect photobleaching and to disclose the underlying photophysics, all of which are based on single-molecule detection: (1) fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) of bulk solutions, (2) fluorescence cross-correlation of single-molecule trajectories, and (3) multiparameter fluorescence detection (MFD) of single-molecule events. The maximum achievable fluorescence signals as well as the survival times of the red dyes were markedly reduced under additional laser irradiation in the range of 500 nm. Particularly at excitation levels at or close to saturation, the 500 nm irradiation effectively induced transitions to higher excited electronic states on already excited dye molecules, leading to a pronounced bleaching reactivity. A theoretical model for the observed laser irradiance dependence of the fluorescence brightness of a Cy5 FRET acceptor dye has been developed introducing the full description of the underlying photophysics. The model takes into account acceptor as well as donor photobleaching from higher excited electronic states, population of triplet states, and energy transfer to both the ground and excited states of the acceptor dye. Also, photoinduced reverse intersystem crossing via higher excited triplet states is included, which was found to be very efficient for Cy5 attached to DNA. Comparing continuous wave (cw) and pulsed donor excitation, a strong enhancement of acceptor photobleaching by a factor of 5 was observed for the latter. Thus, in the case of fluorescence experiments utilizing multicolor pulsed laser excitation, the application of the appropriate timing of synchronized green and red laser pulses in an alternating excitation mode can circumvent excessive photobleaching. Moreover, important new single-molecule analysis diagnosis tools are presented: (1) For the case of excessive acceptor photobleaching, cross-correlation analysis of single-molecule trajectories of the fluorescence signal detected in the donor and acceptor detection channels and vice versa shows an anticorrelated exponential decay and growth, respectively. (2) The time difference, Tg - Tr, of the mean observation times of all photons detected for the donor and acceptor detection channels within a single-molecule fluorescence burst allows one to identify and exclude molecules with an event of acceptor photobleaching. The presented single-molecule analysis methods can be constrained to, for example, FRET-active subpopulations, reducing bias from FRET-inactive molecules. The observations made are of strong relevance for and demand a careful choice of laser action in multicolor and FRET experiments, in particular when performed at or close to saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eggeling
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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13
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Edel JB, Lahoud P, Cass AEG, deMello AJ. Discrimination between single Escherichia coli cells using time-resolved confocal spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:1129-34. [PMID: 17266266 DOI: 10.1021/jp066267n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe a technique for rapidly discriminating between single-cell populations within a flowing microfluidic stream. Single-cell time-correlated single-photon counting (scTCSPC) as well as photon burst spectroscopy are used to characterize individual Escherichia coli cells expressed with either green, cyano, or yellow fluorescent protein. The approach utilizes standard confocal fluorescence microscopy incorporating femtoliter detection volumes. The measured burst width characteristics are predominately governed by the fluorescence quantum yield and absorption cross section of the proteins used. It is these characteristics which were used to distinguish between cells with high precision. By utilizing scTCSPC individual fluorescence lifetimes originating from single cells could also be determined. Average fluorescence lifetimes are determined using standard deconvolution procedures. The simplicity of the approach for obtaining well-defined burst width distributions is expected to be extremely valuable for single-cell sorting experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Edel
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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14
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Lippitz M, Kulzer F, Orrit M. Statistical evaluation of single nano-object fluorescence. Chemphyschem 2006; 6:770-89. [PMID: 15884060 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Single nano-objects display strong fluctuations of their fluorescence signals. These random and irreproducible variations must be subject to statistical analysis to provide microscopic information. We review the main evaluation methods used so far by experimentalists in the field of single-molecule spectroscopy: time traces, correlation functions, distributions of "on" and "off" times, higher-order correlations. We compare their advantages and weaknesses from a theoretical point of view, illustrating our main conclusions with simple numerical simulations. We then review experiments on different types of single nano-objects, the phenomena which are observed and the statistical analyses applied to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lippitz
- Molecular Nano-Optics and Spins, Huygens Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics (LION), Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Watanabe T, Iketaki Y, Sakai M, Ohmori T, Ueda T, Yamanaka T, Ishiuchi SI, Fujii M. Analysis of a fluorescence depletion process of Rhodamine 6G in a PMMA matrix induced by nano- and picosecond lasers. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Luong AK, Gradinaru CC, Chandler DW, Hayden CC. Simultaneous Time- and Wavelength-Resolved Fluorescence Microscopy of Single Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:15691-8. [PMID: 16852991 DOI: 10.1021/jp050465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Single fluorophores and single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer were studied with a new confocal fluorescence microscope that allows, for the first time, the wavelength and emission time of each detected photon to be simultaneously measured with single molecule sensitivity. In this apparatus, the photons collected from the sample are imaged through a dispersive optical system onto a time and position sensitive photon detector. For each detected photon the detection system records its wavelength, its emission time relative to the excitation pulse, and its absolute emission time. A histogram over many photons can generate a full fluorescence spectrum and correlated decay plot for a single molecule for any time interval. At the single molecule level, this approach makes possible entirely new types of temporal and spectral correlation spectroscopies. This paper presents our initial results on simultaneous time- and wavelength-resolved fluorescence measurements of single rhodamine 6G (R6G), tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), and Cy3 molecules embedded in thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and of single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer between two Alexa fluorophores spaced apart by a short polyproline peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khai Luong
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, MS 9055, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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17
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Tinnefeld P, Sauer M. Branching Out of Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Challenges for Chemistry and Influence on Biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:2642-2671. [PMID: 15849689 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade emerging single-molecule fluorescence-spectroscopy tools have been developed and adapted to analyze individual molecules under various conditions. Single-molecule-sensitive optical techniques are now well established and help to increase our understanding of complex problems in different disciplines ranging from materials science to cell biology. Previous dreams, such as the monitoring of the motility and structural changes of single motor proteins in living cells or the detection of single-copy genes and the determination of their distance from polymerase molecules in transcription factories in the nucleus of a living cell, no longer constitute unsolvable problems. In this Review we demonstrate that single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy has become an independent discipline capable of solving problems in molecular biology. We outline the challenges and future prospects for optical single-molecule techniques which can be used in combination with smart labeling strategies to yield quantitative three-dimensional information about the dynamic organization of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tinnefeld
- Applied Laserphysics und Laserspectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, Fax: (+49) 521-106-2958
| | - Markus Sauer
- Applied Laserphysics und Laserspectroscopy, Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, Fax: (+49) 521-106-2958
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18
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Tinnefeld P, Sauer M. Neue Wege in der Einzelmolekül-Fluoreszenzspektroskopie: Herausforderungen für die Chemie und Einfluss auf die Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Prummer M, Sick B, Renn A, Wild UP. Multiparameter microscopy and spectroscopy for single-molecule analytics. Anal Chem 2004; 76:1633-40. [PMID: 15018561 DOI: 10.1021/ac034976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to monitor several parameters simultaneously from distinct individual fluorescent reporter molecules facilitates the disentanglement of complex and interacting systems and opens new perspectives in areas from basic science to biopharmaceutical technology. By combining annular illumination microscopy, time-correlated single-photon counting, and multichannel detection, we were able to determine 14 independent parameters from one individual fluorophore. The whole set of parameters was deduced from the few properties of the fluorescence photons, i.e., arrival time, wavelength, and polarization. With this approach, the intensity, the polarization, and the spectral dynamics can be analyzed on a nanosecond time scale and the mean values can be monitored with submillisecond time resolution. Nanosecond spectral dynamics of single molecules has been observed, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. From our experience, we can determine all parameters for more than 30% of the illuminated fluorophores in biological samples and for more than 80% in doped polymeric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Prummer
- Institute of Biomolecular Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Hubner CG, Ksenofontov V, Nolde F, Mullen K, Basche T. Three-dimensional orientational colocalization of individual donor–acceptor pairs. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:10867-70. [PMID: 15268115 DOI: 10.1063/1.1760492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the determination of the three-dimensional orientation of the donor and acceptor transition dipoles in individual fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs by means of scanning optical microscopy with annular illumination. Knowledge of the mutual orientation of the donor and acceptor dipole is mandatory for reliable distance determination based on FRET efficiency measurements. In our model system perylenediimide as the donor and terryelenediimide as the acceptor are coupled via a stiff p-terphenyl linker. The absorption dipoles of the donor and acceptor are selectively addressed by the 488 nm and 647 line of an Ar/Kr mixed gas laser, respectively. A clear deviation from collinearity is observed with a distribution of misalignment angles peaked around 22 degrees.
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21
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McHale K, Berglund AJ, Mabuchi H. Bayesian estimation for species identification in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Biophys J 2004; 86:3409-22. [PMID: 15189843 PMCID: PMC1304248 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.103.038414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we describe a recursive Bayesian estimator for the identification of diffusing fluorophores using photon arrival-time data from a single spectral channel. We present derivations for all relevant diffusion and fluorescence models, and we use simulated diffusion trajectories and photon streams to evaluate the estimator's performance. We consider simplified estimation schemes that bin the photon counts within time intervals of fixed duration, and show that they can perform well in realistic parameter regimes. The latter results indicate the feasibility of performing identification experiments in real time. It will be straightforward to generalize our approach for use in more complicated scenarios, e.g., with multiple spectral channels or fast photophysical dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McHale
- Option of Bioengineering, and Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.
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22
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Gao X, Nie S. Quantum Dot-Encoded Mesoporous Beads with High Brightness and Uniformity: Rapid Readout Using Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2406-10. [PMID: 15080756 DOI: 10.1021/ac0354600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of optically encoded beads has been prepared by using mesoporous polystyrene beads and surfactant-coated semiconductor quantum dots. In comparison with nonporous beads of similar sizes and chemical compositions, the encoded porous beads are approximately 1000 times brighter and 5 times more uniform in fluorescence intensities. Using both absolute intensity and ratiometric fluorescence coding, we show that the beads can be identified with a standard flow cytometer at 1000 beads/s. This result indicates that the multiple excited-state lifetimes and relaxation pathways of quantum dots do not limit their applications in high-speed optical detection and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Gao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, 1639 Pierce Drive, Suite 2001, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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23
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Kästner CN, Prummer M, Sick B, Renn A, Wild UP, Dimroth P. The citrate carrier CitS probed by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Biophys J 2003; 84:1651-9. [PMID: 12609868 PMCID: PMC1302735 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(03)74974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A prominent region of the Na(+)-dependent citrate carrier (CitS) from Klebsiella pneumoniae is the highly conserved loop X-XI, which contains a putative citrate binding site. To monitor potential conformational changes within this region by single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, the target cysteines C398 and C414 of the single-Cys mutants (CitS-sC398, CitS-sC414) were selectively labeled with the thiol-reactive fluorophores AlexaFluor 546/568 C(5) maleimide (AF(546), AF(568)). While both single-cysteine mutants were catalytically active citrate carriers, labeling with the fluorophore was only tolerated at C398. Upon citrate addition to the functional protein fluorophore conjugate CitS-sC398-AF(546), complete fluorescence quenching of the majority of molecules was observed, indicating a citrate-induced conformational change of the fluorophore-containing domain of CitS. This quenching was specific for the physiological substrate citrate and therefore most likely reflecting a conformational change in the citrate transport mechanism. Single-molecule studies with dual-labeled CitS-sC398-AF(546/568) and dual-color detection provided strong evidence for a homodimeric association of CitS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Kästner
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Switzerland
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24
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25
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Renault JP, Bernard A, Bietsch A, Michel B, Bosshard HR, Delamarche E, Kreiter M, Hecht B, Wild UP. Fabricating Arrays of Single Protein Molecules on Glass Using Microcontact Printing. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0263424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Kaim G, Prummer M, Sick B, Zumofen G, Renn A, Wild UP, Dimroth P. Coupled rotation within single F0F1 enzyme complexes during ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. FEBS Lett 2002; 525:156-63. [PMID: 12163180 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
F0F1 ATP synthases are the smallest rotary motors in nature and work as ATP factories in bacteria, plants and animals. Here we report on the first observation of intersubunit rotation in fully coupled single F0F1 molecules during ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. We investigate the Na+-translocating ATP synthase of Propionigenium modestum specifically labeled by a single fluorophore at one c subunit using polarization-resolved confocal microscopy. Rotation during ATP synthesis was observed with the immobilized enzyme reconstituted into proteoliposomes after applying a diffusion potential, but not with a Na+ concentration gradient alone. During ATP hydrolysis, stepwise rotation of the labeled c subunit was found in the presence of 2 mM NaCl, but not without the addition of Na+ ions. Moreover, upon the incubation with the F0-specific inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide the rotation was severely inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kaim
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Palo K, Brand L, Eggeling C, Jäger S, Kask P, Gall K. Fluorescence intensity and lifetime distribution analysis: toward higher accuracy in fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. Biophys J 2002; 83:605-18. [PMID: 12124251 PMCID: PMC1302173 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(02)75195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence fluctuation methods such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (FIDA) have proven to be versatile tools for studying molecular interactions with single molecule sensitivity. Another well-known fluorescence technique is the measurement of the fluorescence lifetime. Here, we introduce a method that combines the benefits of both FIDA and fluorescence lifetime analysis. It is based on fitting the two-dimensional histogram of the number of photons detected in counting time intervals of given width and the sum of excitation to detection delay times of these photons. Referred to as fluorescence intensity and lifetime distribution analysis (FILDA), the technique distinguishes fluorescence species on the basis of both their specific molecular brightness and the lifetime of the excited state and is also able to determine absolute fluorophore concentrations. The combined information yielded by FILDA results in significantly increased accuracy compared to that of FIDA or fluorescence lifetime analysis alone. In this paper, the theory of FILDA is elaborated and applied to both simulated and experimental data. The outstanding power of this technique in resolving different species is shown by quantifying the binding of calmodulin to a peptide ligand, thus indicating the potential for application of FILDA to similar problems in the life sciences.
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28
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Hess ST, Huang S, Heikal AA, Webb WW. Biological and chemical applications of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy: a review. Biochemistry 2002; 41:697-705. [PMID: 11790090 DOI: 10.1021/bi0118512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Hess
- Department of Physics and School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Clark Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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29
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Yan Y, Myrick ML. Identification of nucleotides with identical fluorescent labels based on fluorescence polarization in surfactant solutions. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4508-13. [PMID: 11575800 DOI: 10.1021/ac0104781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A solution-phase steady-state polarization-based method for discriminating among the four DNA nucleotides labeled identically with tetramethylrhodamine is described and demonstrated. Labeled nucleotides were dissolved in buffered surfactant solutions. In room temperature 4.5 mM Triton X-100 solutions at neutral pH, the measured steady-state polarizations of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dUTP were 0.261 +/- 0.003, 0.112 +/- 0.003, 0.288 +/- 0.003, and 0.147 +/- 0.003, respectively. A blind test of 40 samples showed no errors in classification based on polarization. The reproducibility obtained during this study demonstrates that the four dye-labeled nucleotides can be discriminated with more than 99.8% confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA
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30
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Rurack K. Flipping the light switch 'on'--the design of sensor molecules that show cation-induced fluorescence enhancement with heavy and transition metal ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2001; 57:2161-2195. [PMID: 11603837 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(01)00492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time and real-space analysis of heavy and transition metal ions employing fluorescent sensor molecules has received much attention over the past few years. Since many of these cations possess intrinsic properties that usually quench the fluorescence of organic dye molecules, a lot of research has lately been devoted to designing fluorescent probes that show complexation-induced fluorescence enhancement. Such an analytical reaction would be highly desirable in terms of increased sensitivity and selectivity. However, in this particular field of sensor research, the photophysical and photochemical mechanisms involved as well as the chemical constitutions of the sensor molecules employed are rather diverse and up to now, very few attempts have been made to establish some general concepts for rational probe design. By analyzing various systems published by other researchers as well as own work, this contribution aims at an elucidation of some of the underlying principles of heavy and transition metal ion-enhanced emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rurack
- Department I.3902, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, German.
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31
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Abstract
Studies on single protein molecules have advanced from mere proofs of principle to insightful investigations of otherwise inaccessible biological phenomena. Recent studies predict a tremendous number of possible future applications. The long-term vision of biologists to watch single molecular processes in real time by peering into a cell with three-dimensional resolution might finally be realized. Another fascinating perspective is the identification and selection of single favorable variants from complex libraries of diverse biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schwille
- Experimental Biophysics Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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32
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Han M, Gao X, Su JZ, Nie S. Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:631-5. [PMID: 11433273 DOI: 10.1038/90228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1474] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide nanocrystals) into polymeric microbeads at precisely controlled ratios. Their novel optical properties (e.g., size-tunable emission and simultaneous excitation) render these highly luminescent quantum dots (QDs) ideal fluorophores for wavelength-and-intensity multiplexing. The use of 10 intensity levels and 6 colors could theoretically code one million nucleic acid or protein sequences. Imaging and spectroscopic measurements indicate that the QD-tagged beads are highly uniform and reproducible, yielding bead identification accuracies as high as 99.99% under favorable conditions. DNA hybridization studies demonstrate that the coding and target signals can be simultaneously read at the single-bead level. This spectral coding technology is expected to open new opportunities in gene expression studies, high-throughput screening, and medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Han
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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33
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Donley EA, Plakhotnik T. Luminescence lifetimes of single molecules in disordered media. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1372509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Myers Kelley
- A. M. Kelley is in the Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xavier Michalet
- X. Michalet and S. Weiss are in the Materials Sciences and Biophysical Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shimon Weiss
- X. Michalet and S. Weiss are in the Materials Sciences and Biophysical Sciences Divisions, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Trabesinger W, Hecht B, Wild UP, Schütz GJ, Schindler H, Schmidt T. Statistical analysis of single-molecule colocalization assays. Anal Chem 2001; 73:1100-5. [PMID: 11305637 DOI: 10.1021/ac000810t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In chemical assays, specific molecular recognition events result in close physical proximity of two molecular species, e.g., ligands and receptors. Microscopy techniques that are able to image individual molecules allow for achieving a positional accuracy far beyond the resolution limit Therefore, independent position determination, e.g., by dual-color microscopy, becomes possible, permitting determination of intermolecular distances beyond the resolution limit. Nonzero measured distances occur due to experimental inaccuracies in case of a recognition event or due to accidental close proximity between ligand-receptor pairs. Using general statistical considerations, finite measured distances between single ligand-receptor pairs are directly translated into probabilities for true molecular recognition or mere accidental proximity. This enables a quantitative statistical analysis of single recognition events. It is demonstrated that in a general assay, even in the presence of strong unspecific background, the probability for a certain diagnosis and a measure for its reliability can be extracted from the observation of a few binding events. The power of the method is demonstrated at the example of a single-molecule DNA hybridization assay. Our findings are of major importance for future assay miniaturization and assaying with minute amounts of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Trabesinger
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.
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36
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37
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Enderlein J, Sauer M. Optimal Algorithm for Single-Molecule Identification with Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002358n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Enderlein
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, PF 10 10 42, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, PF 10 10 42, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany, and Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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