1
|
Duan C, Zhang J, Xian T, Li L, Zhang Y, He X, Li P. Direct Performance of Triple-Stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis Using Dual-Direction Dipolar Excitation in a Digital Linear Ion Trap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:551-560. [PMID: 38270642 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The ion trap mass spectrometer offers a unique advantage over other mass spectrometers by enabling multistage tandem mass spectrometry analysis with a single mass analyzer. It is employed to generate fragment ions through collision-induced dissociation (CID) usually by applying alternating current (AC) signals to a pair of electrodes for dipole excitation. The process of achieving double-stage tandem mass spectrometry analysis (MS/MS) in the mass spectrometer involves successive stages of injection, cooling, isolation, excitation, and scanning. For triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry analysis (MS/MS/MS), additional stages of isolation, cooling, and excitation need to be added based on the MS/MS analysis, resulting in a complex and time-consuming mass spectrometry workflow. In this study, a digital ion trap technology with the method of simultaneously applying dipole excitation signals to two pairs of electrodes in the ion trap was developed. This allows fragmentation of the precursor ion in one direction while exciting the first-generation product ions in the other direction, enabling direct acquisition of MS/MS/MS spectra. This approach simplifies the process of tandem mass spectrometry, as demonstrated by experimental studies on methamphetamine, which show that dual-direction excitation effectively reduces workflow and enhances the intensity of product ions. Additionally, the method of direct MS/MS/MS spectra achieved through dual-direction excitation in a digital ion trap mass spectrometer allows for a lower q value of the precursor ion owing to a pseudopotential well depth that is 1.648 times greater than that of a traditional sinusoidal ion trap. The experiments of analyzing high concentration n-butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate have shown that the implementation of MS/MS/MS analysis using dual-direction excitation can provide more mass spectral information and effectively distinguish between the two isomeric samples. The results of direct triple-stage spectra obtained by this technique for several typical volatile hazardous chemicals demonstrate the method's capability for rapid analysis and detection of such substances. In summary, the developed method of dual-directional excitation coupled with digital ion trap technology enables direct performance of triple-stage tandem mass spectrometry analysis, improving fragment ion intensities and providing more valuable mass spectral information. It offers advantages such as simplified workflows, faster analysis, and enhanced accuracy for analyzing compounds with low mass fragment ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changxuan Duan
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiashu Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Tianxin Xian
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Suzhou Weimu Intelligent System Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xingli He
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Suzhou Weimu Intelligent System Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215163, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The gas-phase formation of new particles less than 1 nm in size and their subsequent growth significantly alters the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, >30-50 nm), leading to impacts on cloud reflectance and the global radiative budget. However, this growth cannot be accounted for by condensation of typical species driving the initial nucleation. Here, we present evidence that nucleated iodine oxide clusters provide unique sites for the accelerated growth of organic vapors to overcome the coagulation sink. Heterogeneous reactions form low-volatility organic acids and alkylaminium salts in the particle phase, while further oligomerization of small α-dicarbonyls (e.g., glyoxal) drives the particle growth. This identified heterogeneous mechanism explains the occurrence of particle production events at organic vapor concentrations almost an order of magnitude lower than those required for growth via condensation alone. A notable fraction of iodine associated with these growing particles is recycled back into the gas phase, suggesting an effective transport mechanism for iodine to remote regions, acting as a "catalyst" for nucleation and subsequent new particle production in marine air.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuth C, Vogel AL, Ockenfeld S, Huesmann R, Hoffmann T. Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Real Time: Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8816-8823. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zuth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Alexander L. Vogel
- Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry & Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sara Ockenfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Regina Huesmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55128, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brüggemann M, Hayeck N, Bonnineau C, Pesce S, Alpert PA, Perrier S, Zuth C, Hoffmann T, Chen J, George C. Interfacial photochemistry of biogenic surfactants: a major source of abiotic volatile organic compounds. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:59-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Films of biogenic compounds exposed to the atmosphere are ubiquitously found on the surfaces of cloud droplets, aerosol particles, buildings, plants, soils and the ocean. These air/water interfaces host countless amphiphilic compounds concentrated there with respect to in bulk water, leading to a unique chemical environment. Here, photochemical processes at the air/water interface of biofilm-containing solutions were studied, demonstrating abiotic VOC production from authentic biogenic surfactants under ambient conditions. Using a combination of online-APCI-HRMS and PTR-ToF-MS, unsaturated and functionalized VOCs were identified and quantified, giving emission fluxes comparable to previous field and laboratory observations. Interestingly, VOC fluxes increased with the decay of microbial cells in the samples, indicating that cell lysis due to cell death was the main source for surfactants and VOC production. In particular, irradiation of samples containing solely biofilm cells without matrix components exhibited the strongest VOC production upon irradiation. In agreement with previous studies, LC-MS measurements of the liquid phase suggested the presence of fatty acids and known photosensitizers, possibly inducing the observed VOC productionviaperoxy radical chemistry. Up to now, such VOC emissions were directly accounted to high biological activity in surface waters. However, the results obtained suggest that abiotic photochemistry can lead to similar emissions into the atmosphere, especially in less biologically-active regions. Furthermore, chamber experiments suggest that oxidation (O3/OH radicals) of the photochemically-produced VOCs leads to aerosol formation and growth, possibly affecting atmospheric chemistry and climate-related processes, such as cloud formation or the Earth’s radiation budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Hayeck
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| | - Chloé Bonnineau
- Irstea
- UR MALY
- Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne
- F-69616 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Stéphane Pesce
- Irstea
- UR MALY
- Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne
- F-69616 Villeurbanne
- France
| | - Peter A. Alpert
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| | | | - Christoph Zuth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3)
- Fudan Tyndall Centre
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CNRS
- IRCELYON
- Villeurbanne
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Horan AJ, Gao Y, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Online Characterization of Particles and Gases with an Ambient Electrospray Ionization Source. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9253-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302024y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Horan
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
99352, United States
| | - Wiley A. Hall
- Agricultural
Research Service,
San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Parlier, California 93648, United States
| | - Murray V. Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bruns EA, Greaves J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Measurement of vapor pressures and heats of sublimation of dicarboxylic acids using atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5900-9. [PMID: 22432524 DOI: 10.1021/jp210021f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vapor pressures of low volatility compounds are important parameters in several atmospheric processes, including the formation of new particles and the partitioning of compounds between the gas phase and particles. Understanding these processes is critical for elucidating the impacts of aerosols on climate, visibility, and human health. Dicarboxylic acids are an important class of compounds in the atmosphere for which reported vapor pressures often vary by more than an order of magnitude. In this study, atmospheric solids analysis probe mass spectrometry (ASAP-MS), a relatively new atmospheric pressure ionization technique, is applied for the first time to the measurement of vapor pressures and heats of sublimation of a series of dicarboxylic acids. Pyrene was also studied because its vapor pressures and heat of sublimation are relatively well-known. The heats of sublimation measured using ASAP-MS were in good agreement with published values. The vapor pressures, assuming an evaporation coefficient of unity, were typically within a factor of ∼3 lower than published values made at similar temperatures for most of the acids. The underestimation may be due to diffusional constraints resulting from evaporation at atmospheric pressure. However, this study establishes that ASAP-MS is a promising new technique for such measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hazra MK, Sinha A. Formic Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of SO3 in the Gas Phase: A Barrierless Mechanism for Sulfuric Acid Production of Potential Atmospheric Importance. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:17444-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207393v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Montu K. Hazra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| | - Amitabha Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao Y, Hall WA, Johnston MV. Molecular composition of monoterpene secondary organic aerosol at low mass loading. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:7897-7902. [PMID: 20853884 DOI: 10.1021/es101861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The molecular composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the ozonolysis of monoterpenes (α-pinene and β-pinene) was studied by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry techniques, both employing electrospray ionization (ESI). SOA particles were generated in a flow tube reactor with a reaction time of 23 s. A microsampling assembly in combination with ESI-FTICR analysis permitted SOA with a mass loading as low as 3.5 μg/m(3) to be characterized with high accuracy and precision mass analysis. Hundreds of product molecular formulas were identified that were common to all mass loadings; however the relative intensities changed significantly. In particular, a species with the (neutral molecule) formula C(17)H(26)O(8) increased substantially in intensity relative to other products as the mass loading decreased. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) of this species showed it to be a dimer of C(9)H(14)O(4) and C(8)H(12)O(4), most likely pinic acid and terpenylic acid, respectively. LCMS analysis showed different elution times for the dimer and monomer species, confirming that the dimer was not an artifact of ESI analysis. The particle number concentration increased linearly with ozone concentration (the limiting reactant in the experiment), arguing against gas phase dimerization as the rate limiting step in particle formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ping H, Yin-Long G, Guo-Qiang C, Dai-Wang X, Sheng-Ming M. Exact Mass Measurements for α-Allenic Alcohol by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization/Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20030210820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
10
|
Bruns EA, Perraud V, Greaves J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe Mass Spectrometry: A New Approach for Airborne Particle Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5922-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bruns
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - John Greaves
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ma Y, Marston G. Formation of organic acids from the gas-phase ozonolysis of terpinolene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4198-209. [PMID: 19458821 DOI: 10.1039/b818789d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase ozonolysis of terpinolene was studied in static chamber experiments using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric and flame ionisation detection to separate and detect products. Two isomers of C(7)-diacids and three isomers of C(7)-aldehydic acids were identified in the condensed phase after derivatisation. Possible mechanisms of formation of these acids were investigated using different OH radical scavengers and relative humidities, and were compared to those reported earlier for the ozonolysis of beta-pinene. In addition, branching ratios for some of the individual reaction steps, e.g. the branching ratio between the two hydroperoxide channels of the C(7)-CI, were deduced from the quantitative product yield data. Branching ratios for POZ decomposition and the stabilisation/decomposition of the C(7-)CI were also obtained from measurements of the C(7) primary carbonyl product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China 210044
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma Y, Porter RA, Chappell D, Russell AT, Marston G. Mechanisms for the formation of organic acids in the gas-phase ozonolysis of 3-carene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:4184-97. [DOI: 10.1039/b818750a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Venkatachari P, Hopke PK. Characterization of products formed in the reaction of ozone with alpha-pinene: case for organic peroxides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:966-74. [PMID: 18688467 DOI: 10.1039/b804357d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their subsequent induced pulmonary and systemic oxidative stress has been implicated as an important molecular mechanism of PM-mediated toxicity. However, recent work has shown that there is significant ROS associated with ambient PM. In order to understand the formation mechanisms as well as understand the potential health effects of particle-bound oxidative species, the alpha-pinene-O(3) oxidation chemical system was studied to elucidate the structures of reaction products using liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)). The classes of compounds identified based on their multiple stage-MS fragmentation patterns, mechanistic considerations of alpha-pinene-O(3) oxidation, and general fragmentation rules, of the products from this reaction system were highly oxygenated species, predominantly containing hydroperoxide and peroxide functional groups. The oxidant species observed were clearly stable for the 1-3 h that elapsed during aerosol collection and analysis, and probably for much longer, thus rendering it possible for these species to bind onto particles forming fine particulate organic peroxides that concentrate on the particles and could deliver concentrated doses of ROS in vivo to tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Venkatachari
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Analysis of nitrophenols in cloud water with a miniaturized light-phase rotary perforator and HPLC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:161-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
15
|
Ma Y, Russell AT, Marston G. Mechanisms for the formation of secondary organic aerosol components from the gas-phase ozonolysis of α-pinene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4294-312. [DOI: 10.1039/b803283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
16
|
Kurtén T, Bonn B, Vehkamäki H, Kulmala M. Computational Study of the Reaction between Biogenic Stabilized Criegee Intermediates and Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:3394-401. [PMID: 17419595 DOI: 10.1021/jp067817k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have postulated a mechanism for the reaction of sulfuric acid with stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs). We have computed Gibbs free energies for the reaction of sulfuric acid with two biogenic sCIs and three smaller model species. We have also calculated Gibbs free energies for two competing sink reactions. Due to the large size of the biogenic sCIs, the computations have been performed at the relatively modest B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) levels. However, single-point RI-CC2/def2-QZVPP calculations for the (CH3)(2)COO model species are in good agreement with the B3LYP results. The reaction is found to be strongly exothermic for all studied species. Activation barrier calculations on the (CH3)(2)COO model species further indicate that the reaction with sulfuric acid may proceed significantly faster than the sink reaction with water. If the same applies to the biogenic sCIs, the proposed reactions could account for some part of the organically assisted new particle formation events observed in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theo Kurtén
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ma Y, Luciani T, Porter RA, Russell AT, Johnson D, Marston G. Organic acid formation in the gas-phase ozonolysis of α-pinene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:5084-7. [PMID: 17878983 DOI: 10.1039/b709880d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of formation of pinonic and norpinonic acids from alpha-pinene ozonolysis has been investigated by studying the products of the ozonolysis of an enone derived from alpha-pinene using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Reading University, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma Y, Willcox TR, Russell AT, Marston G. Pinic and pinonic acid formation in the reaction of ozone with α-pinene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:1328-30. [PMID: 17377671 DOI: 10.1039/b617130c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of formation of key compounds in atmospheric secondary aerosol (SOA) has been investigated by studying the products of the ozonolysis of an enal derived from alpha-pinene using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Reading University, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading, UK RG6 6AD
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chiappini L, Perraudin E, Durand-Jolibois R, Doussin JF. Development of a supercritical fluid extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the identification of highly polar compounds in secondary organic aerosols formed from biogenic hydrocarbons in smog chamber experiments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1749-59. [PMID: 16972055 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new one-step method for the analysis of highly polar components of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) has been developed. This method should lead to a better understanding of SOA formation and evolution since it enables the compounds responsible for SOA formation to be identified. Since it is based on supercritical fluid extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, it minimizes the analysis time and significantly enhances sensitivity, which makes it suitable for trace-level compounds, which are constituents of SOA. One of the key features of this method is the in situ derivatisation step: an online silylation allowing the measurement of highly polar, polyfunctional compounds, which is a prerequisite for the elucidation of chemical mechanisms. This paper presents the development of this analytical method and highlights its ability to address this major atmospheric issue through the analysis of SOA formed from the ozonolysis of a biogenic hydrocarbon (sabinene). Ozonolysis of sabinene was performed in a 6 m3 Teflon chamber. The aerosol components were derivatised in situ. More than thirty products, such as sabinaketone, sabinic acid and other multifunctional compounds including dicarboxylic acids and oxoacids, were measured. Nine of them were identified and quantified. The sensitivity and the linearity (0.91<R<0.98) of the method were both good and detection limits ranged from 1.2 to 6.4 ng for the investigated compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chiappini
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR CNRS 7583, Universités Paris, 7 et 12, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mysak ER, Wilson KR, Jimenez-Cruz M, Ahmed M, Baer T. Synchrotron Radiation Based Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Organic Constituents. Anal Chem 2005; 77:5953-60. [PMID: 16159127 DOI: 10.1021/ac050440e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A synchrotron radiation based aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer using tunable vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) light is described for real-time analysis of organic compounds in ultrafine and large aerosol particles. Particles are sampled from atmospheric pressure and are focused through an aerodynamic lens assembly into the mass spectrometer. As the particles enter the source region, they impinge on a cartridge heater and are vaporized. The particle vapor expands back into the source region and is softly ionized with tunable, quasicontinuous VUV light generated with synchrotron radiation. The radiation can be tuned to an energy close to the ionization energy of the sample molecules, thus minimizing the complications resulting from ion fragmentation. Photoionization efficiency scans (photon scans) can be readily collected, which permit measurement of the molecule's ionization energy and fragmentation onsets. Four high molecular weight, low vapor pressure organic compounds of importance in atmospheric aerosols are analyzed and their ionization energies measured with uncertainties of +/-60 meV. These are oleic acid (8.68 eV), linoleic acid (8.52 eV), linolenic acid (8.49 eV), and cholesterol (8.69 eV).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mysak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schrader W, Geiger J, Godejohann M. Studies of complex reactions using modern hyphenated methods: α-Pinene ozonolysis as a model reaction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1075:185-96. [PMID: 15974132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Modern analytical equipment, in this case the combinations of gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) and liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, respectively, have been used to monitor complex reactions that do not only form one or two but a larger number of products. Additionally, side reactions of one primary product with a reactant form a second line of secondary products. To be able to propose formation pathways or even mechanistic interpretation of reactions like these, sophisticated analytical instrumentation is necessary to be able to observe all steps of such a reaction. In this case, the gas phase reaction of alpha-pinene with ozone has been used as a model reaction. A number of both volatile and low-volatile reaction products could be characterized and formation pathways for a reaction with ozone and OH radicals were proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dalton CN, Jaoui M, Kamens RM, Glish GL. Continuous Real-Time Analysis of Products from the Reaction of Some Monoterpenes with Ozone Using Atmospheric Sampling Glow Discharge Ionization Coupled to a Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2005; 77:3156-63. [PMID: 15889904 DOI: 10.1021/ac050153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An on-line technique has been demonstrated for the analysis of photochemical oxidation reaction products. The technique is based on the direct introduction of gas and particulate oxidation products into a custom-built atmospheric sampling glow discharge ionization source (ASGDI) coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (QITMS). Operational parameters of the ASGDI system were investigated to determine their influence on the ion signal for the analysis of oxidation products in real time. These parameters include the discharge current, ion accumulation time, and type of reagent gas. Reference mass spectra from standards were generated for a variety of biogenic compounds and terpene reaction products containing keto, hydroxy, aldehyde, carboxylic acid, or epoxy groups to better understand the fragmentation that occurs in the glow discharge ion source. Results are presented for ozonolysis reactions of four biogenic monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, D-limonene, Delta(3)-carene) monitored with the ASGDI quadrupole ion trap to demonstrate the ability to obtain real-time measurements. The reaction products identified with ASGDI-QITMS correspond to those products identified with other techniques, including on-line atmospheric pressure chemical ionization techniques. Efficient differentiation of multifunctional products including mono-/di-/hydroxy-/keto-carboxylic acid and keto-/hydroxy-aldehyde was possible by use of the MS/MS capability of the instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Dalton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schrader W. Atmosphäre - ein chemischer Reaktor: Bildungsmechanismus sekundärer organischer Aerosole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
24
|
Schrader W. Atmosphere, a Chemical Reactor?Formation Pathways of Secondary Organic Aerosols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:1444-6. [PMID: 15724253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schrader
- Max Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser Wilhelm Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Iinuma Y, Böge O, Miao Y, Sierau B, Gnauk T, Herrmann H. Laboratory studies on secondary organic aerosol formation from terpenes. Faraday Discuss 2005; 130:279-94; discussion 363-86, 519-24. [PMID: 16161789 DOI: 10.1039/b502160j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) following the ozonolysis of terpene has been investigated intensively in recent years. The enhancement of SOA yields from the acid catalysed reactions of organics on aerosol surfaces or in the bulk particle phase has been receiving great attention. Recent studies show that the presence of acidic seed particles increases the SOA yield significantly (M. S. Jang and R. M. Kamens, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 4758, ref. 1; M. S. Jang, N. M. Czoschke, S. Lee and R. M. Kamens, Science, 2002, 298, 814, ref. 2; N. M. Czoschke, M. Jang and R. M. Kamens, Atmos. Environ., 2003, 37, 4287, ref. 3; M. S. Jang, B. Carroll, B. Chandramouli and R. M. Kamens, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2003, 37, 3828, ref. 4; Y. Iinuma, O. Böge, T. Gnauk and H. Herrmann, Atmos. Environ., 2004, 38, 761, ref. 5; S. Gao, M. Keywood, N. L. Ng, J. Surratt, V. Varutbangkul, R. Bahreini, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2004, 108, 10147, ref. 6). More detailed studies report the formation of higher molecular weight products in SOA (refs. 5 and 6; M. P. Tolocka, M. Jang, J. M. Ginter, F. J. Cox, R. M. Kamens and M. V. Johnston, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 1428, ref. 7; S. Gao, N. L. Ng, M. Keywood, V. Varutbangkul, R. Bahreini, A. Nenes, J. He, K. Y. Yoo, J. L. Beauchamp, R. P. Hodyss, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 6582, ref. 8) which could result in a non-reversible uptake of organics into the particle phase. Most of the past studies concentrated on the characterisation of the yields of enhanced SOA and its composition from ozonolysis of terpenes in the presence or absence of acidic and neutral seed particles. Recent findings from cyclohexene ozonolysis show that the presence of OH scavengers can also significantly influence the SOA yield. Our new results from the IfT chemistry department aerosol chamber on terpene ozonolysis in the presence of OH scavengers show that the presence of hydroxyl radical scavengers clearly reduces the amount of formed SOA. The OH scavenger strongly depletes the formation of oligomeric compounds in the particle phase in contrast to previous findings (M. D. Keywood, J. H. Kroll, V. Varatbangkul, R. Bahreini, R. C. Flagan and J. H. Seinfeld, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 3343, ref. 9). This result indicates that hydroxyl radicals play an important role in the formation of precursor compounds (e.g., hydroxy pinonaldehyde) for the particle phase heterogeneous acid catalysed reactions leading to the higher molecular weight compounds and thus the enhancement of SOA yields. Better understanding of the role of hydroxyl radicals in the formation of SOA is necessary to distinguish between the contribution of ozonolysis and hydroxyl radicals to the SOA yield. If the recent findings are a ubiquitous phenomenon in the atmosphere, current atmospheric and climate models might underestimate SOA formation yields, particle phase OC contents and its impact on the atmospheric radiation budget.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Iinuma
- Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Schrader W, Döring S, Joppek W. Massenspektrometrische Studien von DNA-Addukten mit Terpenoiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
Schrader W, Döring S, Joppek W. Mass Spectrometric Studies of DNA Adducts from a Reaction with Terpenoids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:6657-60. [PMID: 15593171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schrader
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sloth † M, Bilde ‡ M, Mikkelsen * KV. Interaction energies between aerosol precursors formed in the photo-oxidation of α-pinene. Mol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970412331317805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
29
|
Hearn JD, Smith GD. A Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for the Online Analysis of Organic Aerosols. Anal Chem 2004; 76:2820-6. [PMID: 15144193 DOI: 10.1021/ac049948s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new technique employing chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) is described that allows the composition of organic particles to be determined on the time scale of seconds. With this Aerosol CIMS technique, particles are vaporized thermally at temperatures up to 480 degrees C, and the resulting vapor is chemically ionized and detected with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The separation of the vaporization and ionization steps allows greater control and more flexibility for the detection of condensed phases than with other chemical ionization methods. Consequently, composition can be correlated to volatility, providing an additional dimension of information. The use of a variety of positive and negative reagent ions, such as H(+)(H(2)O)(2), H(+)(CH(3)OH)(2), NO(+), O(2)(+), O(2)(-), F(-), and SF(6)(-), offers flexibility in the detection sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the degree of fragmentation of the resulting ion can be controlled, providing more straightforward identification and quantification than with other commonly used methods, such as electron impact ionization. Examples are given of the detection of aerosols consisting of organics with various functionalities, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Applications of this technique to laboratory studies of atmospherically relevant aerosol reactions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Hearn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Carbonaceous compounds comprise a substantial fraction of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Particulate organic material can be emitted directly into the atmosphere or formed in the atmosphere when the oxidation products of certain volatile organic compounds condense. Such products have lower volatilities than their parent molecules as a result of the fact that adding oxygen and/or nitrogen to organic molecules reduces volatility. Formation of secondary organic PM is often described in terms of a fractional mass yield, which relates how much PM is produced when a certain amount of a parent gaseous organic is oxidized. The theory of secondary organic PM formation is outlined, including the role of water, which is ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Available experimental studies on secondary organic PM formation and molecular products are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sipin MF, Guazzotti SA, Prather KA. Recent Advances and Some Remaining Challenges in Analytical Chemistry of the Atmosphere. Anal Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ac030143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele F. Sipin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314
| | - Sergio A. Guazzotti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Warscheid B, Kückelmann U, Hoffmann T. Direct quantitative analysis of organic compounds in the gas and particle phase using a modified atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in combination with ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:1410-7. [PMID: 12659203 DOI: 10.1021/ac025788d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A slightly modified atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source is employed for direct quantitative analysis of volatile or semivolatile organic compounds in air. The method described here is based on the direct introduction of an analyte in the gas or particle phase, or both, into the ion source of a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer. For quantitation, a standard solution is directly transferred into the vaporizer unit of the ion source via a deactivated fused-silica capillary by using the sheath liquid syringe pump, which is part of the mass spectrometer. The standard addition procedure is conducted by varying the pump rate of a diluted solution of the standard compound in methanol/water. A N2 sheath gas flow is applied for optimal vaporization and mixing with the analyte gas stream. By performing detailed reagent ion monitoring experiments, it is shown that the relative signal intensity of [M + H]+ ions is dependent on the relative humidity of the analyte gas stream as well as the composition and concentration of CI reagent ions. The method is validated by a comparison of the standard addition results with a calibration test gas of known concentration. To demonstrate the potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry as a quantitative analytical technique for on-line investigations, a tropospherically relevant reaction is carried out in a 493-L reaction chamber at atmospheric pressure and 296 K in synthetic air at 50% relative humidity. Finally, the applicability of the technique to rapidly differentiate between analytes in the gas and particle phase is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Warscheid
- Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, ISAS, P.O.Box 101352, 44013 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kavouras IG, Stephanou EG. Direct evidence of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol formation in forest atmosphere through heteromolecular nucleation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:5083-5091. [PMID: 12523424 DOI: 10.1021/es025811c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols play a central role in climate and atmospheric chemistry. Organic matter frequently composes aerosol major fraction over continental areas. Reactions of natural volatile organic compounds, with atmospheric oxidants, are a key formation pathway of fine particles. The gas and particle atmospheric concentration of organic compounds directly emitted from conifer leaf epicuticular wax and of those formed through the photooxidation of alpha- and beta-pinene were simultaneously collected and measured in a conifer forest by using elaborated sampling and GC/ MS techniques. The saturation concentrations of acidic and carbonyl photooxidation products were estimated, by taking into consideration primary gas- and particle-phase organic species. Primary organic aerosol components represented an important fraction of the atmospheric gas-phase organic content Consequently, saturation concentrations of photooxidation products have been lowered facilitating new particle formation between molecules of photooxidation products and semi-volatile organic compounds. From the measured concentrations of the above-mentioned compounds, saturation concentrations (Csat,i) of alpha- and beta-pinene photooxidation products were calculated for nonideal conditions using a previously developed absorptive model. The results of these calculations indicated that primarily emitted organic species and ambient temperature play a crucial role in secondary organic aerosol formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias G Kavouras
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, GR-71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Warscheid B, Hoffmann T. Direct analysis of highly oxidised organic aerosol constituents by on-line ion trap mass spectrometry in the negative-ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2002; 16:496-504. [PMID: 11870886 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
On-line ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) enables the characterisation of constituents of biogenic secondary organic aerosols in complex organic reaction mixtures. This real-time analysis is achieved by directly introducing the airborne particles into the ion source of the mass spectrometer. Negative-ion chemical ionisation at atmospheric pressure (APCI(-)) was used as the ionisation method of choice. The aerosols were generated from the gas-phase ozonolysis of two C10H16-terpenes (alpha-pinene and limonene), and investigated by performing on-line APCI(-)-ITMS(n). Highly oxidised compounds were tentatively identified as important particle-phase products. Based on recent investigations of low-energy collision-induced dissociation pathways of a wide range of deprotonated multifunctional carboxylic acid species derived from monoterpene precursors (Warscheid B, Hoffmann T. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2001; 15: 2259), the formation of structurally different C10H16O5 and C10H16O6 species, such as acidic esters from alpha-pinene and aldo-hydroxycarboxylic acids from limonene, is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Warscheid
- Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy (ISAS), P.O. Box 101352, 44013 Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schrader W, Geiger J, Godejohann M, Warscheid B, Hoffmann T. Ein analytischer Ansatz für eine detaillierte Studie des atmosphärischen organischen Aerosols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20011105)113:21<4129::aid-ange4129>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
36
|
Warscheid B, Hoffmann T. Structural elucidation of monoterpene oxidation products by ion trap fragmentation using on-line atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:2259-2272. [PMID: 11746892 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on ion trap mass spectrometry, an on-line method is described which provides valuable information on the molecular composition of structurally complex organic aerosols. The investigated aerosols were generated from the gas-phase ozonolysis of various C(10)H(16)-terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, sabinene, limonene), and directly introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer. Negative ion chemical ionisation at atmospheric pressure (APCI(-)) enabled the detection of multifunctional carboxylic acid products by combining inherent sensitivity and molecular weight information. Sequential low-energy collision-induced product ion fragmentation experiments (MS(n)) were performed in order to elucidate characteristic decomposition pathways of the compounds. Dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and hydroxyketocarboxylic acid products could be clearly distinguished by multistage on-line MS. Furthermore, sabinonic acid and two C(9)-ether compounds were tentatively identified for the first time by applying on-line APCI(-)-MS(n).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Warscheid
- ISAS, Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, P.O. Box 101352, 44013 Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu HF. Current awareness. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1055-1066. [PMID: 10973007 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<1055::aid-jms981>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to keep subscribers up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of mass spectrometry. Each bibliography is divided into 11 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 Instrumental Techniques & Methods; 3 Gas Phase Ion Chemistry; 4 Biology/Biochemistry: Amino Acids, Peptides & Proteins; Carbohydrates; Lipids; Nucleic Acids; 5 Pharmacology/Toxicology; 6 Natural Products; 7 Analysis of Organic Compounds; 8 Analysis of Inorganics/Organometallics; 9 Surface Analysis; 10 Environmental Analysis; 11 Elemental Analysis. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author (6 Weeks journals - Search completed at 7th. June 2000)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- HF Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, Tamsui, Taipei Hsien 25137, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|