1
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Ma C, Cao Q, Yu L, Ma Z, Gan Q. Chirality Interplay between the Interior and Exterior of Metal-Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202410731. [PMID: 38923638 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A series of metal-organic cages featuring two stereogenic elements, in terms of the twisting of amide moieties within the ligand backbones and the rotation of diazaanthracene segments along the ligand ridges, were exploited. These two chiral components are correlative and serve as relays for transmitting chirality information between the internal and external cages. The chirality information induced by a chiral guest inside the cage cavity can pass through the cage framework and influence the orientation of the diazaanthracene segments on the periphery of the cage. In turn, the chirality of a stereogenic center within the diazaanthracene segments can transfer back into the cavity, enabling discrimination of enantiomeric guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Ma
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingcheng Cao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhao Ma
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Quan Gan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials and Medical Protective Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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2
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Formen JSSK, Howard JR, Anslyn EV, Wolf C. Circular Dichroism Sensing: Strategies and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400767. [PMID: 38421186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition, and concentration of chiral compounds are frequently encountered tasks across the chemical and health sciences. Chiroptical sensing methods can streamline this work and allow high-throughput screening with remarkable reduction of operational time and cost. During the last few years, significant methodological advances with innovative chirality sensing systems, the use of computer-generated calibration curves, machine learning assistance, and chemometric data processing, to name a few, have emerged and are now matched with commercially available multi-well plate CD readers. These developments have reframed the chirality sensing space and provide new opportunities that are of interest to a large group of chemists. This review will discuss chirality sensing strategies and applications with representative small-molecule CD sensors. Emphasis will be given to important milestones and recent advances that accelerate chiral compound analysis by outperforming traditional methods, conquer new directions, and pioneering efforts that lie at the forefront of chiroptical high-throughput screening developments. The goal is to provide the reader with a thorough understanding of the current state and a perspective of future directions of this rapidly emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Howard
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Chemistry Department, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA
| | - Christian Wolf
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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3
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Muratsugu S, Sawaguchi K, Shiraogawa T, Chiba S, Sakata Y, Shirai S, Baba H, Ehara M, Akine S, Tada M. Induced chirality at the surface: fixation of a dynamic M/ P invertible helical Co 3 complex on SiO 2. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2094-2097. [PMID: 38294205 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05534e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic M/P invertible helicity was successfully induced at a SiO2 surface immobilized with a dynamic helical trinuclear cobalt complex, [LCo3(NHMe2)6](OTf)3, using chiral ((R) or (S))-1-phenylethylamine. Solid-state CD spectra and theoretical calculations suggested that the fixation of the M/P helical complex on the surface via coordination interactions was the key factor of the induced chirality at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Muratsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan
| | - Kana Sawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.
- Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shiraogawa
- Institute for Molecular Science/School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Japan.
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sora Shirai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science/School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan.
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Japan.
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Science (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan
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4
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Kalarikkal MG, Drechsler C, Tusha G, Schäfer LV, Van Craen D. Chiroptical Recognition of Carboxylates with Charge-Neutral Double-Stranded Zinc(II) Helicates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301613. [PMID: 37518186 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chirality analysis of small molecules for the determination of their enantiopurity is nowadays ruled by streamlined chromatographic methods which utilize chiral stationary phases. Chiroptical probes which rely on host-guest interactions are so far overshadowed by the latter but have the benefit of depending only on common spectroscopic techniques such as CD spectroscopy to distinguish enantiomers and to quantify their ratio. Interest into this receptor-based approach is constantly rising because non-invasive high-throughput screenings with a minimal waste production can be performed. In this study we investigate the possibility to utilize metal-based containers in form of charge-neutral helicates able to recognize anions for this purpose. Key building block of the helicates are triazole units which show rotational freedom and give rise to either a meso-structure or a racemic mixture of the right- and left-handed complex. A chiroptical response of the probe is observed upon recognition of chiral mono- or dicarboxylates and chirality analysis of tartrate is conducted by CD spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika G Kalarikkal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gers Tusha
- Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars V Schäfer
- Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Van Craen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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5
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Pál D, Besnard C, de Aguirre A, Poblador-Bahamonde AI, Pescitelli G, Lacour J. 2,4,5,7-Tetranitrofluorenone Oximate for the Naked-Eye Detection of H-Bond Donors and the Chiroptical Sensing of Enantiopure Reagents. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302169. [PMID: 37529861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding greatly influences rates and equilibrium positions of chemical reactions, conformations, and sometimes even stereochemistry. This study reports on tetranitrofluorenone oximate, a novel dye capable of naked-eye detection of hydrogen-bond donating species (HBDs) and of rapid determination of H-bond donation strength by hypsochromic shift monitoring. In addition, the molecule possesses atropisomeric conformations, of M and P configuration, as evidenced in solid and solution state studies by X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD), respectively. In the latter case, enantiopure bis-thioureas were the most effective HBDs to promote a chiral induction (diastereoselective recognition, Pfeiffer effect); the ECD results being rationalized by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Based on these experiments, bis-thioureas were used as chiral reagents in asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of structurally-related nitrones; the ECD sensing of the stereoinduction between bis-thioureas and the oximate serving as an indirect method of selection of the most effective HBD for asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Pál
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besnard
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet Genève, 24, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adiran de Aguirre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jérôme Lacour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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6
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Chakraborty D, Zheng L, Dai Y, Gwasdacus J, McTighe JE, Wulff WD, Borhan B. Employing a chiroptical sensor for the absolute stereochemical determination of α-amino and α-hydroxyphosphonates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12629-12632. [PMID: 37791684 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01757e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The absolute stereochemistry of the α-amino and α-hydroxyphosphonates is determined using a chiroptical sensor. The induced helicity of the host-guest complex is correlated to the chirality of the guest molecule via a simple binding model. The relative size of the substituents dictates the predominant helical population, leading to an easy circular dichroic readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debarshi Chakraborty
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Li Zheng
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Yijing Dai
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jeff Gwasdacus
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - James E McTighe
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - William D Wulff
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Babak Borhan
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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7
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Dhamija A, Chandel D, Rath SP. Modulation of supramolecular chirality by stepwise axial coordination in a nano-size trizinc(ii)porphyrin trimer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6032-6038. [PMID: 37293642 PMCID: PMC10246700 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a chiral guest's triggered spring-like contraction and extension motions coupled with unidirectional twisting in a novel flexible and 'nano-size' achiral trizinc(ii)porphyrin trimer host upon step-wise formation of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, and 1 : 4 host-guest supramolecular complexes based on the stoichiometry of the diamine guests for the first time. During these processes, porphyrin CD responses have been induced, inverted, and amplified, and reduced, respectively, in a single molecular framework due to the change in the interporphyrin interactions and helicity. Also, the sign of the CD couplets is just the opposite between R and S substrates which suggests that the chirality is dictated solely by the stereographic projection of the chiral center. Interestingly, the long-range electronic communications between the three porphyrin rings generate trisignate CD signals that provide further information about molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Dhamija
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur-208016 India
| | - Dolly Chandel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur-208016 India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur-208016 India
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8
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Chandel D, Pal C, Saha B, Asif Ikbal S, Rath SP. Induction and rationalization of supramolecular chirality in a highly flexible Zn(II)porphyrin dimer: structural, spectroscopic and theoretical investigations. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14125-14137. [PMID: 36043507 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01745h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly flexible pyrrole-bridged Zn(II)porphyrin dimer has been successfully utilized as an efficient host which enables an accurate determination of the absolute configuration directly for a large number of chiral amino alcohols and 1,2-diols. The addition of substrates resulted in the formation of 1 : 1 sandwich complexes which, after the addition of excess substrates, produced 1 : 2 host-guest complexes. In principle, the 1 : 2 host-guest complexes can be stabilized in three possible conformations, viz. exo-exo, exo-endo, and endo-endo based on how a substrate binds to the metal. The endo-endo conformation is stabilized by two strong interligand H-bonds [O-H⋯O(H)] between encapsulated diols which thereby interlock the stereochemistry. In the absence of such interligand H-bonding interactions, exo-endo binding is preferred as it is indeed observed for amino alcohols which show weaker CD couplets due to the free movement of substrates. The sandwich complexes with amino alcohols show a more intense CD couplet compared to the diols due to the stronger binding of the amine functionality (-NH2) towards a Zn-atom over an alcoholic moiety (-OH). The CD amplitude showed linear dependence with a binding constant for the 1 : 1 sandwich complex upon varying the substrates. Spectroscopic investigations, single crystal X-ray structure determination of four such host-guest complexes and DFT studies have enabled us to rationalize systematically the origin of optical activity unambiguously in the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 host-guest complexes, which lead to an absolute stereochemical determination of a large number of chiral substrates. The larger vertical and horizontal flexibility of a diethyl pyrrole spacer induces stronger binding of the substrates to form the 1 : 1 complex with a much larger torsional angle along with intense CD couplets. In contrast, a rigid dibenzothiophene-bridged tweezer, due to its limited horizontal and vertical flexibility, facilitates 1 : 2 complexation more as compared to the highly flexible pyrrole-bridged host which results in stronger binding of the substrate with the intense CD couplet for the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Chandel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Chandrani Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sk Asif Ikbal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, India.
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9
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Hu QP, Zhou H, Huang TY, Ao YF, Wang DX, Wang QQ. Chirality Gearing in an Achiral Cage through Adaptive Binding. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6180-6184. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ping Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng-Yu Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Šakarašvili M, Ustrnul L, Suut E, Nallaparaju JV, Mishra KA, Konrad N, Adamson J, Borovkov V, Aav R. Self-Assembly of Chiral Cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils with Bis(Zn Porphyrin): Size, Shape, and Time-Dependent Binding. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030937. [PMID: 35164200 PMCID: PMC8839860 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the ability of bis(zinc octaethylporphyrin) (bis–ZnOEP) to discriminate cyclohexanohemicucurbit[n]urils (cycHC[n]) of different shapes and sizes, the self-assembly of barrel-shaped chiral cycHC[n] with bis–ZnOEP was studied by various spectroscopic methods (absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), and NMR). While the binding of 6-membered cycHC[6] induced a tweezer-like conformation followed by the formation of anti-form of bis–ZnOEP upon further addition of cycHC[6], the interaction of 8-membered cycHC[8] is more complex and proceeds through the featured syn-to-anti conformational change of bis–ZnOEP and further intermolecular self-assembly via multiple noncovalent associations between cycHC[8] and bis–ZnOEP. Whilst bis–porphyrins are known to be effective chemical sensors able to differentiate various guests based on their chirality via induced CD, their ability to sense small differences in the shape and size of relatively large macrocycles, such as chiral cycHC[6] and cycHC[8], is scarcely examined. Both studied complexes exhibited characteristic induced CD signals in the region of porphyrin absorption upon complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Šakarašvili
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Lukas Ustrnul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Elina Suut
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Kamini A. Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Nele Konrad
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Jasper Adamson
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
| | - Victor Borovkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (R.A.)
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.Š.); (L.U.); (E.S.); (J.V.N.); (K.A.M.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (R.A.)
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11
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Hisano N, Haino T. Host-Guest Complexation of Bisporphyrin Cleft and Electron-Deficient Aromatic Guests. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4001-4009. [PMID: 35085436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The host-guest complexation of a bisporphyrin cleft with various electron-deficient guest molecules was studied in solution and in the solid-state. X-ray crystal structures of a bisporphyrin cleft with naphthalene dianhydride and 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone reveal that these guest molecules were located within the bisporphyrin cleft and formed ideal π-π stacking interactions in a host-guest ratio of 1:1. Isothermal titration calorimetry determined the binding constants and thermodynamic parameters for the 1:1 host-guest complexations in 1,2-dichloroethane and toluene. Two types of enthalpy-entropy compensation effects were found: (1) The tightly stacked host-guest structures restrict guest movement within the cleft, which results in significant desolvation with large intrinsic entropies. (2) The loosely bound guests maintain their molecular freedom within the bisporphyrin cleft, which leads to less desolvation with small intrinsic entropies. Chiral guest encapsulation directed the clockwise and anticlockwise twisted conformations of the bisporphyrin units, which induced bisignate CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Hisano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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12
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Saha B, Chandel D, Rath SP. Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions Trigger Induction of Chirality via Formation of a Cyclic Dimer. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2154-2166. [PMID: 35040641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A rationalization for the chirality transfer mechanism in the supramolecular host-guest assemblies of an achiral Zn(II) porphyrin dimer (host) and a series of chiral diamines and diamino esters (substrates) via cyclic dimer formation has been reported for the first time. Stepwise formations of 2:2 host-guest cyclic dimers and 1:2 host-guest monomeric complexes have been observed via intermolecular assembling and disassembling processes. A large bisignate CD couplet was observed for the cyclic dimer, whereas the monomeric complexes exhibited negligible CD intensity. Crystallographic characterizations demonstrate that the strong intermolecular H bonding in cyclic dimers is responsible for their stability over the linear chain, which thereby display high-intensity bisignate CD couplets. In order to minimize the steric crowding within the host-guest assembly, the cyclic dimer switches its helicity toward the conformer having less steric hindrance. The cyclic scaffold is oriented according to the pre-existing chirality of the substrate in both the solid and solution phases: the substrates having R chirality display a negative CD couplet, whereas the substrates with S chirality display a positive couplet. Opposite signs for the CD couplets between R and S substrates suggest that the stereographic projection at the chiral centers solely dictates the overall helicity of the cyclic dimer. DFT studies further support the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapan Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dolly Chandel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Hayashi S, Takanami T, Takeda S, Namba T, Noji M. Supramolecular Chirogenesis in Amide-Linked Bis(Zinc Porphyrin): Application for Absolute Configurational Assignment of Chiral Calboxylic Acids and Chiral Amino Acids. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-22-14640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pescitelli G. ECD exciton chirality method today: a modern tool for determining absolute configurations. Chirality 2021; 34:333-363. [PMID: 34791704 PMCID: PMC9299504 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of the exciton chirality method (ECM) to interpret electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra is a well‐established and still popular approach to assign the absolute configuration (AC) of natural products, chiral organic compounds, and organometallic species. The method applies to compounds containing at least two chromophores with electric dipole allowed transitions (e.g., π–π* transitions). The exciton chirality rule correlates the sign of an exciton couplet (two ECD bands with opposite sign and similar intensity) with the overall molecular stereochemistry, including the AC. A correct application of the ECM requires three main prerequisites: (a) the knowledge of the molecular conformation, (b) the knowledge of the directions of the electric transition moments (TDMs), and (c) the assumption that the exciton coupling mechanism must be the major source of the observed ECD signals. All these prerequisites can be easily verified by means of quantum‐mechanical (QM) calculations. In the present review, we shortly introduce the general principles that underpin the use of the ECM for configurational assignments and survey its applications, both classic ones and some reported in the recent literature. Based on these examples, we will stress the advantages of the ECM but also the key requisites for its correct application. Additionally, we will discuss the dependence of the couplet sign on geometrical parameters (angles α,β,γ between TDMs), which can be helpful for discerning the sign of exciton chirality in ambiguous situations. Finally, we will present a molecular orbital (MO) description of the exciton coupling phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Thiourea Organocatalysts as Emerging Chiral Pollutants: En Route to Porphyrin-Based (Chir)Optical Sensing. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental pollution with chiral organic compounds is an emerging problem requiring innovative sensing methods. Amino-functionalized thioureas, such as 2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiourea (Takemoto’s catalyst), are widely used organocatalysts with virtually unknown environmental safety data. Ecotoxicity studies based on the Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition test reveal significant toxicity of Takemoto’s catalyst (EC50 = 7.9 mg/L) and its NH2-substituted analog (EC50 = 7.2–7.4 mg/L). The observed toxic effect was pronounced by the influence of the trifluoromethyl moiety. En route to the porphyrin-based chemosensing of Takemoto-type thioureas, their supramolecular binding to a series of zinc porphyrins was studied with UV-Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, computational analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The association constant values generally increased with the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the porphyrins and electron-donating ability of the thioureas, a result of the predominant Zn⋯N cation–dipole (Lewis acid–base) interaction. The binding event induced a CD signal in the Soret band region of the porphyrin hosts—a crucial property for chirality sensing of Takemoto-type thioureas.
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Ousaka N, Yamamoto S, Iida H, Iwata T, Ito S, Souza R, Hijikata Y, Irle S, Yashima E. Encapsulation of Aromatic Guests in the Bisporphyrin Cavity of a Double-Stranded Spiroborate Helicate: Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies and the Encapsulation Mechanism. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10501-10516. [PMID: 34282918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A double-stranded spiroborate helicate bearing a bisporphyrin unit in the middle forms an inclusion complex with electron-deficient aromatic guests that are sandwiched between the porphyrins. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of size, electron density, and substituents of a series of aromatic guests on inclusion complex formations within the bisporphyrin. The thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors during the guest-encapsulation process were also investigated in detail. The guest-encapsulation abilities in the helicate increased with the increasing core sizes of the electron-deficient aromatic guests and decreased with the increasing bulkiness and number of substituents of the guests. Among the naphthalenediimide derivatives, those with bulky N-substituents at both ends hardly formed an inclusion complex. Instead, they formed a [2]rotaxane-like inclusion complex through the water-mediated dynamic B-O bond cleavage/reformation of the spiroborate groups of the helicate, which enhanced the conformational flexibility of the helicate to enlarge the bisporphyrin cavity and form an inclusion complex. Based on the X-ray crystal structure of a unique pacman-like 1:1 inclusion complex between the helicate and an ammonium cation as well as the molecular dynamics simulation results, a plausible mechanism for the inclusion of a planar aromatic guest within the helicate is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ousaka
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takuya Iwata
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rafael Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Stephan Irle
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Abstract
Porphyrin derivatives are ubiquitous in nature and have important biological roles, such as in light harvesting, oxygen transport, and catalysis. Owing to their intrinsic π-conjugated structure, porphyrin derivatives exhibit characteristic photophysical and electrochemical properties. In biological systems, porphyrin derivatives are associated with various protein molecules through noncovalent interactions. For example, hemoglobin, which is responsible for oxygen transport in most vertebrates, consists of four subunits of a globular protein with an iron porphyrin derivative prosthetic group. Furthermore, noncovalently arranged porphyrin derivatives are the fundamental chromophores in light-harvesting systems for photosynthesis in plants and algae. These biologically important roles originate from the functional versatility of porphyrin derivatives. Specifically, porphyrins are excellent host compounds, forming coordination complexes with various metal ions that adds functionality to the porphyrin unit, such as redox activity and additional ligand binding at the central metal ion. In addition, porphyrins are useful building blocks for functional supramolecular assemblies because of their flat and symmetrical molecular architectures, and their excellent photophysical properties are typically utilized for the fabrication of bioactive functional materials. In this Account, we summarize our endeavors over the past decade to develop functional materials based on porphyrin derivatives using bioinspired approaches. In the first section, we discuss several synthetic receptors that act as artificial allosteric host systems and can be used for the selective detection of various chemicals, such as cyanide, chloride, and amino acids. In the second section, we introduce multiporphyrin arrays as mimics of natural light-harvesting complexes. The active control of energy transfer processes by additional guest binding and the fabrication of organic photovoltaic devices using porphyrin derivatives are also introduced. In the third section, we introduce several types of porphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies. Through noncovalent interactions such as metal-ligand interaction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interaction, porphyrin derivatives were constructed as supramolecular polymers with formation of fiber or toroidal assembly. In the last section, the application of porphyrin derivatives for biomedical nanodevice fabrication is introduced. Even though porphyrins were good candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, they have limitations for biomedical application owing to aggregation in aqueous media. We suggested ionic dendrimer porphyrins and they showed excellent photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Im Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosoowi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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