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Zhang Y, Cao Y, Zhang B, Gong H, Zhang S, Wang X, Han X, Liu S, Yang M, Yang W, Sun J. Rational Molecular Engineering via Electron Reconfiguration toward Robust Dual-Electrode/Electrolyte Interphases for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14764-14778. [PMID: 38776362 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
High-energy-density lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) coupling lithium-metal anodes and high-voltage cathodes are hindered by unstable electrode/electrolyte interphases (EEIs), which calls for the rational design of efficient additives. Herein, we analyze the effect of electron structure on the coordination ability and energy levels of the additive, from the aspects of intramolecular electron cloud density and electron delocalization, to reveal its mechanism on solvation structure, redox stability, as-formed EEI chemistry, and electrochemical performances. Furthermore, we propose an electron reconfiguration strategy for molecular engineering of additives, by taking sorbide nitrate (SN) additive as an example. The lone pair electron-rich group enables strong interaction with the Li ion to regulate solvation structure, and intramolecular electron delocalization yields further positive synergistic effects. The strong electron-withdrawing nitrate moiety decreases the electron cloud density of the ether-based backbone, improving the overall oxidation stability and cathode compatibility, anchoring it as a reliable cathode/electrolyte interface (CEI) framework for cathode integrity. In turn, the electron-donating bicyclic-ring-ether backbone breaks the inherent resonance structure of nitrate, facilitating its reducibility to form a N-contained and inorganic Li2O-rich solid electrolyte interface (SEI) for uniform Li deposition. Optimized physicochemical properties and interfacial biaffinity enable significantly improved electrochemical performance. High rate (10 C), low temperature (-25 °C), and long-term stability (2700 h) are achieved, and a 4.5 Ah level Li||NCM811 multilayer pouch cell under harsh conditions is realized with high energy density (462 W h/kg). The proof of concept of this work highlights that the rational ingenious molecular design based on electron structure regulation represents an energetic strategy to modulate the electrolyte and interphase stability, providing a realistic reference for electrolyte innovations and practical LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Quzhou Institute for Innovation in Resource Chemical Engineering, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Haochen Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinpeng Han
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Science and Technology on Power Sources Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Power Sources, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Yang CQ, Zhi R, Rothmann MU, Xu YY, Li LQ, Hu ZY, Pang S, Cheng YB, Van Tendeloo G, Li W. Unveiling the Intrinsic Structure and Intragrain Defects of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites by Ultralow Dose Transmission Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211207. [PMID: 36780501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for unveiling the structural, compositional, and electronic properties of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) at the atomic to micrometer length scales. However, the structural and compositional instability of OIHPs under electron beam radiation results in misunderstandings of the microscopic structure-property-performance relationship in OIHP devices. Here, ultralow dose TEM is utilized to identify the mechanism of the electron-beam-induced changes in OHIPs and clarify the cumulative electron dose thresholds (critical dose) of different commercially interesting state-of-the-art OIHPs, including methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3 ), formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3 ), FA0.83 Cs0.17 PbI3 , FA0.15 Cs0.85 PbI3 , and MAPb0.5 Sn0.5 I3 . The critical dose is related to the composition of the OIHPs, with FA0.15 Cs0.85 PbI3 having the highest critical dose of ≈84 e Å-2 and FA0.83 Cs0.17 PbI3 having the lowest critical dose of ≈4.2 e Å-2 . The electron beam irradiation results in the formation of a superstructure with ordered I and FA vacancies along <110>c , as identified from the three major crystal axes in cubic FAPbI3 , <100>c , <110>c , and <111>c . The intragrain planar defects in FAPbI3 are stable, while an obvious modification is observed in FA0.83 Cs0.17 PbI3 under continuous electron beam exposure. This information can serve as a guide for ensuring a reliable understanding of the microstructure of OIHP optoelectronic devices by TEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Quan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
- Nanostructure Research Centre (NRC), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Mathias Uller Rothmann
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Yue-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Li-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Nanostructure Research Centre (NRC), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shuping Pang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, 458500, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
| | - Gustaaf Van Tendeloo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Nanostructure Research Centre (NRC), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan, 528200, P. R. China
- Nanostructure Research Centre (NRC), Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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Vilá RA, Boyle DT, Dai A, Zhang W, Sayavong P, Ye Y, Yang Y, Dionne JA, Cui Y. LiH formation and its impact on Li batteries revealed by cryogenic electron microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3609. [PMID: 36961896 PMCID: PMC10038333 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how evolved hydrogen affects the cycling of Li batteries. Hypotheses include the formation of LiH in the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) and dendritic growth of LiH. Here, we discover that LiH formation in Li batteries likely follows a different pathway: Hydrogen evolved during cycling reacts to nucleate and grow LiH within already deposited Li metal, consuming active Li. We provide the evidence that LiH formed in Li batteries electrically isolates active Li from the current collector that degrades battery capacity. We detect the coexistence of Li metal and LiH also on graphite and silicon anodes, showing that LiH forms in most Li battery anode chemistries. Last, we find that LiH has its own SEI layer that is chemically and structurally distinct from the SEI on Li metal. Our results highlight the formation mechanism and chemical origins of LiH, providing critical insight into how to prevent its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A. Vilá
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David T. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alan Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Yusheng Ye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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Dopilka A, Gu Y, Larson JM, Zorba V, Kostecki R. Nano-FTIR Spectroscopy of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer on a Thin-Film Silicon Li-Ion Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6755-6767. [PMID: 36696964 PMCID: PMC9923681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Si anodes for Li-ion batteries are notorious for their large volume expansion during lithiation and the corresponding detrimental effects on cycle life. However, calendar life is the primary roadblock for widespread adoption. During calendar life aging, the main origin of impedance increase and capacity fade is attributed to the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). In this work, we use ex situ nano-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to characterize the structure and composition of the SEI layer on amorphous Si thin films after an accelerated calendar aging protocol. The characterization of the SEI on non-washed and washed electrodes shows that brief washing in dimethyl carbonate results in large changes to the film chemistry and topography. Detailed examination of the non-washed electrodes during the first lithiation and after an accelerated calendar aging protocol reveals that PF6- and its decomposition products tend to accumulate in the SEI due to the preferential transport of PF6- ions through polyethylene oxide-like species in the organic part of the SEI layer. This work demonstrates the importance of evaluating the SEI layer in its intrinsic, undisturbed form and new strategies to improve the passivation of the SEI layer are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dopilka
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yueran Gu
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Larson
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Vassilia Zorba
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert Kostecki
- Energy
Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Zhou S, Zheng Q, Tang S, Sun SG, Liao HG. Liquid cell electrochemical TEM: Unveiling the real-time interfacial reactions of advanced Li-metal batteries. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:230901. [PMID: 36550040 DOI: 10.1063/5.0129238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Li metal batteries (LMBs) reveal great application prospect in next-generation energy storage, because of their high energy density and low electrochemical potential, especially when paired with elemental sulfur and oxygen cathodes. Complex interfacial reactions have long been a big concern because of the elusive formation/dissolution of Li metal at the solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which leads to battery degradation under practical operating conditions. To precisely track the reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, in the past ten years, high spatio-temporal resolution, in situ electrochemical transmission electron microscopy (EC-TEM) has been developed. A preliminary understanding of the structural and chemical variation of Li metal during nucleation/growth and SEI layer formation has been obtained. In this perspective, we give a brief introduction of liquid cell development. Then, we comparably discuss the different configurations of EC-TEM based on open-cell and liquid-cell, and focus on the recent advances of liquid-cell EC-TEM and its investigation in the electrodes, electrolytes, and SEI. Finally, we present a perspective of liquid-cell EC-TEM for future LMB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Qizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Gang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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6
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Di Q, Li L, Miao X, Lan L, Yu X, Liu B, Yi Y, Naumov P, Zhang H. Fluorescence-based thermal sensing with elastic organic crystals. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5280. [PMID: 36075917 PMCID: PMC9458730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Operation of temperature sensors over extended temperature ranges, and particularly in extreme conditions, poses challenges with both the mechanical integrity of the sensing material and the operational range of the sensor. With an emissive bendable organic crystalline material, here we propose that organic crystals can be used as mechanically robust and compliant fluorescence-based thermal sensors with wide range of temperature coverage and complete retention of mechanical elasticity. The exemplary material described remains elastically bendable and shows highly linear correlation with the emission wavelength and intensity between 77 K to 277 K, while it also transduces its own fluorescence in active waveguiding mode. This universal new approach expands the materials available for optical thermal sensing to a vast number of organic crystals as a new class of engineering materials and opens opportunities for the design of lightweight, organic fluorescence-based thermal sensors that can operate under extreme temperature conditions such as are the ones that will be encountered in future space exploration missions. A mechanically compliant and robust sensing material is essential for accurate and reliable thermal sensing. Here, the authors report the use of elastic organic crystals as fluorescence-based thermal sensors that cover a wide range of temperatures with complete retention of the sensor’s elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Di
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Sciences and Engineering, Sorbonne University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 38044, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Xiaodan Miao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanping Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE. .,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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Zhu Z, Paddison SJ. Perspective: Morphology and ion transport in ion-containing polymers from multiscale modeling and simulations. Front Chem 2022; 10:981508. [PMID: 36059884 PMCID: PMC9437359 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.981508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion-containing polymers are soft materials composed of polymeric chains and mobile ions. Over the past several decades they have been the focus of considerable research and development for their use as the electrolyte in energy conversion and storage devices. Recent and significant results obtained from multiscale simulations and modeling for proton exchange membranes (PEMs), anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and polymerized ionic liquids (polyILs) are reviewed. The interplay of morphology and ion transport is emphasized. We discuss the influences of polymer architecture, tethered ionic groups, rigidity of the backbone, solvents, and additives on both morphology and ion transport in terms of specific interactions. Novel design strategies are highlighted including precisely controlling molecular conformations to design highly ordered morphologies; tuning the solvation structure of hydronium or hydroxide ions in hydrated ion exchange membranes; turning negative ion-ion correlations to positive correlations to improve ionic conductivity in polyILs; and balancing the strength of noncovalent interactions. The design of single-ion conductors, well-defined supramolecular architectures with enhanced one-dimensional ion transport, and the understanding of the hierarchy of the specific interactions continue as challenges but promising goals for future research.
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Weng S, Li Y, Wang X. Cryo-EM for battery materials and interfaces: Workflow, achievements, and perspectives. iScience 2021; 24:103402. [PMID: 34849466 PMCID: PMC8607198 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has demonstrated its power and essential role in probing the beam-sensitive battery materials and delivering new insights. With the increasing interest in cryo-EM for battery materials and interfaces, herein we provide the strategies of obtaining fresh and native structural information with minimal artifacts, including sample preparation, transferring, imaging, and data interpretation. We summarize the recent achievements enabled by cryo-EM and point out some unsolved/potential questions in terms of the bulk materials, solid-solid interface, and solid-liquid interfaces of batteries. Finally, we conclude with perspectives on the future developments and applications of cryo-EM in battery materials and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suting Weng
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yejing Li
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Co. Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
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