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Cameron J, Skabara PJ. Organic electron transport materials. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:672-674. [PMID: 38590539 PMCID: PMC10999985 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cameron
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Peter J Skabara
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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2
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Shaikh A, Sahoo S, Marder SR, Barlow S, Mohapatra SK. Reductive dimerization of benzothiazolium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2115-2123. [PMID: 38376182 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01871g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Three different types of reaction products were obtained from the reduction of 2-substituted 3-methylbenzothiazolium salts using Na : Hg (1 wt%). Depending on the 2-substituents, two types of dimeric compounds were obtained: the 2-cyclohexyl-, 2-phenyl-, and 2-(p-tolyl)-substituted species are reduced to the corresponding 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles, while their 2-((p-OMe)C6H4)- and 2-((p-NMe2)C6H4)-substituted derivatives afford cis-[1,4]benzothiazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazines. Furthermore, in the presence of molecular O2, new disulfide derivatives were obtained from the bibenzo[d]thiazoles. The products were obtained in a moderate to good yield, and the structures were confirmed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electrochemistry and further reactivity towards different oxidants of the dimeric compounds were studied; the 2,2'-bibenzo[d]thiazoles show oxidation potentials similar to that of ferrocene and are converted back to the corresponding benzothiazolium cations by mild oxidants such as TCNQ. In contrast, the benzothiazino-benzothiazines show no oxidations in the solvent window of THF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Shaikh
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Satyajit Sahoo
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry and of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Swagat K Mohapatra
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Odisha Campus, IIT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751013, India.
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Tang K, Brown MR, Risko C, Gish MK, Rumbles G, Pham PH, Luca OR, Barlow S, Marder SR. Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[ d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1912-1922. [PMID: 38116245 PMCID: PMC10729154 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
2,2'-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)- and 2,2'-dicyclohexyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazole ((N-DMBI)2 and (Cyc-DMBI)2) are quite strong reductants with effective potentials of ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, yet are relatively stable to air due to the coupling of redox and bond-breaking processes. Here, we examine their use in accomplishing electron transfer-induced bond-cleavage reactions, specifically dehalogenations. The dimers reduce halides that have reduction potentials less cathodic than ca. -2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, especially under UV photoexcitation (using a 365 nm LED). In the case of benzyl halides, the products are bibenzyl derivatives, whereas aryl halides are reduced to the corresponding arenes. The potentials of the halides that can be reduced in this way, quantum-chemical calculations, and steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the reactions via cleavage of the dimers to the corresponding radical monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Tang
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Megan R Brown
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research (CAER), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Garry Rumbles
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Oana R Luca
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States,
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Mohapatra SK, Al Kurdi K, Jhulki S, Bogdanov G, Bacsa J, Conte M, Timofeeva TV, Marder SR, Barlow S. Benzoimidazolium-derived dimeric and hydride n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials: impact of substitution on structures, electrochemistry, and reactivity. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1651-1663. [PMID: 37942021 PMCID: PMC10630679 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]imidazoles, 1H, and 1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazoles, 12, are of interest as n-dopants for organic electron-transport materials. Salts of 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-4,7-dimethoxy-, 2-cyclohexyl-4,7-dimethoxy-, and 2-(5-(dimethylamino)thiophen-2-yl)benzo[d]imidazolium (1g-i+, respectively) have been synthesized and reduced with NaBH4 to 1gH, 1hH, and 1iH, and with Na:Hg to 1g2 and 1h2. Their electrochemistry and reactivity were compared to those derived from 2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)- (1b+) and 2-cyclohexylbenzo[d]imidazolium (1e+) salts. E(1+/1•) values for 2-aryl species are less reducing than for 2-alkyl analogues, i.e., the radicals are stabilized more by aryl groups than the cations, while 4,7-dimethoxy substitution leads to more reducing E(1+/1•) values, as well as cathodic shifts in E(12•+/12) and E(1H•+/1H) values. Both the use of 3,4-dimethoxy and 2-aryl substituents accelerates the reaction of the 1H species with PC61BM. Because 2-aryl groups stabilize radicals, 1b2 and 1g2 exhibit weaker bonds than 1e2 and 1h2 and thus react with 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene (VII) via a "cleavage-first" pathway, while 1e2 and 1h2 react only via "electron-transfer-first". 1h2 exhibits the most cathodic E(12•+/12) value of the dimers considered here and, therefore, reacts more rapidly than any of the other dimers with VII via "electron-transfer-first". Crystal structures show rather long central C-C bonds for 1b2 (1.5899(11) and 1.6194(8) Å) and 1h2 (1.6299(13) Å).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagat K Mohapatra
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology—Indian Oil Campus, ITT Kharagpur Extension Center, Bhubaneswar 751013 Odisha, India
| | - Khaled Al Kurdi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Samik Jhulki
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Georgii Bogdanov
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Crystallography Lab, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Maxwell Conte
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
| | - Tatiana V Timofeeva
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, New Mexico 87701, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics and School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 80007, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Chemistry and Nanoscience Center, Golden, Colorado, 80401, United States
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Yuan D, Liu W, Zhu X. Efficient and air-stable n-type doping in organic semiconductors. Chem Soc Rev 2023. [PMID: 37183967 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs01027e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) enables feasible tuning of carrier concentration, charge mobility, and energy levels, which is critical for the applications of OSCs in organic electronic devices. However, in comparison with p-type doping, n-type doping has lagged far behind. The achievement of efficient and air-stable n-type doping in OSCs would help to significantly improve electron transport and device performance, and endow new functionalities, which are, therefore, gaining increasing attention currently. In this review, the issue of doping efficiency and doping air stability in n-type doped OSCs was carefully addressed. We first clarified the main factors that influenced chemical doping efficiency in n-type OSCs and then explain the origin of instability in n-type doped films under ambient conditions. Doping microstructure, charge transfer, and dissociation efficiency were found to determine the overall doping efficiency, which could be precisely tuned by molecular design and post treatments. To further enhance the air stability of n-doped OSCs, design strategies such as tuning the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, charge delocalization, intermolecular stacking, in situ n-doping, and self-encapsulations are discussed. Moreover, the applications of n-type doping in advanced organic electronics, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and thermoelectrics are being introduced. Finally, an outlook is provided on novel doping ways and material systems that are aimed at stable and efficient n-type doped OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafei Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Wuyue Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhang Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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