1
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Kumar P, Antal P, Wang X, Wang J, Trivedi D, Fellner OF, Wu YA, Nemec I, Santana VT, Kopp J, Neugebauer P, Hu J, Kibria MG, Kumar S. Partial Thermal Condensation Mediated Synthesis of High-Density Nickel Single Atom Sites on Carbon Nitride for Selective Photooxidation of Methane into Methanol. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304574. [PMID: 38009795 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Direct selective transformation of greenhouse methane (CH4) to liquid oxygenates (methanol) can substitute energy-intensive two-step (reforming/Fischer-Tropsch) synthesis while creating environmental benefits. The development of inexpensive, selective, and robust catalysts that enable room temperature conversion will decide the future of this technology. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) with isolated active centers embedded in support have displayed significant promises in catalysis to drive challenging reactions. Herein, high-density Ni single atoms are developed and stabilized on carbon nitride (NiCN) via thermal condensation of preorganized Ni-coordinated melem units. The physicochemical characterization of NiCN with various analytical techniques including HAADF-STEM and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) validate the successful formation of Ni single atoms coordinated to the heptazine-constituted CN network. The presence of uniform catalytic sites improved visible absorption and carrier separation in densely populated NiCN SAC resulting in 100% selective photoconversion of (CH4) to methanol using H2O2 as an oxidant. The superior catalytic activity can be attributed to the generation of high oxidation (NiIII═O) sites and selective C─H bond cleavage to generate •CH3 radicals on Ni centers, which can combine with •OH radicals to generate CH3OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Peter Antal
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jiu Wang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dhwanil Trivedi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ondřej František Fellner
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ivan Nemec
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Vinicius Tadeu Santana
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kopp
- Department of Experimental Physics Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 77900, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Neugebauer
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, 77146, Czech Republic
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2
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Li X, Cheng J, Hou H, Meira DM, Liu L. Reactant-Induced Structural Evolution of Pt Catalysts Confined in Zeolite. JACS AU 2024; 4:666-679. [PMID: 38425920 PMCID: PMC10900205 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Reactant-induced structural evolutions of heterogeneous metal catalysts are frequently observed in numerous catalytic systems, which can be associated with the formation or deactivation of active sites. In this work, we will show the structural transformation of subnanometer Pt clusters in pure-silica MFI zeolite structure in the presence of CO, O2, and/or H2O and the catalytic consequences of the Pt-zeolite materials derived from various treatment conditions. By applying the appropriate pretreatment under a reactant atmosphere, we can precisely modulate the size distribution of Pt species spanning from single Pt atoms to small Pt nanoparticles (1-5 nm) in the zeolite matrix, resulting in the desirably active and stable Pt species for CO oxidation. We also show the incorporation of Fe into the zeolite framework greatly promotes the stability of Pt species against undesired sintering under harsh conditions (up to 650 °C in the presence of CO, O2, and moisture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huaming Hou
- National
Energy Center for Coal to Clean Fuels, Synfuels
China Co., Ltd., Huairou
District, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Debora M. Meira
- CLS@APS
sector 20, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne
National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Canadian
Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2 V3, Canada
| | - Lichen Liu
- Engineering
Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Chang JW, Su KH, Pao CW, Tsai JJ, Su CJ, Chen JL, Lyu LM, Kuo CH, Su AC, Yang HC, Lai YH, Jeng US. Arrayed Pt Single Atoms via Phosphotungstic Acids Intercalated in Silicate Nanochannels for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1611-1620. [PMID: 38166379 PMCID: PMC10795682 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts, known for their high activity, have garnered significant interest. Currently, single-atom catalysts were prepared mainly on 2D substrates with random distribution. Here, we report a strategy for preparing arrayed single Pt (Pt1) atoms, which are templated through coordination with phosphotungstic acids (PTA) intercalated inside hexagonally packed silicate nanochannels for a high single Pt-atom loading of ca. 3.0 wt %. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, in conjunction with the density-functional theory calculation, collectively indicate that the Pt single atoms are stabilized via a four-oxygen coordination on the PTA within the nanochannels' inner walls. The critical reduction in the Pt-adsorption energy to nearly the cohesive energy of Pt clustering is attributed to the interaction between PTA and the silicate substrate. Consequently, the transition from single-atom dispersion to clustering of Pt atoms can be controlled by adjusting the number density of PTA intercalated within the silicate nanochannels, specifically when the number ratio of Pt atoms to PTA changes from 3.7 to 18. The 3D organized Pt1-PTA pairs, facilitated by the arrayed silicate nanochannels, demonstrate high and stable efficiency with a hydrogen production rate of ca. 300 mmol/h/gPt─approximately twice that of the best-reported Pt efficiency in polyoxometalate-based photocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Wei Chang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 241037, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Pao
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jia Tsai
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 407302, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Su
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Lung Chen
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Ming Lyu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Kuo
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming
Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - An-Chung Su
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ching Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 241037, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Lai
- Department
of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung 407302, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300092, Taiwan
- College
of
Semiconductor Research, National Tsing Hua
University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
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4
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Hu H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xi J, Xiao J, Cao S. Performance Regulation of Single-Atom Catalyst by Modulating the Microenvironment of Metal Sites. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:24. [PMID: 37480375 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Metal-based catalysts, encompassing both homogeneous and heterogeneous types, play a vital role in the modern chemical industry. Heterogeneous metal-based catalysts usually possess more varied catalytically active centers than homogeneous catalysts, making it challenging to regulate their catalytic performance. In contrast, homogeneous catalysts have defined active-site structures, and their performance can be easily adjusted by modifying the ligand. These characteristics lead to remarkable conceptual and technical differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. As a recently emerging class of catalytic material, single-atom catalysts (SACs) have become one of the most active new frontiers in the catalysis field and show great potential to bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes. This review documents a brief introduction to SACs and their role in a range of reactions involving single-atom catalysis. To fully understand process-structure-property relationships of single-atom catalysis in chemical reactions, active sites or coordination structure and performance regulation strategies (e.g., tuning chemical and physical environment of single atoms) of SACs are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, we discuss the application limitations, development trends and future challenges of single-atom catalysis and present a perspective on further constructing a highly efficient (e.g., activity, selectivity and stability), single-atom catalytic system for a broader scope of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangbo Xi
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sufeng Cao
- Aramco Boston Research Center, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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5
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Liu H, Yang S, Wang G, Liu H, Peng Y, Sun C, Li J, Chen J. Strong Electronic Orbit Coupling between Cobalt and Single-Atom Praseodymium for Boosted Nitrous Oxide Decomposition on Co 3O 4 Catalyst. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16325-16335. [PMID: 36283104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2O) has gained increasing attention as an important noncarbon dioxide greenhouse gas, and catalytic decomposition is an effective method of reducing its emissions. Here, Co3O4 was synthesized by the sol-gel method and single-atom Pr was confined in its matrix to improve the N2O decomposition performance. It was observed that the reaction rate varied in a volcano-like pattern with the amount of doped Pr. A N2O decomposition reaction rate 5-7.5 times greater than that of pure Co3O4 is achieved on the catalyst with a Pr/Co molar ratio of 0.06:1, and further Pr doping reduced the activity due to PrOx cluster formation. Combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption fine structure, density functional theory and in situ near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, it was demonstrated that the single-atom doped Pr in Co3O4 generates the "Pr 4f-O 2p-Co 3d" network, which redistributes the electrons in Co3O4 lattice and increases the t2g electrons at the tetracoordinated Co2+ sites. This coupling between the Pr 4f orbit and Co2+ 3d orbit triggers the formation of a 4f-3d electronic ladder, which accelerates the electron transfer from Co2+ to the 3π* antibonding orbital of N2O, thus contributing to the N-O bond cleavage. Moreover, the energy barrier for each elementary reaction in the decomposition process of N2O is reduced, especially for O2 desorption. Our work provides a theoretical grounding and reference for designing atomically modified catalysts for N2O decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Shan Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
| | - Guimin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Yue Peng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Chuanzhi Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan250014, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, P. R. China
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6
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Wang H, Shi F, Pu M, Lei M. Theoretical Study on Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation by N-Doped Carbon-Supported Late Transition Metal Single-Atom Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuxing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Min Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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7
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Du J, Huang Y, Huang Z, Wu G, Wu B, Han X, Chen C, Zheng X, Cui P, Wu Y, Jiang J, Hong X. Reversing the Catalytic Selectivity of Single-Atom Ru via Support Amorphization. JACS AU 2022; 2:1078-1083. [PMID: 35647593 PMCID: PMC9131367 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Supported single-atom catalysts (SACs), with the extremely homogenized active sites could achieve high hydrogenation selectivity toward one of the functional groups coexisting in the reactant molecule. However, as to the target group, the control of selective recognition and activation by SACs still remains a challenge. Herein, the phase engineering of the support is adopted to control the chemo-recognition behavior of SACs in selective hydrogenation. Single-atom Ru on amorphous porous ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets (Ru1/a-TiO2) is constructed, in which Ru is more positively charged than that in the crystalline counterpart (Ru1/c-TiO2). Moreover, in the nitro/vinyl selective hydrogenation process, Ru1/a-TiO2 shows superior nitro selectivity, opposite to the vinyl selectivity of Ru1/c-TiO2. Density functional theory calculations for single-atom Ru of different charge states show that the reactant adsorption configuration could be inverted in the amorphous TiO2, accounting for the chemo-recognition behavior controlled by the phase of support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Du
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- Division
of Advanced Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Huang
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Geng Wu
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bei Wu
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Han
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Cai Chen
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Zheng
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (NSRL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Peixin Cui
- Key
Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute
of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China
| | - Yuen Wu
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xun Hong
- Center
of Advanced Nanocatalysis (CAN), Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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8
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Chen C, Wang T, Yan K, Liu S, Zhao Y, Li B. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction on Cu single atoms incorporated in ordered macroporous TiO 2 toward tunable products. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01155g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Cu/3DOM-TiO2 photocatalyst exhibits high performance toward CO2 to CH4 conversion in a gas–solid system while producing C2H4 in a liquid–solid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, PR China
| | - Benxia Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
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