1
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Cagan D, Bím D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG. Mechanisms of Photoredox Catalysis Featuring Nickel-Bipyridine Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9055-9076. [PMID: 38868098 PMCID: PMC11165457 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis can unlock useful pathways for transforming organic reactants into desirable products, largely due to the conversion of photon energy into chemical potential to drive redox and bond transformation processes. Despite the importance of these processes for cross-coupling reactions and other transformations, their mechanistic details are only superficially understood. In this review, we have provided a detailed summary of various photoredox mechanisms that have been proposed to date for Ni-bipyridine (bpy) complexes, focusing separately on photosensitized and direct excitation reaction processes. By highlighting multiple bond transformation pathways and key findings, we depict how photoredox reaction mechanisms, which ultimately define substrate scope, are themselves defined by the ground- and excited-state geometric and electronic structures of key Ni-based intermediates. We further identify knowledge gaps to motivate future mechanistic studies and the development of synergistic research approaches spanning the physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
A. Cagan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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2
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Sutcliffe E, Cagan DA, Hadt RG. Ultrafast Photophysics of Ni(I)-Bipyridine Halide Complexes: Spanning the Marcus Normal and Inverted Regimes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15506-15514. [PMID: 38776490 PMCID: PMC11157544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their light-harvesting properties, nickel-bipyridine (bpy) complexes have found wide use in metallaphotoredox cross-coupling reactions. Key to these transformations are Ni(I)-bpy halide intermediates that absorb a significant fraction of light at relevant cross-coupling reaction irradiation wavelengths. Herein, we report ultrafast transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy on a library of eight Ni(I)-bpy halide complexes, the first such characterization of any Ni(I) species. The TA data reveal the formation and decay of Ni(I)-to-bpy metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states (10-30 ps) whose relaxation dynamics are well described by vibronic Marcus theory, spanning the normal and inverted regions as a result of simple changes to the bpy substituents. While these lifetimes are relatively long for MLCT excited states in first-row transition metal complexes, their duration precludes excited-state bimolecular reactivity in photoredox reactions. We also present a one-step method to generate an isolable, solid-state Ni(I)-bpy halide species, which decouples light-initiated reactivity from dark, thermal cycles in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Monteith JJ, Rousseaux SAL. A Dual Ni/Photoredox Cross-Coupling Approach toward Mandelic Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:4566-4570. [PMID: 38758597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Mandelic acid derivatives represent a valuable class of compounds due to their wide use in synthetic organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical sector. Herein, we report a novel reductive Ni/photoredox cross-coupling of readily accessible, bench stable N-alkoxyphthalimides and aryl halides to prepare unprotected mandelic acid ester derivatives. Mechanistic experiments suggest that this cross-coupling likely proceeds via a pathway that is distinct from previous reports using similar redox-active alkoxy radical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Monteith
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Oehl EK, Jirsch PT, Hammes J, Stenglein A, Méndez M, Ruf S, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Synthesis of a Sitagliptin Precursor. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38655880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
A novel synthesis of sitagliptin based on a redox-active ester derived from the chiral pool is reported. The key step is an electrochemical nickel-catalyzed sp2-sp3 cross-coupling reaction using inexpensive nickel foam in an undivided cell. It was successfully applied to 21 examples in up to 88% yield. These sitagliptin-analogue precursors could potentially interact with the DPP4 enzyme. A full synthesis based on our new reaction pathway provided sitagliptin in an overall yield of 33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Oehl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul T Jirsch
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jasmin Hammes
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Stenglein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - María Méndez
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, Bldg. G838, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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5
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Hossain MM, Shaikh AC, Kaur R, Gianetti TL. Red Light-Blue Light Chromoselective C(sp 2)-X Bond Activation by Organic Helicenium-Based Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7922-7930. [PMID: 38498938 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Chromoselective bond activation has been achieved in organic helicenium (nPr-DMQA+)-based photoredox catalysis. Consequently, control over chromoselective C(sp2)-X bond activation in multihalogenated aromatics has been demonstrated. nPr-DMQA+ can only initiate the halogen atom transfer (XAT) pathway under red light irradiation to activate low-energy-accessible C(sp2)-I bonds. In contrast, blue light irradiation initiates consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) to activate more challenging C(sp2)-Br bonds. Comparative reaction outcomes have been demonstrated in the α-arylation of cyclic ketones with red and blue lights. Furthermore, red-light-mediated selective C(sp2)-I bonds have been activated in iodobromoarenes to keep the bromo functional handle untouched. Finally, the strength of the chromoselective catalysis has been highlighted with two-fold functionalization using both photo-to-transition metal and photo-to-photocatalyzed transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mubarak Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aslam C Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Thomas L Gianetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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6
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Laudadio G, Neigenfind P, Chebolu R, Blasczak VD, Maddirala SJ, Palkowitz MD, Bolduc PN, Nicastri MC, Puthukanoori RK, Paraselli BR, Baran PS. Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids via Ni/Ag Electrocatalytic Cross-Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:2276-2281. [PMID: 38467055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
A simple protocol is outlined herein for rapid access to enantiopure unnatural amino acids (UAAs) from trivial glutamate and aspartate precursors. The method relies on Ag/Ni-electrocatalytic decarboxylative coupling and can be rapidly conducted in parallel (24 reactions at a time) to ascertain coupling viability followed by scale-up for the generation of useful quantities of UAAs for exploratory studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rajesh Chebolu
- Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Plot. No. B-11/1, IDA Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
| | - Vanna D Blasczak
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Philippe N Bolduc
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael C Nicastri
- Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ravi Kumar Puthukanoori
- Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Plot. No. B-11/1, IDA Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
| | - Bheema Rao Paraselli
- Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd., Plot. No. B-11/1, IDA Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
- Chemveda Life Sciences, Inc., 9920 Pacific Heights Blvd. Suite 150, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Sun J, Endo H, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Simplified Modular Access to Enantiopure 1,2-Aminoalcohols via Ni-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6209-6216. [PMID: 38387466 PMCID: PMC10962872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Chiral aminoalcohols are omnipresent in bioactive compounds. Conventional strategies to access this motif involve multiple-step reactions to install the requisite functionalities stereoselectively using conventional polar bond analysis. This study reveals that a simple chiral oxazolidine-based carboxylic acid can be readily transformed to substituted chiral aminoalcohols with high stereochemical control by Ni-electrocatalytic decarboxylative arylation. This general, robust, and scalable coupling can be used to synthesize a variety of medicinally important compounds, avoiding protecting and functional group manipulations, thereby dramatically simplifying their preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Hirofumi Endo
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Megan A. Emmanuel
- Chemical
Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Martins S. Oderinde
- Small
Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb
Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Taylor OR, Saucedo PJ, Bahamonde A. Leveraging the Redox Promiscuity of Nickel To Catalyze C-N Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38231475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This perspective details advances made in the field of Ni-catalyzed C-N bond formation. The use of this Earth abundant metal to decorate amines, amides, lactams, and heterocycles enables direct access to a variety of biologically active and industrially relevant compounds in a sustainable manner. Herein, different strategies that leverage the propensity of Ni to facilitate both one- and two-electron processes will be surveyed. The first part of this Perspective focuses on strategies that facilitate C-N couplings at room temperature by accessing oxidized Ni(III) intermediates. In this context, advances in photochemical, electrochemical, and chemically mediated processes will be analyzed. A special emphasis has been put on providing a comprehensive explanation of the different mechanistic avenues that have been proposed to facilitate these chemistries; either Ni(I/III) self-sustained cycles or Ni(0/II/III) photochemically mediated pathways. The second part of this Perspective details the ligand designs that also enable access to this reactivity via a two-electron Ni(0/II) mechanism. Finally, we discuss our thoughts on possible future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Paul J Saucedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ana Bahamonde
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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9
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Qiang C, Zhang T, Feng Z, Liu P, Sun P. Direct Amino-α-C-H Heteroarylation of Amides under Electrochemical Conditions. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38191300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) strategy for the direct amino-α-C-H heteroarylation of amides is described. The cheap TMSN3 acts as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent. A series of heteroarenes including quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, 4-methylquinoline, isoquinoline, 2-methylquinoxaline, benzothiazole, etc., and various readily available amides/lactams were suitable. The reaction has the characteristics of a wide range of substrates, good regioselectivity, chemical oxidant-free conditions, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Qiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhaoyue Feng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Peipei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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