1
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Zou W, Wang C, Wang J, Xiang J, Veser G, Zhang S, Lu R. General Method to Synthesize Highly Stable Nanoclusters via Pickering-Stabilized Microemulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6126-6133. [PMID: 37071800 PMCID: PMC10157882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to not only control but also maintain the well-defined size of nanoclusters is key to a scientific understanding as well as their practical application. Here, we report a synthetic protocol to prepare and stabilize nanoclusters of different metals and even metal salts. The approach builds on a Pickering stabilization effect inside a microemulsion system. We prove that the emulsion interface plays a critical role in the formation of nanoclusters, which are encapsulated in situ into a silica matrix. The resulting nanocapsule is characterized by a central cavity and a porous shell composed of a matrix of both silica and nanoclusters. This structure endows the nanoclusters simultaneously with high thermal stability, good biocompatibility, and excellent photostability, making them well suited for fundamental studies and practical applications ranging from materials chemistry, catalysis, and optics to bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jiasheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jia Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Götz Veser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Shufen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Rongwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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2
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Quinson J, Kunz S, Arenz M. Surfactant-Free Colloidal Syntheses of Precious Metal Nanoparticles for Improved Catalysts. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Kumari S, Sautet P. Elucidation of the Active Site for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on a Single Pt Atom Supported on Indium Tin Oxide. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2635-2643. [PMID: 36888963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted attention for their high catalytic activity and selectivity, but the nature of their active sites under realistic reaction conditions, involving various ligands, is not well-understood. In this study, we use density functional theory calculations and grand canonical basin hopping to theoretically investigate the active site for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on a single Pt atom supported on indium tin oxide, including the influence of the electrochemical potential. We show that the ligands on the Pt atom change from Pt-OH in the absence of electrochemical potential to PtO(OH)4 in electrochemical conditions. This change of the chemical state of Pt is associated with a decrease of 0.3 V for the OER overpotential. This highlights the importance of accurately identifying the nature of the active site under reaction conditions and the impact of adsorbates on the electrocatalytic activity. This theoretical investigation enhances our understanding of SACs for the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kumari
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90094, United States
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4
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Tan X, Zhuang Z, Zhang Y, Sun K, Chen C. Rational design of atomic site catalysts for electrochemical CO 2 reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2682-2696. [PMID: 36749619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06503g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Renewable-energy-powered electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) is a promising way of transforming CO2 to value-added products and achieving sustainable carbon recycling. By virtue of the extremely high exposure rate of active sites and excellent catalytic performance, atomic site catalysts (ASCs), including single-atomic site catalysts and diatomic site catalysts, have attracted considerable attention. In this feature article, we focus on the rational design strategies of ASCs developed in recent years for the ECR reaction. The influence of these strategies on the activity and selectivity of ASCs for ECR is further discussed in terms of electronic regulation, synergistic activation, microenvironmental regulation and tandem catalytic system construction. Finally, the challenges and future directions are indicated. We hope that this feature article will be helpful in the development of novel ASCs for ECR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zewen Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. .,College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kaian Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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5
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Rigo VA, Baletto F. Pt 38 as a promising ethanol catalyst: a first principles study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4649-4655. [PMID: 36722856 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This first-principles study predicts Pt38 nanoparticles as a catalyst for ethanol reactions. Starting from the adsorption properties, we shed light on the effectiveness of Pt-based nanoclusters as ethanol catalysts. First, the ethanol adsorption on Pt38 shows that the most stable site positions the molecule with the oxygen anchored on top of an edge, whereas CH3 is oriented towards the facet and the molecule remains in trans-symmetry. The ethanol-oxygen adsorbed on top of a facet Pt-atom offers the least stable configuration and the longer Pt-O distance (2.318 Å), while the shorter Pt-O distance (2.237 Å) is found when ethanol is on top of an edge site and the molecule is vertically oriented with Gauche symmetry. A shorter Pt-O distance correlates with higher radial breathing of the nanoparticle after ethanol adsorption. Atomic charge redistribution is calculated on all the considered systems and cases. In any event, we show that the Pt-anchor receives a charge, whilst oxygen-ethanol donates electrons. Orbital analysis shows that Pt-anchors and ethanol-oxygen atoms primarily exchange p-charge. Energy barriers associated with the ethanol bond cleavage show that the C-C bond break is slightly more favourable on Pt38 than on an extended Pt(111). In addition, we find that the cleavage of the hydroxyl O-H ethanol bond shows a higher energy barrier while the removal of an H-atom from the CH3 group is easier. These three facts indicate that the Pt38 nanoparticle enhances ethanol catalysis and hence is a good candidate for ethanol-based fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Alexandre Rigo
- Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Cornélio Procópio, 86300-000, Brazil.
| | - Francesca Baletto
- Physics Department, University of Milan, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Italy.,Physics Department, King's College London, Strand WC2R 2LS, UK
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6
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Exploring the Potential Energy Surface of Pt 6 Sub-Nano Clusters Deposited over Graphene. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010870. [PMID: 36614312 PMCID: PMC9820941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic systems based on sub-nanoclusters deposited over different supports are promising for very relevant chemical transformations such as many electrocatalytic processes as the ORR. These systems have been demonstrated to be very fluxional, as they are able to change shape and interconvert between each other either alone or in the presence of adsorbates. In addition, an accurate representation of their catalytic activity requires the consideration of ensemble effects and not a single structure alone. In this sense, a reliable theoretical methodology should assure an accurate and extensive exploration of the potential energy surface to include all the relevant structures and with correct relative energies. In this context, we applied DFT in conjunction with global optimization techniques to obtain and analyze the characteristics of the many local minima of Pt6 sub-nanoclusters over a carbon-based support (graphene)-a system with electrocatalytic relevance. We also analyzed the magnetism and the charge transfer between the clusters and the support and paid special attention to the dependence of dispersion effects on the ensemble characteristics. We found that the ensembles computed with and without dispersion corrections are qualitatively similar, especially for the lowest-in-energy clusters, which we attribute to a (mainly) covalent binding to the surface. However, there are some significant variations in the relative stability of some clusters, which would significantly affect their population in the ensemble composition.
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7
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Munarriz J, Zhang Z, Sautet P, Alexandrova AN. Graphite-Supported Pt n Cluster Electrocatalysts: Major Change of Active Sites as a Function of the Applied Potential. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julen Munarriz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería no. 8, Campus Universitario de El Cristo, Oviedo, 33006 Spain
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystem Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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8
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Ohnuma A, Takahashi K, Tsunoyama H, Inoue T, Zhao P, Velloth A, Ehara M, Ichikuni N, Tabuchi M, Nakajima A. Enhanced oxygen reduction activity of size-selected platinum subnanocluster catalysts: Ptn (n = 3–9). Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00573a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ptn subnanoclusters (n = 3–9) on a carbon substrate exhibit 1.6–2.2 times higher activity than the standard Pt/C catalysts. EXAFS experiments and DFT calculations show plausible structures and energetics for reaction intermediates in the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ohnuma
- New Field Pioneering Division, Toyota Boshoku Corporation, 1-1 Toyoda-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8651, Japan
| | - Koki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hironori Tsunoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Tomoya Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Archana Velloth
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Department of Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ichikuni
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Masao Tabuchi
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
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9
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Jašik J, Fortunelli A, Vajda S. Exploring the materials space in the smallest particle size range: From heterogeneous catalysis to electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12083-12115. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05677h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasmall clusters of subnanometer size can possess unique and even unexpected physical and chemical propensities which make them interesting in various fields of basic science and for potential applications, such...
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10
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Kawawaki T, Shimizu N, Mitomi Y, Yazaki D, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Supported, ∼1-nm-Sized Platinum Clusters: Controlled Preparation and Enhanced Catalytic Activity. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Mitomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
| | - Daichi Yazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku–ku, Tokyo 162–8601, Japan
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11
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Samayoa-Oviedo HY, Behrend KA, Kawa S, Knorke H, Su P, Belov ME, Anderson G, Warneke J, Laskin J. Design and Performance of a Soft-Landing Instrument for Fragment Ion Deposition. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14489-14496. [PMID: 34672519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a new high-flux electrospray ionization-based instrument for soft landing of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces. Collision-induced dissociation is performed in a collision cell positioned after the dual electrodynamic ion funnel assembly. The high duty cycle of the instrument enables high-coverage deposition of mass-selected fragment ions onto surfaces at a defined kinetic energy. This capability facilitates the investigation of the reactivity of gaseous fragment ions in the condensed phase. We demonstrate that the observed reactions of deposited fragment ions are dependent on the structure of the ion and the composition of either ionic or neutral species codeposited onto a surface. The newly developed instrument provides access to high-purity ion fragments as building blocks for the preparation of unique ionic layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Y Samayoa-Oviedo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kay-Antonio Behrend
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kawa
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Knorke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Pei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mikhail E Belov
- Spectroglyph, LLC, Kennewick, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Gordon Anderson
- GAA Custom Electronics, LLC, POB 335, Benton City, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Chen Z, Mo Y, Lin D, Tuo Y, Feng X, Liu Y, Chen X, Chen D, Yang C. Engineering the efficient three-dimension hollow cubic carbon from vacuum residuum with enhanced mass transfer ability towards H2O2 production. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Kawawaki T, Shimizu N, Funai K, Mitomi Y, Hossain S, Kikkawa S, Osborn DJ, Yamazoe S, Metha GF, Negishi Y. Simple and high-yield preparation of carbon-black-supported ∼1 nm platinum nanoclusters and their oxygen reduction reactivity. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:14679-14687. [PMID: 34558590 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04202e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts is essential before polymer electrolyte fuel cells can be used widely. To this end, we established a simple method for the size-selective synthesis of a series of ligand-protected platinum nanoclusters with ∼1 nm particle size (Ptn NCs; n = ∼35, ∼51, and ∼66) and narrow size distribution (±∼4 Pt atoms) under atmospheric conditions. Using this method, each ligand-protected ∼1 nm Pt NC was obtained in a relatively high yield (nearly 80% for Pt∼66). We succeeded in adsorbing each ligand-protected ∼1 nm Pt NC on carbon black (CB) and then removing most of the ligands from the surface of the Pt NCs via calcination while maintaining the original size. The obtained Pt∼35/CB, Pt∼51/CB, and Pt∼66/CB exhibited ORR mass activities that were 1.6, 2.1, and 1.6 times higher, respectively, than that of commercial CB supported-Pt nanoparticles, and also display high durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Shimizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Kanako Funai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Mitomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Soichi Kikkawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - D J Osborn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Gregory F Metha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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14
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Kunimoto T, Naya SI, Tada H. Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Oxygen and Water by Two-electrode Electrolytic Cell Using a Gold Nanoparticle-loaded Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide Cathode. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kunimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Naya
- Environmental Research Laboratory, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, 3-4-1 Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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15
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Bock N, De Clercq A, Seidl L, Kratky T, Ma T, Günther S, Kortz U, Heiz U, Esch F. Towards Size‐Controlled Deposition of Palladium Nanoparticles from Polyoxometalate Precursors: An Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bock
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Astrid De Clercq
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Lukas Seidl
- Department Mobility Energy & Environment Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Tim Kratky
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Sebastian Günther
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Jacobs University Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Friedrich Esch
- Catalysis Research Center and Chemistry Department Technical University of Munich Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
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16
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17
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Rong H, Ji S, Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y. Synthetic strategies of supported atomic clusters for heterogeneous catalysis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5884. [PMID: 33208740 PMCID: PMC7674434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported atomic clusters with uniform metal sites and definite low-nuclearity are intermediate states between single-atom catalysts (SACs) and nanoparticles in size. Benefiting from the presence of metal–metal bonds, supported atomic clusters can trigger synergistic effects among every metal atom, which contributes to achieving unique catalytic properties different from SACs and nanoparticles. However, the scalable and precise synthesis and atomic-level insights into the structure–properties relationship of supported atomic clusters is a great challenge. This perspective presents the latest progress of the synthesis of supported atomic clusters, highlights how the structure affects catalytic properties, and discusses the limitations as well as prospects. Supported atomic clusters with precise nuclearity are intermediate states between single-atom catalysts and nanoparticles in size. Here the authors summarize and discuss synthetic strategies of supported atomic clusters with unique catalytic properties for heterogeneous reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongpan Rong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shufang Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jiatao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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18
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Spadaro M, Humphrey JJL, Cai R, Martínez L, Haigh SJ, Huttel Y, Spencer SJ, Wain AJ, Palmer R. Electrocatalytic Behavior of PtCu Clusters Produced by Nanoparticle Beam Deposition. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:23683-23689. [PMID: 33154785 PMCID: PMC7604936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c06744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art electrocatalysts for electrolyzer and fuel cell applications currently rely on platinum group metals, which are costly and subject to supply risks. In recent years, a vast collection of research has explored the possibility of reducing the Pt content in such catalysts by alloying with earth-abundant and cheap metals, enabling co-optimization of cost and activity. Here, using nanoparticle beam deposition, we explore the electrocatalytic performance of PtCu alloy clusters in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Elemental compositions of the produced bimetallic clusters were shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to range from 2 at. % to 38 at. % Pt, while high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy indicated that the predominant cluster morphologies could be characterized as either a fully mixed alloy or as a mixed core with a Cu-rich shell. In contrast with previous studies, a monotonic decrease in HER activity with increasing Cu content was observed over the composition range studied, with the current density measured at -0.3 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode) scaling approximately linearly with Pt at. %. This trend opens up the possibility that PtCu could be used as a reference system for comparing the composition-dependent activity of other bimetallic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
Chiara Spadaro
- College
of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K.
| | - Jo J. L. Humphrey
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Rongsheng Cai
- College
of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K.
| | - Lidia Martínez
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Sarah J. Haigh
- Department
of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Yves Huttel
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz,
3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Wain
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, U.K.
| | - Richard Palmer
- College
of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, U.K.
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19
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Jin R, Li G, Sharma S, Li Y, Du X. Toward Active-Site Tailoring in Heterogeneous Catalysis by Atomically Precise Metal Nanoclusters with Crystallographic Structures. Chem Rev 2020; 121:567-648. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gao Li
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Sachil Sharma
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Yingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangsha Du
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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20
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Gorey TJ, Zandkarimi B, Li G, Baxter ET, Alexandrova AN, Anderson SL. Coking-Resistant Sub-Nano Dehydrogenation Catalysts: PtnSnx/SiO2 (n = 4, 7). ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Gorey
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Borna Zandkarimi
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Guangjing Li
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric T. Baxter
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Scott L. Anderson
- Chemistry Department, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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21
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Wan XK, Wu HB, Guan BY, Luan D, Lou XWD. Confining Sub-Nanometer Pt Clusters in Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Spheres for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Activity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901349. [PMID: 31879997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water splitting is considered as a promising approach to produce clean and sustainable hydrogen fuel. As a new class of nanomaterials with high ratio of surface atoms and tunable composition and electronic structure, metal clusters are promising candidates as catalysts. Here, a new strategy is demonstrated to synthesize active and stable Pt-based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution by confining Pt clusters in hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (Pt5 /HMCS). Such a structure would effectively stabilize the Pt clusters during the ligand removal process, leading to remarkable electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen production in both acidic and alkaline solutions. Particularly, the optimal Pt5 /HMCS electrocatalyst exhibits 12 times the mass activity of Pt in commercial Pt/C catalyst with similar Pt loading. This study exemplifies a simple yet effective approach to improve the cost effectiveness of precious-metal-based catalysts with stabilized metal clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Hao Bin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Bu Yuan Guan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Deyan Luan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Xiong Wen David Lou
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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22
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Li Z, Guan Z, Chang Y, Hu D, Jin B, Bai L. Comparison of the structure and methanol electrooxidation ability from irregular PtNi nanocrystals to PtNiRu nanodendrites. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01840a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of RuCl3in the synthesis of PtNi nanocrystals led to the formation of PtNiRu nanosphere and nanodendrite, which displayed a higher activity and durability for the methanol electrooxidation due to the porous structure and synergetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Li
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
| | - Zhongyue Guan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Anhui Science and Technology University
- Bengbu
- China
| | - Yuting Chang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Anhui Science and Technology University
- Bengbu
- China
| | - Die Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Anhui Science and Technology University
- Bengbu
- China
| | - Baokang Jin
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Lei Bai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering
- Anhui Science and Technology University
- Bengbu
- China
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23
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Trindell JA, Duan Z, Henkelman G, Crooks RM. Well-Defined Nanoparticle Electrocatalysts for the Refinement of Theory. Chem Rev 2019; 120:814-850. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Trindell
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Zhiyao Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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24
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Tsunoyama H, Ohnuma A, Takahashi K, Velloth A, Ehara M, Ichikuni N, Tabuchi M, Nakajima A. Enhanced oxygen reduction activity of platinum subnanocluster catalysts through charge redistribution. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12603-12606. [PMID: 31556435 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06327g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Single-size platinum Pt6 subnanoclusters exhibit superior mass-specific and surface-specific activities for the oxygen reduction reaction. The enhanced activity is attributed to polarized electron distributions based on rigorous structure characterization by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsunoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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25
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From Bulk to Atoms: The Influence of Particle and Cluster Size on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Z PHYS CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2019-1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the influence of particle size in terms of electrocatalysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), small Pt
n
species with
n
=
1
,
10
,
13
$n=1,10,13$
atoms and nanoparticles are deposited onto native titanium dioxide. These species are compared to the bare support as well as to bulk platinum with respect to the catalytic activity. Photoelectron spectroscopy showed Pt4f core-level shifts to higher binding energies with decreasing cluster size. In addition, the various species contribute significant density of states into the valence band gap of TiO2, thereby with larger particle size, the resulting band gap narrows. For nanoparticles, metal-like behaviour was already observed. Electrochemical measurements in 0.1 M H2SO4 showed the highest overall catalytic activity for bulk platinum and large Pt nanoparticles. A different assertion is obtained when the activities are related to the mass of the catalyst used, indicating that clusters with a size of about ten atoms seem to be most active. In comparison with the results from photoelectron spectroscopy regarding the electronic structure, no clear correlation to the catalytic activity was found. In terms of degradation induced due to the electrochemical treatment, the cluster samples showed no sintering effects, but instead, some detachment took place.
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26
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Chen S, Chen Z, Fang W, Zhuang W, Zhang L, Zhang J. Ag
10
Ti
28
‐Oxo Cluster Containing Single‐Atom Silver Sites: Atomic Structure and Synergistic Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:10932-10935. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
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27
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Sun M, Ji J, Hu M, Weng M, Zhang Y, Yu H, Tang J, Zheng J, Jiang Z, Pan F, Liang C, Lin Z. Overwhelming the Performance of Single Atoms with Atomic Clusters for Platinum-Catalyzed Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiapeng Ji
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mouyi Weng
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Junchao Zheng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, P. R. China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chengdu Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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28
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Chen S, Chen Z, Fang W, Zhuang W, Zhang L, Zhang J. Ag
10
Ti
28
‐Oxo Cluster Containing Single‐Atom Silver Sites: Atomic Structure and Synergistic Electronic Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Zhe‐Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Sciences 350002 Fuzhou P. R. China
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29
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30
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Du Y, Sheng H, Astruc D, Zhu M. Atomically Precise Noble Metal Nanoclusters as Efficient Catalysts: A Bridge between Structure and Properties. Chem Rev 2019; 120:526-622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Du
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Hongting Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Didier Astruc
- Université de Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Talence 33405 Cedex, France
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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31
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Prabhakaran V, Lang Z, Clotet A, Poblet JM, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Controlling the Activity and Stability of Electrochemical Interfaces Using Atom-by-Atom Metal Substitution of Redox Species. ACS NANO 2019; 13:458-466. [PMID: 30521751 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular-level properties of electrochemically active ions at operating electrode-electrolyte interfaces (EEI) is key to the rational development of high-performance nanostructured surfaces for applications in energy technology. Herein, an electrochemical cell coupled with ion soft landing is employed to examine the effect of "atom-by-atom" metal substitution on the activity and stability of well-defined redox-active anions, PMo xW12- xO403- ( x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, or 12) at nanostructured ionic liquid EEI. A striking observation made by in situ electrochemical measurements and further supported by theoretical calculations is that the substitution of only one to three tungsten atoms by molybdenum atoms in the PW12O403- anions results in a substantial spike in their first reduction potential. Specifically, PMo3W9O403- showed the highest redox activity in both in situ electrochemical measurements and as part of a functional redox supercapacitor device, making it a "super-active redox anion" compared with all other PMo xW12- xO403- species. Electronic structure calculations showed that metal substitution in PMo xW12- xO403- causes the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) to protrude locally, making it the "active site" for reduction of the anion. Several critical factors contribute to the observed trend in redox activity including (i) multiple isomeric structures populated at room temperature, which affect the experimentally determined reduction potential; (ii) substantial decrease of the LUMO energy upon replacement of W atoms with more-electronegative Mo atoms; and (iii) structural relaxation of the reduced species produced after the first reduction step. Our results illustrate a path to achieving superior performance of technologically relevant EEIs in functional nanoscale devices through understanding of the molecular-level electronic properties of specific electroactive species with "atom-by-atom" precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshkumar Prabhakaran
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Zhongling Lang
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Anna Clotet
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Department de Quı́mica Fı́sica Inorgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Marcel·lí Domingo 1 , Tarragona 43007 , Spain
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99352 , United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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32
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Yin HJ, Zhou JH, Zhang YW. Shaping well-defined noble-metal-based nanostructures for fabricating high-performance electrocatalysts: advances and perspectives. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi00689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in shaping protocols and structure-activity relationships of noble-metal-based catalysts with well-defined nanostructures in electrochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jing Yin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Jun-Hao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Ya-Wen Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications
- PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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33
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. Von isolierten Ionen zu mehrschichtigen funktionellen Materialien durch sanfte Landung von Ionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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34
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Laskin J, Johnson GE, Warneke J, Prabhakaran V. From Isolated Ions to Multilayer Functional Materials Using Ion Soft Landing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16270-16284. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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35
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Johnson GE, Prabhakaran V, Browning ND, Mehdi BL, Laskin J, Kottke PA, Fedorov AG. DRILL Interface Makes Ion Soft Landing Broadly Accessible for Energy Science and Applications. BATTERIES & SUPERCAPS 2018; 1:97-101. [PMID: 31448364 PMCID: PMC6707734 DOI: 10.1002/batt.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POM) have been deposited onto carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes using benchtop ion soft landing (SL) enabled by a vortex-confined electrohydrodynamic desolvation process. The device is based on the dry ion localization and locomotion (DRILL) mass spectrometry interface of Fedorov and co-workers. By adding electrospray emitters, heating the desolvation gas, and operating at high gas flow rates, it is possible to obtain stable ion currents up to -15 nA that are ideal for deposition. Coupled with ambient ion optics, this interface enables desolvated ions to be delivered to surfaces while excluding solvent and counterions. Electron microscopy of surfaces prepared using the device reveal discrete POM and no aggregation that degrades electrode performance. Characterization of POM-coated CNT electrodes in a supercapacitor showed an energy storage capacity similar to that achieved with SL in vacuum. For solutions that produce primarily a single ion by electrospray ionization, benchtop SL offers a simpler and less costly approach for surface modification with applications in catalysis, energy storage, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352 (USA)
| | | | - Nigel D. Browning
- School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, (UK)
| | - B. Layla Mehdi
- School of Engineering, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GQ, (UK)
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA)
| | - Peter A. Kottke
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
| | - Andrei G. Fedorov
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 (USA)
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36
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Tsunoyama H, Shibuta M, Nakaya M, Eguchi T, Nakajima A. Synthesis and Characterization of Metal-Encapsulating Si 16 Cage Superatoms. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1735-1745. [PMID: 29715011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanoclusters, aggregates of several to hundreds of atoms, have been one of the central issues of nanomaterials sciences owing to their unique structures and properties, which could be found neither in nanoparticles with several nanometer diameters nor in organometallic complexes. Along with the chemical nature of each element, properties of nanoclusters change dramatically with size parameters, making nanoclusters strong potential candidates for future tailor-made materials; these nanoclusters are expected to have attractive properties such as redox activity, catalysis, and magnetism. Alloying of nanoclusters additionally gives designer functionality by fine control of their electronic structures in addition to size parameters. Among binary nanoclusters, binary cage superatoms (BCSs) composed of transition metal (M) encapsulating silicon cages, M@Si16, have unique cage structures of 16 silicon atoms, which have not been found in elemental silicon nanoclusters, organosilicon compounds, and silicon based clathrates. The unique composition of these BCSs originates from the simultaneous satisfaction of geometric and electronic shell-closings in terms of cage geometry and valence electron filling, where a total of 68 valence electrons occupy the superatomic orbitals of (1S)2(1P)6(1D)10(1F)14(2S)2(1G)18(2P)6(2D)10 for M = group 4 elements in neutral ground state. The most important issue for M@Si16 BCSs is fine-tuning of their characters by replacement of the central metal atoms, M, based on one-by-one adjustment of valence electron counts in the same structure framework of Si16 cage; the replacement of M yields a series of M@Si16 BCSs, based on their superatomic characteristics. So far, despite these unique features probed in the gas-phase molecular beam and predicted by quantum chemical calculations, M@Si16 have not yet been isolated. In this Account, we have focused on recent advances in synthesis and characterizations of M@Si16 BCSs (M = Ti and Ta). A series of M@Si16 BCSs (M = groups 3 to 5) was found in gas-phase molecular beam experiments by photoelectron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry: formation of halogen-, rare-gas-, and alkali-like superatoms was identified through one-by-one tuning of number of total valence electrons. Toward future functional materials in the solid state, we have developed an intensive, size-selected nanocluster source based on high-power impulse magnetron sputtering coupled with a mass spectrometer and a soft-landing apparatus. With scanning probe microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy, the structure of surface-immobilized BCSs has been elucidated; BCSs can be dispersed in an isolated form using C60 fullerene decoration of the substrate. The intensive nanocluster source also enables the synthesis of BCSs in the 100-mg scale by coupling with a direct liquid-embedded trapping method into organic dispersants, enabling their structure characterization as a highly symmetric "metal-encapsulating tetrahedral silicon-cage" (METS) structure with Frank-Kasper geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsunoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibuta
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Masato Nakaya
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Eguchi
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aramaki Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences (KiPAS), Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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Liu L, Corma A. Metal Catalysts for Heterogeneous Catalysis: From Single Atoms to Nanoclusters and Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4981-5079. [PMID: 29658707 PMCID: PMC6061779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1827] [Impact Index Per Article: 304.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metal species with different size (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behavior for various heterogeneous catalytic reactions. It has been shown in the literature that many factors including the particle size, shape, chemical composition, metal-support interaction, and metal-reactant/solvent interaction can have significant influences on the catalytic properties of metal catalysts. The recent developments of well-controlled synthesis methodologies and advanced characterization tools allow one to correlate the relationships at the molecular level. In this Review, the electronic and geometric structures of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles will be discussed. Furthermore, we will summarize the catalytic applications of single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles for different types of reactions, including CO oxidation, selective oxidation, selective hydrogenation, organic reactions, electrocatalytic, and photocatalytic reactions. We will compare the results obtained from different systems and try to give a picture on how different types of metal species work in different reactions and give perspectives on the future directions toward better understanding of the catalytic behavior of different metal entities (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) in a unifying manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Liu
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politécnica de València-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, España
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politécnica de València-Consejo
Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, España
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Metal Clusters Dispersed on Oxide Supports: Preparation Methods and Metal-Support Interactions. Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-0957-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Yang Y, Reber AC, Gilliland SE, Castano CE, Gupton BF, Khanna SN. More than just a support: Graphene as a solid-state ligand for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Halder A, Curtiss LA, Fortunelli A, Vajda S. Perspective: Size selected clusters for catalysis and electrochemistry. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:110901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Avik Halder
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Larry A. Curtiss
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Alessandro Fortunelli
- CNR-ICCOM, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Stefan Vajda
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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41
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Electrochemical Observation of High Oxophilicity and its Effect on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Au Clusters Mass-Selectively Deposited on Glassy Carbon. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-018-0464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Fukuzumi S, Lee Y, Nam W. Solar‐Driven Production of Hydrogen Peroxide from Water and Dioxygen. Chemistry 2018; 24:5016-5031. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering Meijo University, Nagoya Aichi 468-8502 Japan
| | - Yong‐Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Korea
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43
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Faisal F, Stumm C, Bertram M, Wähler T, Schuster R, Xiang F, Lytken O, Katsounaros I, Mayrhofer KJJ, Schneider MA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Atomically-defined model catalysts in ultrahigh vacuum and in liquid electrolytes: particle size-dependent CO adsorption on Pt nanoparticles on ordered Co3O4(111) films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23702-23716. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have studied particle size effects on atomically-defined model catalysts both in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and under electrochemical (EC) conditions in liquid electrolytes.
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Tsunoyama H, Ito H, Komori M, Kobayashi R, Shibuta M, Eguchi T, Nakajima A. Liquid-phase catalysis by single-size palladium nanoclusters supported on strontium titanate: size-specific catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Size-specific catalysis by single-size palladium nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Tsunoyama
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Haruchika Ito
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Masafumi Komori
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Ryota Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Shibuta
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Science (KiPAS)
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
| | - Toyoaki Eguchi
- Nakajima Designer Nanocluster Assembly Project
- Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Kawasaki 213-0012
- Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama 223-8522
- Japan
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Luo W, Baaziz W, Cao Q, Ba H, Baati R, Ersen O, Pham-Huu C, Zafeiratos S. Design and Fabrication of Highly Reducible PtCo Particles Supported on Graphene-Coated ZnO. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34256-34268. [PMID: 28892358 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt particles dispersed on an oxide support form the basis of many important heterogeneous catalysts. Strong interactions between cobalt and the support may lead to irreducible cobalt oxide formation, which is detrimental for the catalytic performance. Therefore, several strategies have been proposed to enhance cobalt reducibility, such as alloying with Pt or utilization of nonoxide supports. In this work, we fabricate bimetallic PtCo supported on graphene-coated ZnO with enhanced cobalt reducibility. By employing a model/planar catalyst formulation, we show that the surface reduction of cobalt oxide is substantially enhanced by the presence of the graphene support as compared to bare ZnO. Stimulated by these findings, we synthesized a realistic powder catalyst consisting of PtCo particles grafted on graphene-coated ZnO support. We found that the addition of graphene coating enhances the surface reducibility of cobalt, fully supporting the results obtained on the model system. Our study demonstrates that realistic catalysts with designed properties can be developed on the basis of insights gained from model catalytic formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087 Cedex 02, France
| | - Walid Baaziz
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67037 Cedex 08, France
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut Charles Sadron, University of Strasbourg - CNRS , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, Strasbourg 67034 Cedex 2, France
| | - Housseinou Ba
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087 Cedex 02, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087 Cedex 02, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67037 Cedex 08, France
| | - Cuong Pham-Huu
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087 Cedex 02, France
| | - Spyridon Zafeiratos
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), ECPM, UMR 7515 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087 Cedex 02, France
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