Nanoscale Studies of Organic Radicals: Surface, Interface, and Spinterface

Host-Guest Chemistry in Binary and Ternary Complexes Utilizing π-Conjugated Carbon Nanorings

The carbon nanorings, possessing a radial π system, have garnered significant attention primarily due to their size-dependent photophysical properties and the presence of a unique curved π-conjugated cavity. This is evidenced by the rapid proliferation of publications. Furthermore, the integration of building blocks into CPP skeletons can confer [n]CPPs with novel and exceptional photophysical and electronic characteristics, as well as chiral properties and host-guest interactions, thereby augmenting the diversity of [n]CPPs. Notably, the curved π surface structures and concave cavity of carbon nanorings enable them to host aromatic or non-aromatic guests with a complementarily curved surface, resulting in interesting binary or ternary complexes. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of literature reports on binary and ternary complexes, focusing on both their host-guest interactions and properties. It is important to note that the scope of this review is limited to host-guest chemistry in binary and ternary complexes based on π-conjugated carbon nanorings.

Radical-Induced Changes in Transition Metal Interfacial Magnetic Properties: A Blatter Derivative on Polycrystalline Cobalt

In this work, we study the interface obtained by depositing a monolayer of a Blatter radical derivative on polycrystalline cobalt. By examining the occupied and unoccupied states at the interface, using soft X-ray techniques, combined with electronic structure calculations, we could simultaneously determine the electronic structure of both the molecular and ferromagnetic sides of the interface, thus obtaining a full understanding of the interfacial magnetic properties. We found that the molecule is strongly hybridized with the surface. Changes in the core level spectra reflect the modification of the molecule and the cobalt electronic structures inducing a decrease in the magnetic moment of the cobalt atoms bonded to the molecules which, in turn, lose their radical character. Our method allowed us to screen, beforehand, organic/ferromagnetic interfaces given their potential applications in spintronics.

From Stable Radicals to Thermally Robust High-Spin Diradicals and Triradicals

Stable radicals and thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals have emerged as important organic materials due to their promising applications in diverse fields. New fundamental properties, such as SOMO/HOMO inversion of orbital energies, are explored for the design of new stable radicals, including highly luminescent ones with good photostability. A relation with the singlet-triplet energy gap in the corresponding diradicals is proposed. Thermally robust high-spin di- and triradicals, with energy gaps that are comparable to or greater than a thermal energy at room temperature, are more challenging to synthesize but more rewarding. We summarize a number of high-spin di- and triradicals, based on nitronyl nitroxides that provide a relation between the experimental pairwise exchange coupling constant J/k in the high-spin species vs experimental hyperfine coupling constants in the corresponding monoradicals. This relation allows us to identify outliers, which may correspond to radicals where J/k is not measured with sufficient accuracy. Double helical high-spin diradicals, in which spin density is delocalized over the chiral π-system, have been barely explored, with the sole example of such high-spin diradical possessing alternant π-system with Kekulé resonance form. Finally, we discuss a high-spin diradical with electrical conductivity and derivatives of triangulene diradicals.

Thermally Ultrarobust S = 1/2 Tetrazolinyl Radicals: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, Magnetism, and Nanoneedle Assemblies on Silicon Surface

Open-shell organic molecules, including S = 1/2 radicals, may provide enhanced properties for several emerging technologies; however, relatively few synthesized to date possess robust thermal stability and processability. We report the synthesis of S = 1/2 biphenylene-fused tetrazolinyl radicals 1 and 2. Both radicals possess near-perfect planar structures based on their X-ray structures and density-functional theory (DFT) computations. Radical 1 possesses outstanding thermal stability as indicated by the onset of decomposition at 269 °C, based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. Both radicals possess very low oxidation potentials <0 V (vs. SCE) and their electrochemical energy gaps, Ecell ≈ 0.9 eV, are rather low. Magnetic properties of polycrystalline 1 are characterized by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry revealing a one-dimensional S = 1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg chain with exchange coupling constant J'/k ≈ -22.0 K. Radical 1 in toluene glass possesses a long electron spin coherence time, Tm ≈ 7 μs in the 40-80 K temperature range, a property advantageous for potential applications as a molecular spin qubit. Radical 1 is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) forming assemblies of intact radicals on a silicon substrate, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the radical molecules form nanoneedles on the substrate. The nanoneedles are stable for at least 64 hours under air as monitored by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of the thicker assemblies, prepared by UHV evaporation, indicate radical decay according to first-order kinetics with a long half-life of 50 ± 4 days at ambient conditions.

Long-Term Degradation Mechanisms in Application-Implemented Radical Thin Films

Blatter radical derivatives are very attractive due to their potential applications, ranging from batteries to quantum technologies. In this work, we focus on the latest insights regarding the fundamental mechanisms of radical thin film (long-term) degradation, by comparing two Blatter radical derivatives. We find that the interaction with different contaminants (such as atomic H, Ar, N, and O and molecular H₂, N₂, O₂, H₂O, and NH₂) affects the chemical and magnetic properties of the thin films upon air exposure. Also, the radical-specific site, where the contaminant interaction takes place, plays a role. Atomic H and NH₂ are detrimental to the magnetic properties of Blatter radicals, while the presence of molecular water influences more specifically the magnetic properties of the diradical thin films, and it is believed to be the major cause of the shorter diradical thin film lifetime in air.

Deciphering the ground state of a C3-symmetrical Blatter-type triradical by CW and pulse EPR spectroscopy

3,3',3''-(Benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl) (1) is a C₃-symmetrical triradical comprised of three Blatter radical units connected at the 1, 3, 5 positions of a central trimethylenebenzene core. This triradical has an excellent air, moisture, and thermal stability. Single-crystal XRD indicates that triradical 1 adopts a propeller-like geometry with the benzotriazinyl moieties twisted by 174.1(2)° and packs in 1D chains along the c axis to form an extensive network of weak intermolecular interactions. Frozen solution continuous wave (CW) EPR spectra and variable-temperature field-sweep echo-detected (FSED) spectra revealed an intramolecular ferromagnetic exchange within the spin system, supporting a quartet S = 3/2 ground state. DFT calculations further supported these experimental findings.

3-Substituted Blatter Radicals: Cyclization of N-Arylguanidines and N-Arylamidines to Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines and PhLi Addition

A series of 3-amino- and 3-alkyl-substituted 1-phenyl-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls was prepared in four steps involving N-arylation, cyclization of N-arylguanidines and N-arylamidines, reduction of the resulting N-oxides to benzo[e][1,2,4]triazines, and subsequent addition of PhLi followed by aerial oxidation. The resulting seven C(3)-substituted benzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yls were analyzed by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods augmented with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Electrochemical data were compared to DFT results and correlated with substituent parameters.

High-Spin (S = 1) Blatter-Based Diradical with Robust Stability and Electrical Conductivity

Triplet ground-state organic molecules are of interest with respect to several emerging technologies but usually show limited stability, especially as thin films. We report an organic diradical, consisting of two Blatter radicals, that possesses a triplet ground state with a singlet-triplet energy gap, ΔEST ≈ 0.4-0.5 kcal mol-1 (2J/k ≈ 220-275 K). The diradical possesses robust thermal stability, with an onset of decomposition above 264 °C (TGA). In toluene/chloroform, glassy matrix, and fluid solution, an equilibrium between two conformations with ΔEST ≈ 0.4 kcal mol-1 and ΔEST ≈ -0.7 kcal mol-1 is observed, favoring the triplet ground state over the singlet ground-state conformation in the 110-330 K temperature range. The diradical with the triplet ground-state conformation is found exclusively in crystals and in a polystyrene matrix. The crystalline neutral diradical is a good electrical conductor with conductivity comparable to the thoroughly optimized bis(thiazolyl)-related monoradicals. This is surprising because the triplet ground state implies that the underlying π-system is cross-conjugated and thus is not compatible with either good conductance or electron delocalization. The diradical is evaporated under ultra-high vacuum to form thin films, which are stable in air for at least 18 h, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies.

Tethered Blatter Radical for Molecular Grafting: Synthesis of 6-Hydroxyhexyloxy, Hydroxymethyl, and Bis(hydroxymethyl) Derivatives and Their Functionalization

Synthetic access to 7-CF₃-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl radicals containing 4-(6-hydroxyhexyloxy)phenyl, 4-hydroxymethylphenyl or 3,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)phenyl groups at the C(3) position and their conversion to tosylates and phosphates are described. The tosylates were used to obtain disulfides and an azide with good yields. The Blatter radical containing the azido group underwent a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition with phenylacetylene under mild conditions, giving the [1,2,3]triazole product in 84% yield. This indicates the suitability of the azido derivative for grafting Blatter radical onto other molecular objects via the CuAAC "click" reaction. The presented derivatives are promising for accessing surfaces and macromolecules spin-labeled with the Blatter radical.

Axially Chiral Stable Radicals: Resolution and Characterization of Blatter Radical Atropisomers

Atropisomers of three Blatter radicals were obtained by the addition of 8-substituted 1-naphthyllithiums to 3-phenyl and 3-t-butylbenzo[e][1,2,4]triazine and separated by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. Their absolute configurations were assigned by a comparison of experimental and time-dependent density functional theory calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. The free energy of activation, ΔG^‡₂₉₈, and the half life of racemization, t_1/2, at 298 K were determined at ∼25 kcal mol^-1 and <130 h, respectively. Intramolecular π-π interactions in radicals were evident from single-crystal X-ray diffraction, density functional theory, and electrochemical analyses.

Surface-Radical Mobility Test by Self-Sorted Recombination: Symmetrical Product upon Recombination (SPR)

We describe here a study of the mobility of the alkoxy radical on a surface by detection of its recombination product. A novel method called symmetrical product recombination (SRP) uses an unsymmetrical peroxide that upon sensitized homolysis recombines to a symmetrical product [R'OOR → R'O^•↑ + ^•OR → ROOR]. This allows for self-sorting of the radical to enhance the recombination path to a symmetrical product, which has been used to deduce surface migratory aptitude. SPR also provides a new opportunity for mechanistic studies of interfacial radicals, including monitoring competition between radical recombination versus surface hydrogen abstraction. This is an approach that might work for other surface-borne radicals on natural and artificial particles.

Synthesis and Thin Films of Thermally Robust Quartet (S = 3/2) Ground State Triradical

High-spin (S = 3/2) organic triradicals may offer enhanced properties with respect to several emerging technologies, but those synthesized to date typically exhibit small doublet quartet energy gaps and/or possess limited thermal stability and processability. We report a quartet ground state triradical 3, synthesized by a Pd(0)-catalyzed radical-radical cross-coupling reaction, which possesses two doublet-quartet energy gaps, ΔE_DQ ≈ 0.2-0.3 kcal mol^-1 and ΔE_DQ2 ≈ 1.2-1.8 kcal mol^-1. The triradical has a 70+% population of the quartet ground state at room temperature and good thermal stability with onset of decomposition at >160 °C under an inert atmosphere. Magnetic properties of 3 are characterized by SQUID magnetometry in polystyrene glass and by quantitative EPR spectroscopy. Triradical 3 is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum to form thin films of intact triradicals on silicon substrate, as confirmed by high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. AFM and SEM images of the ∼1 nm thick films indicate that the triradical molecules form islands on the substrate. The films are stable under ultrahigh vacuum for at least 17 h but show onset of decomposition after 4 h at ambient conditions. The drop-cast films are less prone to degradation in air and have a longer lifetime.

Synthesis of Fluorogenic Arylureas and Amides and Their Interaction with Amines: A Competition between Turn-on Fluorescence and Organic Radicals on the Way to a Smart Label for Fish Freshness

We describe the synthesis of fluorogenic arylureas and amides and their interaction with primary or secondary amines under air and light in organic-aqueous mixtures to give rise to a new class of persistent organic radicals, described on the basis of their electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), as well as UV–vis, fluorescence, NMR, and quantum mechanics calculations, and their prospective use as multi-signal reporters in a smart label for fish freshness.

Substituent effects on the electronic structure of the flat Blatter radical: correlation analysis of experimental and computational data

Functionalized flat Blatter radicals were obtained and substituent effects on spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and stability were investigated by correlation and DFT methods.

UV-photoelectron spectroscopy of stable radicals: the electronic structure of planar Blatter radicals as materials for organic electronics

The electronic structure of Blatter radicals and a series of C(10)-substituted derivatives of 2-phenyl-3H-[1,2,4]triazino[5,6,1-kl]phenoxazin-3-yl (planar Blatter radicals) containing H, F, Cl, Br, CN, CF3 and OMe substituents was investigated by gas phase UV-photoelectron spectroscopy. The energy of the SOMO of the radicals, determined to be about 6.5 eV, was correlated with their electrochemical oxidation potentials, E0/+11/2, relative to the Fc/Fc+ couple in CH2Cl2 giving the correction of 6.60(1) eV. The optical band gap Eoptg ∼ 1.7 eV of the radicals yielded the electronic transport gap, Eelg, of about 2.1 eV, which is similar to the electronic parameters of pentacene. The radicals were analyzed by EPR spectroscopy and single crystal XRD methods, and all experimental data were compared to DFT computational results obtained at the CAM-B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory.

Stability of radical-functionalized gold surfaces by self-assembly and on-surface chemistry

We have investigated the radical functionalization of gold surfaces with a derivative of the perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radical using two methods: by chemisorption from the radical solution and by on-surface chemical derivation from a precursor. We have investigated the obtained self-assembled monolayers by photon-energy dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results show that the molecules were successfully anchored on the surfaces. We have used a robust method that can be applied to a variety of materials to assess the stability of the functionalized interface. The monolayers are characterized by air and X-ray beam stability unprecedented for films of organic radicals. Over very long X-ray beam exposure we observed a dynamic nature of the radical-Au complex. The results clearly indicate that (mono)layers of PTM radical derivatives have the necessary stability to withstand device applications.

Neutral Organic Radical Formation by Chemisorption on Metal Surfaces

Organic radical monolayers (r-MLs) bonded to metal surfaces are potential materials for the development of molecular (spin)electronics. Typically, stable radicals bearing surface anchoring groups are used to generate r-MLs. Following a recent theoretical proposal based on a model system, we report the first experimental realization of a metal surface-induced r-ML, where a rationally chosen closed-shell precursor 3,5-dichloro-4-[bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methylen]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (1) transforms into a stable neutral open-shell species (1^•) via chemisorption on the Ag(111) surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that the >C═O group of 1 reacts with the surface, forming a C-O-Ag linkage that induces an electronic rearrangement that transforms 1 to 1^•. We further show that surface reactivity is an important factor in this process whereby Au(111) is inert towards 1, whereas the Cu(111) surface leads to dehalogenation reactions. The radical nature of the Ag(111)-bound monolayer was further confirmed by angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations, which provide evidence of the emergence of the singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of 1^•.

Synchronously voltage-manipulable spin reversing and selecting assisted by exchange coupling in a monomeric dimer with magnetic interface

The use of the molecular spin state as a quantum of next-generation information technology is receiving impressive research attention, within which the fundamental issues include manipulating the phase transition between the spin-up and -down states and generating spin polarized current. The spinterface between ferromagnetic electrodes and a molecular bridge represents one of the most intriguing elements in this context. Herein, by means of the celebrated numerical renormalization group technique, we present an original way to realize spin reversal in a monomeric dimer. Our scheme is based on the exchange interactions between electronic spins on one monomer and those on the other one or on the electrodes, which could be easily controlled through purely electronic technology. Through a careful engineering of the interfacial parameters, one of the monomers is devoted to the spin reversing, whereas the other one contributes to the spin selecting. The charge numbers of spin-up and -down electrons swap their respective occupancies at some particular points, indicating charge sensing between different spins. The competition between the spinterface and the molecular energy level results in charge oscillating in a single spin channel, which is unfavorable to the spin selecting. The observation may provide a prospective example for a multifunctional magnetoelectronics molecular device, which works without any external magnetic field.

1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl: a tricky “structure-to-magnetism” correlation aided by DFT calculations

1-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (2) is a Blatter radical with a challenging structure-to-magnetism correlation.

Recent advances in the chemistry of benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl radicals

Benzo[e][1,2,4]triazinyl, or Blatter radicals, are stable free radicals with customisable magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical properties, and wide-ranging applications in synthesis and functional materials.

Polymorphism in a π stacked Blatter radical: structures and magnetic properties of 3-(phenyl)-1-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,4-dihydrobenzo[e][1,2,4]triazin-4-yl

The first polymorphism example in Blatter radicals, is reported.

Dimerization of indenocorannulene radicals: imposing stability through increasing strain and curvature

One-electron reduction of bowl-shaped indenocorannulene affords a new stable dimeric dianion, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.

A Long-Lived Azafullerenyl Radical Stabilized by Supramolecular Shielding with a [10]Cycloparaphenylene

A major handicap towards the exploitation of radicals is their inherent instability. In the paramagnetic azafullerenyl radical C59 N. , the unpaired electron is strongly localized next to the nitrogen atom, which induces dimerization to diamagnetic bis(azafullerene), (C59 N)2 . Conventional stabilization by introducing steric hindrance around the radical is inapplicable here because of the concave fullerene geometry. Instead, we developed an innovative radical shielding approach based on supramolecular complexation, exploiting the protection offered by a [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) nanobelt encircling the C59 N. radical. Photoinduced radical generation is increased by a factor of 300. The EPR signal showing characteristic 14 N hyperfine splitting of C59 N. ⊂ [10]CPP was traced even after several weeks, which corresponds to a lifetime increase of >108 . The proposed approach can be generalized by tuning the diameter of the employed nanobelts, opening new avenues for the design and exploitation of radical fullerenes.

Surface/Interface Engineering for Constructing Advanced Nanostructured Light-Emitting Diodes with Improved Performance: A Brief Review

With the rise of nanoscience and nanotechnologies, especially the continuous deepening of research on low-dimensional materials and structures, various kinds of light-emitting devices based on nanometer-structured materials are gradually becoming the natural candidates for the next generation of advanced optoelectronic devices with improved performance through engineering their interface/surface properties. As dimensions of light-emitting devices are scaled down to the nanoscale, the plentitude of their surface/interface properties is one of the key factors for their dominating device performance. In this paper, firstly, the generation, classification, and influence of surface/interface states on nanometer optical devices will be given theoretically. Secondly, the relationship between the surface/interface properties and light-emitting diode device performance will be investigated, and the related physical mechanisms will be revealed by introducing classic examples. Especially, how to improve the performance of light-emitting diodes by using factors such as the surface/interface purification, quantum dots (QDs)-emitting layer, surface ligands, optimization of device architecture, and so on will be summarized. Finally, we explore the main influencing actors of research breakthroughs related to the surface/interface properties on the current and future applications for nanostructured light-emitting devices.

Exploiting the versatile alkyne-based chemistry for expanding the applications of a stable triphenylmethyl organic radical on surfaces

The incorporation of terminal alkynes into the chemical structure of persistent organic perchlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) radicals provides new chemical tools to expand their potential applications. In this work, this is demonstrated by the chemical functionalization of two types of substrates, hydrogenated SiO₂-free silicon (Si-H) and gold, and, by exploiting the click chemistry, scarcely used with organic radicals, to synthesise multifunctional systems. On one hand, the one-step functionalization of Si-H allows a light-triggered capacitance switch to be successfully achieved under electrochemical conditions. On the other hand, the click reaction between the alkyne-terminated PTM radical and a ferrocene azide derivative, used here as a model azide system, leads to a multistate electrochemical switch. The successful post-surface modification makes the self-assembled monolayers reported here an appealing platform to synthesise multifunctional systems grafted on surfaces.

Air-Stable Thin Films with High and Anisotropic Electrical Conductivities Composed of a Carbon-Centered Neutral π-Radical

Air-stable thin films (50-720 nm thickness) composed of a carbon-centered neutral π-radical with high and anisotropic electrical conductivities were fabricated by vapor deposition of 4,8,12-trioxotriangulene (TOT). The thin films were air-stable over 15 months and were the aggregate of TOT microcrystals, in which a one-dimensional π-stacking column was formed through the strong singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO)-SOMO interaction with two-electron-multicenter bond among the spin-delocalized π-planes. The orientations of the one-dimensional column of TOT were changed depending on the deposition rate and substrates, where face-on-oriented thin films were epitaxially grown on the graphite 0001 surface, and edge-on-oriented thin films were grown on glass, SiO2, and indium tin oxide substrates under a high-deposition rate condition. The films showed high electrical conductivities of 2.5 × 10-2 and 5.9 × 10-5 S cm-1 along and perpendicular to the π-stacking column, respectively, for an edge-on oriented thin film.

Thermally and Magnetically Robust Triplet Ground State Diradical

High spin ( S = 1) organic diradicals may offer enhanced properties with respect to several emerging technologies, but typically exhibit low singlet triplet energy gaps and possess limited thermal stability. We report triplet ground state diradical 2 with a large singlet-triplet energy gap, Δ E_ST ≥ 1.7 kcal mol^-1, leading to nearly exclusive population of triplet ground state at room temperature, and good thermal stability with onset of decomposition at ∼160 °C under inert atmosphere. Magnetic properties of 2 and the previously prepared diradical 1 are characterized by SQUID magnetometry of polycrystalline powders, in polystyrene glass, and in other matrices. Polycrystalline diradical 2 forms a novel one-dimensional (1D) spin-1 ( S = 1) chain of organic radicals with intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling of J'/ k = -14 K, which is associated with the N···N and N···O intermolecular contacts. The intrachain antiferromagnetic coupling in 2 is by far strongest among all studied 1D S = 1 chains of organic radicals, which also makes 1D S = 1 chains of 2 most isotropic, and therefore an excellent system for studies of low-dimensional magnetism. In polystyrene glass and in frozen benzene or dibutyl phthalate solution, both 1 and 2 are monomeric. Diradical 2 is thermally robust and is evaporated under ultrahigh vacuum to form thin films of intact diradicals on silicon substrate, as demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Based on C-K NEXAFS spectra and AFM images of the ∼1.5 nm thick films, the diradical molecules form islands on the substrate with molecules stacked approximately along the crystallographic a-axis. The films are stable under ultrahigh vacuum for at least 60 h but show signs of decomposition when exposed to ambient conditions for 7 h.

Interfacing a Potential Purely Organic Molecular Quantum Bit with a Real-Life Surface

By using a multidisciplinary and multitechnique approach, we have addressed the issue of attaching a molecular quantum bit to a real surface. First, we demonstrate that an organic derivative of the pyrene-Blatter radical is a potential molecular quantum bit. Our study of the interface of the pyrene-Blatter radical with a copper-based surface reveals that the spin of the interface layer is not canceled by the interaction with the surface and that the Blatter radical is resistant in presence of molecular water. Although the measured pyrene-Blatter derivative quantum coherence time is not the highest value known, this molecule is known as a "super stable" radical. Conversely, other potential qubits show poor thin film stability upon air exposure. Therefore, we discuss strategies to make molecular systems candidates as qubits competitive, bridging the gap between potential and real applications.

Ferromagnetic interactions in a 1D Heisenberg linear chain of 1-phenyl-3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yls

1-Phenyl-3,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazin-4-yl (2), was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractometry and variable temperature SQUID magnetometry to investigate its structure-magnetism correlation.