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Chen J, Wang X, Cui X, Li Y, Feng Y, Wei Z. In Situ Probing and Identification of Electrochemical Reaction Intermediates by Floating Electrolytic Electrospray Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219302. [PMID: 36710258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth study of electrochemical (EC) synthesis can require a powerful mass spectrometry (MS) analytical platform which can discover and identify fleeting intermediates in EC reactions. Here we report a floating electrolytic electrospray ionization (FE-ESI) strategy that can perform EC processes in a floating electrolytic cell and monitor intermediates by high-resolution MS. Compared with previous EC-MS methods, a significant advantage of FE-ESI-MS is that it allows one to modulate the electrolytic and electrospray process individually, ensuring its high sensitivity in discovering intermediates and universality to investigate redox reactions in different scenarios. This powerful platform has been successfully used to investigate the EC reductive coupling of p-tolylboronic acid and p-nitrotoluene. A series of nitrene intermediates were discovered and identified by FE-ESI-MS, indicating that a hidden mechanism involving nitrene formation might play a key role in EC reductive coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yongyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhenwei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Ramos De Dios SM, Tiwari VK, McCune CD, Dhokale RA, Berkowitz DB. Biomacromolecule-Assisted Screening for Reaction Discovery and Catalyst Optimization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13800-13880. [PMID: 35904776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction discovery and catalyst screening lie at the heart of synthetic organic chemistry. While there are efforts at de novo catalyst design using computation/artificial intelligence, at its core, synthetic chemistry is an experimental science. This review overviews biomacromolecule-assisted screening methods and the follow-on elaboration of chemistry so discovered. All three types of biomacromolecules discussed─enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids─have been used as "sensors" to provide a readout on product chirality exploiting their native chirality. Enzymatic sensing methods yield both UV-spectrophotometric and visible, colorimetric readouts. Antibody sensors provide direct fluorescent readout upon analyte binding in some cases or provide for cat-ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay)-type readouts. DNA biomacromolecule-assisted screening allows for templation to facilitate reaction discovery, driving bimolecular reactions into a pseudo-unimolecular format. In addition, the ability to use DNA-encoded libraries permits the barcoding of reactants. All three types of biomacromolecule-based screens afford high sensitivity and selectivity. Among the chemical transformations discovered by enzymatic screening methods are the first Ni(0)-mediated asymmetric allylic amination and a new thiocyanopalladation/carbocyclization transformation in which both C-SCN and C-C bonds are fashioned sequentially. Cat-ELISA screening has identified new classes of sydnone-alkyne cycloadditions, and DNA-encoded screening has been exploited to uncover interesting oxidative Pd-mediated amido-alkyne/alkene coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Virendra K Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christopher D McCune
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ranjeet A Dhokale
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David B Berkowitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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Ahn Y, Park J, Park M, Jin S, Jo W, Kim J, Cho SH, Seo D. Combinatorial selective synthesis and excitation experiments for quantitative analysis of effects of Au on a semiconductor photocatalyst. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wu L, Wan Q, Nie W, Hao Y, Feng G, Chen M, Chen S. High-Throughput Nano-Electrostatic-Spray Ionization/Photoreaction Mass Spectrometric Platform for the Discovery of Visible-Light-Activated Photocatalytic Reactions in the Picomole Scale. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14560-14567. [PMID: 34652146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-activated photocatalysis has emerged as a green and powerful tool for the synthesis of various organic compounds under mild conditions. However, the expeditious discovery of novel photocatalysts and synthetic pathways remains challenging. Here, we developed a bifunctional platform that enabled the high-throughput discovery and optimization of new photochemical reactions down to the picomole scale. This platform was designed based on a contactless nano-electrostatic-spray ionization technique, which allows synchronized photoreactions and high-throughput in situ mass spectrometric analysis with a near-100% duty cycle. Using this platform, we realized the rapid screening of photocatalytic reactions in ambient conditions with a high speed of less than 1.5 min/reaction using picomolar materials. The versatility was validated by multiple visible-light-induced photocatalytic reactions, especially the discovery of aerobic C-H thiolation with low-cost organic photocatalysts without any other additives. This study provided a new paradigm for the integration of ambient ionization techniques and new insights into photocatalytic reaction screening, which will have broad applications in the development of new visible-light-promoted reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qiongqiong Wan
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wenjing Nie
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Yanhong Hao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Guifang Feng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Moran Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Suming Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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Sun J, Fan X, Lu H, Tan H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ouyang J, Na N. Observation of intermediates by online mass spectrometry to demonstrate the multiple mechanisms of dye-sensitized photocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3921-3924. [PMID: 33871525 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00908g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Online mass spectrometry was applied to reveal multiple mechanisms of visible-light irradiated dye-sensitized photocatalysis for o-phenylenediamine oxidation. The reactants, products and short-lived intermediates were recorded and dynamically tracked. Dimer and unexpected trimer intermediates were observed to deduce the stepwise aerobic photooxidation mechanism with multiple routes, which was supported by theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Xuchan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Yunling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, P. R. China.
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Lv Y, Qin X, Hu K, Huang Y, Zhao S. Hybrid MoS 2/g-C 3N 4-assisted LDI mass spectrometry for rapid detection of small molecules and polyethylene glycols and direct determination of uric acid in complicated biological samples. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:5. [PMID: 33389155 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric method (MALDI-TOF MS) for determination of highly sensitive small molecular compounds was developed based on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets hybridized with ultrathin graphitic carbon nitride (MoS2/g-C3N4) as the matrix. With this approach, the synergistic effects of MoS2 and g-C3N4 enhance the UV absorption of MoS2/g-C3N4, increase both desorption and ionization efficiency in LDI MS, and induce higher signal-to-noise ratio of analytes when compared with the bare MoS2 and g-C3N4 matrix in the determination of amino acids, antibiotics, neutral oligosaccharides, uric acid, and polyethylene glycols (PEGs). The detection limits of these small molecular compounds are in the ranges 0.1 to 10 μg mL-1, 1*10-3 to 1.0 μg mL-1, 1.0 to 10 μg mL-1, and 2*10-4 μg mL-1, respectively, and the polydispersity index of these PEGs is less than 1.02. Moreover, high salt tolera`nce and homogeneous deposition on the spot results in good reproducibility. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of shot-to-shot and spot-to-spot (n = 15) of these compounds are less than 10.1% and 12.5%, respectively. With MoS2/g-C3N4, the uric acid in complicated biological samples can be directly determined in combination with LDI-TOF MS. We synthesized MoS2/g-C3N4 nanohybrid as an efficient matrix for MALDI-TOF MS analysis of small molecules as well as quantitative detection of uric acid in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxia Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
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