1
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Lewis GD, Li G, Guo J, Yu SF, Fields CT, Lee G, Zhang D, Dragovich PS, Pillow T, Wei B, Sadowsky J, Leipold D, Wilson T, Kamath A, Mamounas M, Lee MV, Saad O, Choeurng V, Ungewickell A, Monemi S, Crocker L, Kalinsky K, Modi S, Jung KH, Hamilton E, LoRusso P, Krop I, Schutten MM, Commerford R, Sliwkowski MX, Cho E. The HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate DHES0815A in advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer: preclinical characterization and phase 1 trial results. Nat Commun 2024; 15:466. [PMID: 38212321 PMCID: PMC10784567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Approved antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for HER2-positive breast cancer include trastuzumab emtansine and trastuzumab deruxtecan. To develop a differentiated HER2 ADC, we chose an antibody that does not compete with trastuzumab or pertuzumab for binding, conjugated to a reduced potency PBD (pyrrolobenzodiazepine) dimer payload. PBDs are potent cytotoxic agents that alkylate and cross-link DNA. In our study, the PBD dimer is modified to alkylate, but not cross-link DNA. This HER2 ADC, DHES0815A, demonstrates in vivo efficacy in models of HER2-positive and HER2-low cancers and is well-tolerated in cynomolgus monkey safety studies. Mechanisms of action include induction of DNA damage and apoptosis, activity in non-dividing cells, and bystander activity. A dose-escalation study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03451162) in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, with the primary objective of evaluating the safety and tolerability of DHES0815A and secondary objectives of characterizing the pharmacokinetics, objective response rate, duration of response, and formation of anti-DHES0815A antibodies, is reported herein. Despite early signs of anti-tumor activity, patients at higher doses develop persistent, non-resolvable dermal, ocular, and pulmonary toxicities, which led to early termination of the phase 1 trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail D Lewis
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Guangmin Li
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Genee Lee
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas Pillow
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - BinQing Wei
- Computational Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Carmot Therapeutics, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tim Wilson
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mamounas
- Project Team Leadership, Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Violet Lee
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ola Saad
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sharareh Monemi
- Early Clinical Development, Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Crocker
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Winship Cancer Institute at Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shanu Modi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyung Hae Jung
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Erika Hamilton
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Ian Krop
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melissa M Schutten
- Safety Assessment Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- SeaGen, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renee Commerford
- Early Clinical Development, Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunpi Cho
- Early Clinical Development, Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Lee MV, Saad OM, Wong S, LaMar J, Kamen L, Ordonia B, Melendez R, Hassanzadeh A, Chung S, Kaur S. Development of a semi-automated MHC-associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs) method using streptavidin bead-based immunoaffinity capture and nano LC-MS/MS to support immunogenicity risk assessment in drug development. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1295285. [PMID: 38022649 PMCID: PMC10667718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1295285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-Associated Peptide Proteomics (MAPPs) is an ex vivo method used to assess the immunogenicity risk of biotherapeutics. MAPPs can identify potential T-cell epitopes within the biotherapeutic molecule. Using adalimumab treated human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DCs) and a pan anti-HLA-DR antibody (Ab), we systematically automated and optimized biotin/streptavidin (SA)-capture antibody coupling, lysate incubation with capture antibody, as well as the washing and elution steps of a MAPPs method using functionalized magnetic beads and a KingFisher Magnetic Particle processor. Automation of these steps, combined with capturing using biotinylated-Ab/SA magnetic beads rather than covalently bound antibody, improved reproducibility as measured by minimal inter-and intra-day variability, as well as minimal analyst-to-analyst variability. The semi-automated MAPPs workflow improved sensitivity, allowing for a lower number of cells per analysis. The method was assessed using five different biotherapeutics with varying immunogenicity rates ranging from 0.1 to 48% ADA incidence in the clinic. Biotherapeutics with ≥10%immunogenicity incidence consistently presented more peptides (1.8-28 fold) and clusters (10-21 fold) compared to those with <10% immunogenicity incidence. Our semi-automated MAPPs method provided two main advantages over a manual workflow- the robustness and reproducibility affords confidence in the epitopes identified from as few as 5 to 10 donors and the method workflow can be readily adapted to incorporate different capture Abs in addition to anti-HLA-DR. The incorporation of semi-automated MAPPs with biotinylated-Ab/SA bead-based capture in immunogenicity screening strategies allows the generation of more consistent and reliable data, helping to improve immunogenicity prediction capabilities in drug development. MHC associated peptide proteomics (MAPPs), Immunogenicity risk assessment, in vitro/ex vivo, biotherapeutics, Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC II), LC-MS, Immunoaffinity Capture, streptavidin magnetic beads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ola M. Saad
- *Correspondence: M. Violet Lee, ; Ola M. Saad,
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3
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Hyung SJ, Leipold DD, Lee DW, Kaur S, Saad OM. Multiplexed Quantitative Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Labile CBI-Dimer Payloads In Vivo Using Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1158-1168. [PMID: 34958550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) involves cleavage of ADCs into smaller analytes representing different components and subsequent measurements from multiple assays for a more comprehensive pharmacokinetic (PK) assessment. Multiple PK analytes including the drug remaining conjugated to the antibody (or antibody-conjugated drug, acDrug) and total antibody can be accessed simultaneously using a multiplex assay by proteolytic digestion of an ADC, if the sites of conjugation are homogeneous for an ADC and the linker drug is stable to proteases. Herein, a multiplexed immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS PK assay is described involving immunoaffinity enrichment, enzymatic conversion of prodrug, trypsin digestion, and LC-MS/MS as applied to next-generation ADCs constructed from linker drugs bearing dimeric cyclopropabenzindole (CBI) payloads (duocarmycin analogues). The cytotoxic payload is chemically labile, requiring extensive optimization in sample preparation steps to stabilize the drug without ex vivo modification and to convert the prodrug into a single active form of the drug. The qualification data for this assay format showed that this approach provides robust acDrug and total antibody data and can be extended to ADCs with different monoclonal antibody frameworks and linker chemistries. Applications of this multiplexed assay to support preclinical studies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Joon Hyung
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas D Leipold
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donna W Lee
- Safety Assessment, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ola M Saad
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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4
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Sang H, Liu J, Zhou F, Zhang X, Zhang J, Liu Y, Wang G, Ye H. Target-responsive subcellular catabolism analysis for early-stage antibody-drug conjugates screening and assessment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:4020-4031. [PMID: 35024323 PMCID: PMC8727762 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Events including antibody‒antigen affinity, internalization, trafficking and lysosomal proteolysis combinatorially determine the efficiency of antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) catabolism and hence the toxicity. Nevertheless, an approach that conveniently identifies proteins requisite for payload release and the ensuing toxicity for mechanistic studies and quality assessment is lacking. Considering the plethora of ADC candidates under development, we developed a target-responsive subcellular catabolism (TARSC) approach that examines ADC catabolism and probes changes in response to targeted interferences of proteins of interest. We firstly applied TARSC to study the commercial T-DM1 and the biosimilar. We recorded unequivocal catabolic behaviors regardless of the absence and presence of the targeted interferences. Their negligible differences in TARSC profiles agreed with their undifferentiated anti-tumoral efficacy according to further in vitro viability and in vivo tumor growth assays, highlighting TARSC analysis as a useful tool for biosimilarity assessment and functional dissection of proteins requisite for ADC catabolism. Additionally, we employed TARSC to investigate the catabolic behavior of a new trastuzumab-toxin conjugate. Collectively, TARSC can not only characterize ADC catabolism at (sub)cellular level but also comprehensively determine which protein targets affect payload release and therapeutic outcomes. Future use of TARSC is thus anticipated in early-stage screening, quality assessment and mechanistic investigations of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Sang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yazhong Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 25 83271176 (Guangji Wang), +86 25 83271179 (Hui Ye)
| | - Hui Ye
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel.: +86 25 83271176 (Guangji Wang), +86 25 83271179 (Hui Ye)
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Wang Q, Zhang X, Han F, Liu J, Xu Q. Efficient Construction of 5H-1,4-Benzodiazepine Derivatives by a Catalyst-Free Direct Aerobic Oxidative Annulation Strategy. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2866-2871. [PMID: 34057822 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A catalyst-free direct aerobic oxidative annulation reaction of 2-aminobenzylic amines and α-hydroxy ketones efficiently afforded versatile 5H-1,4-benzodiazepine derivatives by employing air as economic and green oxidant under mild conditions. Interestingly, solvent was found to be crucial to the reaction, so that by using acetic acid as the best solvent an efficient and practical method could be achieved, requiring no catalysts or additives at all. This method tolerates a wide range of 2-aminobenzylic amines and α-hydroxy ketones and could be scaled up to multigram synthesis and directly applied in one-step synthesis of the pharmaceutically active N-desmethylmedazepam derivatives, revealing the potential of this new method in the synthesis of 5H-1,4-benzodiazepine skeleton-based pharmaceuticals and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, P. R. China
| | - Feng Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jianping Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, P. R. China
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Yang X, Seol H, Lin W, Xu X, Shen B, Qiu H, Li N. Site-Specific Quantitation of Drug Conjugations on Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) Using a Protease-Assisted Drug Deconjugation and Linker-like Labeling (PADDLL) Method. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9549-9558. [PMID: 34196532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals for the targeted delivery of antitumor agents. ADCs can be highly heterogeneous with various drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, conjugation sites, and occupancy levels. The conjugation site can modulate the ADC stability and efficacy and therefore can be considered to be a critical quality attribute (CQA) during development. Traditional mass spectrometry (MS)-based peptide mapping methods cannot accurately quantify site-specific conjugations due to a significant ionization discrepancy between unconjugated native peptides and conjugated peptides. Here, we developed a novel protease-assisted drug deconjugation and linker-like labeling (PADDLL) method to quantify the levels of linker payload at specific conjugation sites. We utilized optimized papain digestion to deconjugate the drug payload and labeled unoccupied conjugation sites with a linker-like structure to provide comparable ionization efficiency for MS-based quantitation. This method was successfully applied on two cysteine-linked, protease-cleavable ADCs, and the method demonstrated good linearity and reliability, reaching a limit of quantitation of below 1%. The calculated DARs were comparable with the results from intact mass analysis. The lot-to-lot variation in conjugation distribution and inferior conjugation stability at HC Cys225 to other interchain cysteines were observed. This method provides a valuable tool for ADC design and product development. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical method developed to accurately quantify site-specific linker-drug payload conjugations for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haeri Seol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Biao Shen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York 10591, United States
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Su D, Zhang D. Linker Design Impacts Antibody-Drug Conjugate Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy via Modulating the Stability and Payload Release Efficiency. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687926. [PMID: 34248637 PMCID: PMC8262647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has significantly been advanced in the past decade given the improvement of payloads, linkers and conjugation methods. In particular, linker design plays a critical role in modulating ADC stability in the systemic circulation and payload release efficiency in the tumors, which thus affects ADC pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy and toxicity profiles. Previously, we have investigated key linker parameters such as conjugation chemistry (e.g., maleimide vs. disulfide), linker length and linker steric hindrance and their impacts on PK and efficacy profiles. Herein, we discuss our perspectives on development of integrated strategies for linker design to achieve a balance between ADC stability and payload release efficiency for desired efficacy in antigen-expressing xenograft models. The strategies have been successfully applied to the design of site-specific THIOMABTM antibody-drug conjugates (TDCs) with different payloads. We also propose to conduct dose fractionation studies to gain guidance for optimal dosing regimens of ADCs in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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Voltà-Durán E, Serna N, Sánchez-García L, Aviñó A, Sánchez JM, López-Laguna H, Cano-Garrido O, Casanova I, Mangues R, Eritja R, Vázquez E, Villaverde A, Unzueta U. Design and engineering of tumor-targeted, dual-acting cytotoxic nanoparticles. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:312-322. [PMID: 33189955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to conjugate tumor-targeted cytotoxic nanoparticles and conventional antitumoral drugs in single pharmacological entities would open a wide spectrum of opportunities in nanomedical oncology. This principle has been explored here by using CXCR4-targeted self-assembling protein nanoparticles based on two potent microbial toxins, the exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the diphtheria toxin from Corynebacterium diphtheriae, to which oligo-floxuridine and monomethyl auristatin E respectively have been chemically coupled. The resulting multifunctional hybrid nanoconjugates, with a hydrodynamic size of around 50 nm, are stable and internalize target cells with a biological impact. Although the chemical conjugation minimizes the cytotoxic activity of the protein partner in the complexes, the concept of drug combination proposed here is fully feasible and highly promising when considering multiple drug treatments aimed to higher effectiveness or when facing the therapy of cancers with acquired resistance to classical drugs.
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