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Koh D, Sonker M, Arriaga EA, Ros A. Numerical modeling reveals improved organelle separation for dielectrophoretic ratchet migration. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1826-1836. [PMID: 37622551 PMCID: PMC10905386 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Organelle size varies with normal and abnormal cell function. Thus, size-based particle separation techniques are key to assessing the properties of organelle subpopulations differing in size. Recently, insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has gained significant interest as a technique to manipulate sub-micrometer-sized particles enabling the assessment of organelle subpopulations. Based on iDEP, we recently reported a ratchet device that successfully demonstrated size-based particle fractionation in combination with continuous flow sample injection. Here, we used a numerical model to optimize the performance with flow rates a factor of three higher than previously and increased the channel volume to improve throughput. We evaluated the amplitude and duration of applied low-frequency DC-biased AC potentials improving separation efficiency. A separation efficiency of nearly 0.99 was achieved with the optimization of key parameters-improved from 0.80 in previous studies (Ortiz et al. Electrophoresis, 2022;43;1283-1296)-demonstrating that fine-tuning the periodical driving forces initiating the ratchet migration under continuous flow conditions can significantly improve the fractionation of organelles of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domin Koh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Abdulhameed A, Halim MM, Halin IA. Dielectrophoretic alignment of carbon nanotubes: theory, applications, and future. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:242001. [PMID: 36921341 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc46c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nominated to be the successor of several semiconductors and metals due to their unique physical and chemical properties. It has been concerning that the anisotropic and low controllability of CNTs impedes their adoption in commercial applications. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is known as the electrokinetics motion of polarizable nanoparticles under the influence of nonuniform electric fields. The uniqueness of this phenomenon allows DEP to be employed as a novel method to align, assemble, separate, and manipulate CNTs suspended in liquid mediums. This article begins with a brief overview of CNT structure and production, with the emphasize on their electrical properties and response to electric fields. The DEP phenomenon as a CNT alignment method is demonstrated and graphically discussed, along with its theory, procedure, and parameters. We also discussed the side forces that arise in DEP systems and how they negatively or positively affect the CNT alignment. The article concludes with a brief review of CNT-based devices fabricated using DEP, as well as the method's limitations and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Mahadi Halim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Izhal Abdul Halin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
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Polymethyl(1-Butyric acidyl)silane-Assisted Dispersion and Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation Separation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122094. [PMID: 35745430 PMCID: PMC9227055 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individual single–walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with distinct electronic types are crucial for the fabrication of SWNTs–based electronic and magnetic devices. Herein, the water–soluble polymethyl(1–butyric acidyl)silane (BA–PMS) was synthesized via the hydrosilylation reaction between 3–butenoic acid and polymethylsilane catalyzed by 2,2′–azodibutyronitrile. As a new dispersant, BA–PMS displayed a quite good dispersing capacity to arc–discharged SWNTs and moderate selectivity for metallic species. The application of sucrose–DGU, the density gradient ultracentrifugation with sucrose as the gradient medium, to the co–surfactants (BA–PMS and sodium dodecyl sulfonate) individually dispersed SWNTs yielded metallic SWNTs of 85.6% purity and semiconducting SWNTs of 99% purity, respectively. This work paves a path to the DGU separation of the SWNTs dispersed by polymer–based dispersants with hydrophobic alkyl chains.
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Ortiz R, Koh D, Kim DH, Rabbani MT, Anguaya Velasquez C, Sonker M, Arriaga EA, Ros A. Continuous organelle separation in an insulator-based dielectrophoretic device. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1283-1296. [PMID: 34964147 PMCID: PMC10905415 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in organelle size has been associated with devastating human maladies such as neurodegenerative diseases or cancer. Therefore, assessing the size-based subpopulation of organelles is imperative to understand the biomolecular foundations of these diseases. Here, we demonstrated a ratchet migration mechanism using insulator-based dielectrophoresis in conjunction with a continuous flow component that allows the size-based separation of submicrometer particles. The ratchet mechanism was realized in a microfluidic device exhibiting an array of insulating posts, tailoring electrokinetic and dielectrophoretic transport. A numerical model was developed to elucidate the particle migration and the size-based separation in various conditions. Experimentally, the size-based separation of a mixture of polystyrene beads (0.28 and 0.87 μ $\umu $ m) was accomplished demonstrating good agreement with the numerical model. Furthermore, the size-based separation of mitochondria was investigated using a mitochondria mixture isolated from HepG2 cells and HepG2 cells carrying the gene Mfn-1 knocked out, indicating distinct size-related migration behavior. With the presented continuous flow separation device, larger amounts of fractionated organelles can be collected in the future allowing access to the biomolecular signature of mitochondria subpopulations differing in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ortiz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Domin Koh
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dai Hyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mohammad Towshif Rabbani
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Cesar Anguaya Velasquez
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Edgar A Arriaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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