1
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Yang H, Zhang Y, Gao W, Wu C. Cathodic electrochemiluminescence of boron and nitrogen-codoped carbon dots for the detection of dissolved oxygen in seawater. Talanta 2024; 279:126529. [PMID: 39024853 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely used in various fields due to its high sensitivity and controllable characteristics. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising ECL emitters due to their simple synthesis, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. However, the practical application of many CDs emitters is hindered by their limited luminous efficiency, often necessitating additional coreactants to enhance the ECL signal intensity. In this study, we synthesized boron and nitrogen-codoped carbon dots (BN-CDs) as ECL emitters, utilizing dissolved oxygen (DO) as the coreactant. The BN-CDs/DO system exhibited a strong cathodic ECL signal. We proposed a reaction mechanism for the BN-CDs/DO ECL system. Additionally, we developed an ECL sensor for DO detection based on this system, showing a linear correlation between ECL peak intensity and DO concentration from 0.5 to 19.8 mg/L, with a detection limit of 0.12 mg/L. It was proven reliable for DO analysis in seawater and freshwater environments. This study provides insights into the synthesis and utilization of BN-CDs, highlighting the potential of DO as an intrinsic coreactant in CDs ECL systems. Furthermore, it provides new perspectives on the detection of DO in seawater and the design of innovative DO sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Yang
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenyue Gao
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chi Wu
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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2
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Li M, Gao X, Ren X, Ai Y, Zhang B, Zou G. Potential-selective electrochemiluminescence of AgInS 2/ZnS nanocrystals and its immunoassay application. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4958-4961. [PMID: 38629343 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00888j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Potential-selective electrochemiluminescence (ECL) with tunable maximum-emission-potential ranging from 0.95 to 0.30 V is achieved using AgInS2/ZnS nanocrystals, which is promising in the design of multiplexed bioassay on commercialized ECL setups. The model system AgInS2/ZnS/N2H4 exhibits efficient ECL around 0.30 V and can be exploited for sensitive immunoassays with less electrochemical interference and crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Yaojia Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China.
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3
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Meng X, Pang X, Yang J, Zhang X, Dong H. Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for MicroRNA Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307701. [PMID: 38152970 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) as an analytical technology with a perfect combination of electrochemistry and spectroscopy has received considerable attention in bioanalysis due to its high sensitivity and broad dynamic range. Given the selectivity of bio-recognition elements and the high sensitivity of the ECL analysis technique, ECL biosensors are powerful platforms for the sensitive detection of biomarkers, achieving the accurate prognosis and diagnosis of diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial biomarkers involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, whose aberrant expression is often related to serious diseases, especially cancers. ECL biosensors can fulfill the highly sensitive and selective requirements for accurate miRNA detection, prompting this review. The ECL mechanisms are initially introduced and subsequently categorize the ECL biosensors for miRNA detection in terms of the quenching agents. Furthermore, the work highlights the signal amplification strategies for enhancing ECL signal to improve the sensitivity of miRNA detection and finally concludes by looking at the challenges and opportunities in ECL biosensors for miRNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdan Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, P. R. China
| | - Junyan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, P. R. China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Precision Medicine and Health Research Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Research Centre for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 10083, P. R. China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Precision Medicine and Health Research Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
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4
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Gao X, Tian Z, Ren X, Ai Y, Zhang B, Zou G. Silver Nanocluster-Tagged Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay with a Sole and Narrow Triggering Potential Window. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1700-1706. [PMID: 38235596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The commercialized electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay is carried out by holding luminophore Ru(bpy)32+ at a given potential. Designing an electrochemiluminophore with a narrow triggering potential window is strongly anticipated to decrease the electrochemical cross-talk and improve the flux of the commercialized ECL immunoassay in a potential-resolved way. Herein, L-penicillamine-capped silver nanoclusters (LPA-AgNCs) are facilely synthesized and utilized as tags to perform the ECL immunoassay with a sole and narrow triggering potential window of 0.24 V by employing hydrazine (N2H4) as a coreactant. The maximum ECL emission of the LPA-AgNCs/N2H4 system is located ca. +1.27 V. Upon immobilizing LPA-AgNCs onto the electrode surface via forming a sandwich immunocomplex, the ECL of LPA-AgNCs/N2H4 can be utilized to sensitively and selectively determine human carcinoembryonic antigen from 0.5 to 1000 pg/mL with a low limit of detection of 0.1 pg/mL (S/N = 3). This work might open a way to screen electrochemiluminophores for the multiple ECL immunoassay in a potential-resolved way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhijian Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yaojia Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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5
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Sun W, Zhang N, Ren X, Wu D, Jia Y, Wei Q, Ju H. Nano-matrixes propped self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence biosensor for microRNA detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 242:115750. [PMID: 37844387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are the potential biomarker for breast cancer, a biosensor for detecting miRNA-21 was successfully prepared by covalently linking carbohydrazide (CON4H6) and tris (4,4 '- dicarboxylic acid-2,2' - bipyridyl) ruthenium dichloride (Ru (dcbpy)32+) as a self-enhanced emitter (Ru-CON4H6). The biosensor was prepared by coating the electrode with mesoporous silica encapsulated Ru-CON4H6 as luminophores (RMSNs) to covalently link a couple of DNA strands (Q1-H2). The RMSNs coated electrode exhibited strong ECL emission due to the intramolecular electron transfer between the electrochemically oxidized Ru (dcbpy)32+ and co-reactant CON4H6. In the presence of target miRNA-21 and an assistant hairpin H1, H2 could be released from the surface through a strand displacement reaction (SDR), and the reserved Q1 could form G-quadruplex upon the addition of K+. The formed G-quadruplex then interacted with Q2-Fc in the presence of Mg2+ to form a DNA complex on the biosensor surface, which quenched the nano-matrixes propped self-enhanced ECL emission through the electron exchange between Fc and electrode or oxidized ECL intermediates. Under optimal conditions, the ECL decrease showed a correlation with target concentration, leading to a biosensing method for sensitive detection of miRNA-21. The proposed ECL method demonstrated a detectable concentration range from 0.1 fM to 1 nM along with a detection limit of 0.03 fM, good accuracy, and acceptable reproducibility, showing that the self-enhanced ECL biosensing strategy supported by nano-matrix provided a new way for the ultrasensitive detection of miRNA, and promoted the development of breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Yue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China; Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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6
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Gao X, Ren X, Ai Y, Li M, Zhang B, Zou G. Dual-potential encoded electrochemiluminescence for multiplexed gene assay with one luminophore as tag. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 236:115418. [PMID: 37279619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexed gene assay for simultaneously detecting the multi-targets of nucleic acids is strongly anticipated for the accurate diseases diagnosis and prediction, and all commercial available gene assays for IVD are a kind of single-target assay. Herein, a dual-potential encoded and coreactant-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strategy is proposed for the multiplexed gene assay, which can be conveniently carried out by directly oxidizing the same luminescent tag of dual-stabilizers-capped CdTe nanocrystals (NCs). The CdTe NCs linked with sulfhydryl-RNA via Cd-S bond merely exhibits one ECL process around 0.32 V with a narrow triggering-potential-window of 0.35 V, while CdTe NCs linked with amino-RNA via amide linkage solely gives off one ECL process around 0.82 V with a narrow triggering-potential-window of 0.30 V. Multiplexing ECL of both sulfhydryl-RNA-functionalized CdTe NCs and amino-RNA-functionalized CdTe NCs can be utilized to simultaneously detect the open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) and the nucleoprotein (N) genes without crosstalk, in which ECL of sulfhydryl-RNA-functionalized CdTe NCs can dynamically determine ORF1ab from 200 aM to 10 fM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 aM, while ECL of amino-RNA-functionalized CdTe NCs can linearly detect N gene from 5 fM to 1 pM with a LOD of 2 fM. Post-engineering CdTe NCs with RNA in a labeling-bond engineering way would provide a potential-selective and encoded ECL strategy for multiplexed gene assay with one luminophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Yaojia Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Mengwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
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7
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Gao X, Ren X, Ai Y, Li M, Zhang B, Zou G. Luminophore-Surface-Engineering-Enabled Low-Triggering-Potential and Coreactant-Free Electrochemiluminescence for Protein Determination. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6948-6954. [PMID: 37083347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Coreactant-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is promising for removing the exogenous effects of coreactant and simplify the operation procedures and setups of commercialized ECL bioassays. Herein, an electrosterically involved strategy for achieving a low-triggering-potential (+0.21 V vs Ag/AgCl) and coreactant-free ECL from dual-stabilizer-capped CdTe nanocrystals (NCs) is proposed with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and hexametaphosphate (HMP) as the capping agents of luminophores. Upon employing the CdTe NCs as the ECL tag for the immunoassay, all the tags in the bioconjugates of the CdTe NCs and the secondary antibody (Ab2|CdTe) as well as in the final achieved sandwich-type immunocomplexes can exhibit efficient coreactant-free ECL with an electrosterically involved triggering potential nature. The bioconjugates of Ab2|CdTe with Ab2 no more than 30 kDa, such as the thyroid stimulating hormone (30 kDa) and the recombinant pro-gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP, 14 kDa), merely exhibit coreactant-free ECL around +0.24 V, while bioconjugates of Ab2|CdTe with an Ab2 beyond 30 kDa only give off coreactant-free ECL around +0.82 V. Due to the further enhanced electrosteric effect in sandwich-type immunocomplexes, only the ECL immunosensor with ProGRP as the target can give off coreactant-free ECL around +0.24 V. The electrosterically involved and coreactant-free ECL of CdTe NCs is consequently utilized to sensitively and selectively determine the molecular protein ProGRP, which demonstrates a wide linearity range from 0.1 to 2000 pg/mL and a low limit of detection at 0.05 pg/mL (S/N = 3). This low-triggering-potential and coreactant-free combined ECL platform indicates that engineering the surface of CdTe NCs with a protein can improve the performance of ECL tags in a protein-weight-involved electrosterical way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yaojia Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mengwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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8
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Feng Y, Wang N, Ju H. Electrochemiluminescence biosensing and bioimaging with nanomaterials as emitters. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Wang D, Liu X, Zeng Y, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Zou G. Low-Triggering-Potential Single-Color Electrochemiluminescence from Bovine Serum Albumin-Stabilized Unary Au Nanocrystals for Immunoassays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11688-11694. [PMID: 35943953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, low-triggering-potential (LTP) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) with an onset around 0.0 V (vs Ag/AgCl) is proposed with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized Au nanocrystals (BSA-AuNCs) as a luminophore and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4) as a coreactant. The BSA-AuNCs/N2H4 system can exhibit efficient LTP-ECL around 0.37 V with the luminophore of both monodispersed and surface-confined states. The LTP-ECL of BSA-AuNCs/N2H4 is a kind of single-color emission with a maximum emission wavelength around 740 nm, which is obviously red-shifted for 80 nm from that of BSA-AuNCs PL, and indicates that the ECL is generated in a surface-defect-involved route instead of the band-gap-engineered route. Importantly, BSA-AuNCs can be utilized as ECL tags to perform sandwich-type immunoassays with acceptable sensitivity and selectivity, which exhibits a wide linear response for determining CA125 from 0.5 to 1000 mU/mL and a limit of detection of 0.05 mU/mL (S/N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Shenzhen Lifotronic Technology Company Limited, No. 1008 Songbai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Shenzhen Lifotronic Technology Company Limited, No. 1008 Songbai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Lifotronic Technology Company Limited, No. 1008 Songbai Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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10
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Wang Z, Guo H, Luo Z, Duan Y, Feng Y. Low-Triggering-Potential Electrochemiluminescence from a Luminol Analogue Functionalized Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Imaging Detection of Blood Glucose. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5615-5623. [PMID: 35352933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) as environmentally friendly and high-brightness electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanoemitters have attracted intense attention in ECL biosensing and imaging. However, most of the available Pdots have a high ECL excitation potential in the aqueous phase (>1.0 V vs Ag/AgCl), which causes poor selectivity in actual sample detection. Therefore, it is particularly important to construct a simple and universal strategy to lower the trigger potential of Pdots. This work has realized the ECL emission of Pdots at low-trigger-potential based on the electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ERET) strategy. By covalently coupling the Pdots with a luminol analogue, N-(4-aminobutyl)-N-ethylisoluminol (ABEI), the ABEI-Pdots showed an anodic ECL emission with a low onset potential of +0.34 V and a peak potential at +0.45 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which was the lowest trigger potential reported so far. We further explored this low-triggering-potential ECL for imaging detection of glucose in buffer and serum. By imaging the ABEI-Pdots-modified screen-printed electrodes (SPCE) at +0.45 V for 16 s, the ECL imaging method could quantify the glucose concentration in buffer from 10 to 200 μM with detection limits of 3.3 μM, while exhibiting excellent selectivity. When applied to real serum, the results of our method were highly consistent with a commercial blood glucose meter, with the relative errors ranging from 3.2 to 13%. This work provided a universal strategy for constructing low potential Pdots and demonstrated its application potential in complex biological sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanzhuan Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Haijing Guo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiang Feng
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, People's Republic of China
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11
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Fu L, Gao X, Dong S, Jia J, Xu Y, Wang D, Zou G. Coreactant-Free and Direct Electrochemiluminescence from Dual-Stabilizer-Capped InP/ZnS Nanocrystals: A New Route Involving n-Type Luminophore. Anal Chem 2021; 94:1350-1356. [PMID: 34962776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is conventionally generated in either an annihilation or a coreactant route, and the overwhelming majority of ECL research is conducted in the coreactant route via oxidizing or reducing the coexisting coreactant and luminophore. The coreacant-free ECL generated via merely oxidizing the luminophore would break through the ceiling of coreactant ECL via excluding the detrimental effects of exogenous coreactant and dissolved oxygen. Herein, by exploiting the rich-electron nature of n-type nanocrystals (NCs), coreacant-free ECL is achieved via merely oxidizing 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) capped InP/ZnS NCs, i.e., InP/ZnSMPA-MSA. The electron-rich InP/ZnSMPA-MSA can be electrochemically injected with holes via two oxidative processes at around +0.75 and +1.37 V (vs Ag/AgCl), respectively, and the exogenous hole can directly combine the conduction band (CB) electron of InP/ZnSMPA-MSA, resulting in two coreactant-free ECL processes without employing any exogenous coreactant. The deprotonation process for the carboxyl group of the capping agents can provide a negatively charged surface to InP/ZnSMPA-MSA and enhance the coreactant-free ECL. The hole-injecting process at +1.37 is much stronger than that at +0.75 V and eventually enables an ∼2000-fold enhanced ECL at +1.37 V than that at +0.75 V. The ECL at +1.37 V can be utilized for coreactant-free ECL immunoassay with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as analyte, which exhibits an acceptable linear response from 5 pg·mL-1 to 1 ng·mL-1 with a limit of detection of 0.3 pg·mL-1. The coreactant-free ECL route would provide an alternative to both annihilation and coreactant routes, simplify the ECL assay procedure and deepening the ECL mechanism investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuangtian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingna Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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12
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Liu JL, Yang R, Chai YQ, Yuan R. Versatile Luminol/Dissolved Oxygen/Fe@Fe 2O 3 Nanowire Ternary Electrochemiluminescence System Combined with Highly Efficient Strand Displacement Amplification for Ultrasensitive microRNA Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13334-13341. [PMID: 34553919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a versatile ECL biosensor was fabricated for ultrasensitive detection of microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) from cancer cells based on a novel H2O2-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) system (luminol/dissolved oxygen/Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires). Compared with the previously reported coreaction accelerator that needed a negative potential to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), these newly discovered Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires could generate ROS in the detection solution immediately without the application of voltage, which narrowed down the detection potential range to avoid side reactions, favoring their practical application in biological systems. Especially, the Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires could produce H• for activating dissolved oxygen into ROS to improve the ECL intensity dramatically, which initiates a novel pathway to promote the generation of ROS for the ECL system. In addition, an original strand displacement amplification coupled with strand displacement reaction (SDA-SDR) was developed to improve the conversion efficiency of the target for sensitive detection of miRNA-21. By virtue of the SDR, a quadruple quenching effect was achieved through each output DNA strand of SDA; hence, the nucleic acid signal amplification efficiency was effectively enhanced. As expected, on account of the superb activation performance of Fe@Fe2O3 nanowires and the outstanding amplification efficiency of the SDR-SDA strategy, the fabricated ECL biosensor realized ultrasensitive detection of miRNA-21 with a detection limit down to 52.5 aM. The established ECL sensing platform ushered a new route for H2O2-free detection and a promising biomarker assay method for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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Dong S, Gao X, Fu L, Jia J, Zou G. Low-Triggering-Potential Electrochemiluminescence from Surface-Confined CuInS 2@ZnS Nanocrystals and their Biosensing Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12250-12256. [PMID: 34463494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of low triggering potential is strongly anticipated for ECL assays with less inherent electrochemical interference and improved long-term stability of the working electrode. Herein, effects of the thiol capping agents and the states of luminophores, i.e., the thiol-capped CuInS2@ZnS nanocrystals (CuInS2@ZnS-Thiol), on the ECL triggering potential of CuInS2@ZnS-Thiol/N2H4·H2O were explored on the Au working electrode. The thiol capping agent of glutathione (GSH) not only enabled CuInS2@ZnS-Thiol/N2H4·H2O with the stronger oxidative-reduction ECL than other thiol capping agents but also demonstrated the largest shift for the ECL triggering potential of CuInS2@ZnS-Thiol/N2H4·H2O upon changing the luminophores from the monodispersed state to the surface-confined state. CuInS2@ZnS-GSH/N2H4·H2O exhibited an efficient oxidative-reduction ECL around 0.78 V (vs Ag/AgCl) with CuInS2@ZnS-GSH of the monodispersed state. Upon employing CuInS2@ZnS-GSH as the ECL tag and immobilizing them onto the Au working electrode, the oxidative-reduction ECL of CuInS2@ZnS-GSH/N2H4·H2O was lowered to 0.32 V (vs Ag/AgCl), which was about 0.88 V lower than that of traditional Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA (typically ∼1.2 V, vs Ag/AgCl). The ECL of the CuInS2@ZnS-GSH/N2H4·H2O system with the luminophore of both monodispersed and surface-confined states was spectrally identical to each other, indicating that this surface-confining strategy exhibited negligible effect on the excited state for the ECL of CuInS2@ZnS-GSH. A surface-confined ECL sensor around 0.32 V was fabricated with CuInS2@ZnS-GSH as a luminophore, which could sensitively and selectively determine the K-RAS gene from 1 to 500 pM with a limit of detection at 0.5 pmol L-1 (S/N = 3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangtian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Li Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jingna Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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14
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Zhao J, He Y, Tan K, Yang J, Chen S, Yuan R. Novel Ratiometric Electrochemiluminescence Biosensor Based on BP-CdTe QDs with Dual Emission for Detecting MicroRNA-126. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12400-12408. [PMID: 34469691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) ratiometric assay is usually based on two different ECL luminophores, and the choice of two suitable luminophores and shared co-reactant makes its construction challenging. The single-emitter-based ECL ratio mode could overcome the limitation of two luminophores and simplify the construction process, so it is an ideal choice. In this work, CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) were modulated using black phosphorus (BP) nanosheet to simultaneously emit the cathodic and anodic ECL signals, and H2O2 and tripropylamine (TPrA) served as the cathodic and anodic co-reactants, respectively. MicroRNA-126 (miRNA-126) was selected as the template target to exploit the application of BP-CdTe QDs in the single-emitter-based ECL ratio detection. Through the target recycling triggering rolling-circle amplification (RCA) reaction, a large amount of glucose oxidase (GOx)-modified single strand 1 was introduced. GOx catalyzed glucose to produce H2O2 in situ, which acted as a dual-role moderator to quench the anodic ECL emission with TPrA as the co-reactant while enhancing the cathodic emission, thereby realizing the ratiometric detection of miRNA-126 with a low detection limit of 29 aM (S/N = 3). The dual-ECL-emitting BP-CdTe QDs with TPrA-H2O2 as dual co-reactant provide a superior ECL ratio platform involving enzyme catalytic reaction, expanding the application of single-emitter-based ratio sensing in the diverse biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ying He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kejun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Shihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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15
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Adsetts JR, Chu K, Hesari M, Ma J, Ding Z. Absolute Electrochemiluminescence Efficiency Quantification Strategy Exemplified with Ru(bpy) 32+ in the Annihilation Pathway. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11626-11633. [PMID: 34387457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a thorough guide to procedures for absolute electrochemiluminescence (ECL) quantum efficiency (ΦECL) measurements, which if employed effectively should raise the research impact of ECL studies for any luminophore. Absolute measurements are not currently employed in ECL research. Instead, ECL efficiencies have been determined relative to Ru(bpy)32+ under similar conditions, regardless of whether the conditions are favorable for Ru(bpy)32+ emissions or not. In fact, the most cited Ru(bpy)32+ ΦECL is from the pioneering work by the Bard research group in 1973 by means of a rotating ring-disk electrode revolving at 52 rotations per second measured with a silicon photodiode. Our presented technique uses a common disk electrode, spectrometer, and photomultiplier tube to measure the ΦECL. The more common light detection hardware and electrodes combined with an in-depth calculation walkthrough will provide ECL researchers the necessary tools to implement ΦECL measurement procedures in their own laboratories. Following a facile instrument setup and calculation, a systematic study of Ru(bpy)32+ ΦECL finds comparable results to those performed by Bard and co-workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Adsetts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kenneth Chu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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16
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Ding Q, Li C, Wang H, Xu C, Kuang H. Electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7215-7231. [PMID: 34223844 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00983d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions are one of the main sources of water pollution. Most heavy metal ions are carcinogens that pose a threat to both ecological balance and human health. With the increasing demand for heavy metal detection, electrochemical detection is favorable due to its high sensitivity and efficiency. Here, after discussing the pollution sources and toxicities of Hg(ii), Cd(ii), As(iii), Pb(ii), UO2(ii), Tl(i), Cr(vi), Ag(i), and Cu(ii), we review a variety of recent electrochemical methods for detecting heavy metal ions. Compared with traditional methods, electrochemical methods are portable, fast, and cost-effective, and they can be adapted to various on-site inspection sites. Our review shows that the electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions is a very promising strategy that has attracted widespread attention and can be applied in agriculture, life science, clinical diagnosis, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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17
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Li Z, Deng X, Wu S, Dong S, Zou G. Hydrazine Hydrate and Dissolved Oxygen-Triggered Near-Infrared Chemiluminescence from CuInS 2@ZnS Nanocrystals for Bioassays. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8931-8936. [PMID: 34137591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of commercially available chemiluminescence (CL) assays are conducted in the eye-visible region. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) aqueous CL strategy was proposed with CuInS2@ZnS nanocrystals (CIS@ZnS NCs) as emitters. Hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) could inject electrons into the conduction band of the CIS@ZnS NCs and simultaneously transformed to the intermediate radical N2H3•. N2H3• reduced dissolved oxygen (O2) to O2-•, while the O2-• could inject holes into the valence band of the CIS@ZnS NCs. The recombination of electrons and holes at Cu+ defects in CIS@ZnS NCs eventually yielded efficient NIR CL at around 824.1 nm, which is the longest waveband for NCs CL to the best of our knowledge. The NIR CL could be conveniently performed in the neutral aqueous medium (pH 7.0) with a quantum yield of 0.0155 Einstein/mol and was successfully employed for constructing a signal-off CL biosensor with ascorbic acid as the analyte as well as a signal-on CL biosensor for determining ascorbate oxidase, which indicates that this NIR CL system has a promising potential for bioassays in diverse ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xunxun Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuangtian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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18
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Wang Y, Li Y, Zhang W, Yin P, Shang L, Ma R, Jia L, Xue Q, He S, Wang H. Lowly-aggregated perylene diimide as a near-infrared electrochemiluminescence luminophore for ultrasensitive immunosensors at low potentials. Analyst 2021; 146:3679-3685. [PMID: 33955434 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) field, most reported luminophores were focused on high-triggering potential and short wavelength, which was adverse for the ECL theory study and application at low potentials. Perylene diimide derivatives could emit near-infrared (NIR) ECL at low-triggering potential; however, they are always highly aggregated into a microrod structure and stacked together, which largely limited their application in biological fields such as bio-sensing and bio-imaging. To overcome these obstacles, we designed a novel perylene diimide molecule, namely N,N'-dicaproate sodium-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide (PDI-COONa). This molecule self-assembled into a two-dimensional network nanostructure, which largely decreased the aggregation degree of PDI molecules and provided solid bases for designing lowly-aggregated PDI molecules. Also, the formed nanoluminophore produced strong emission at -0.26 V with an NIR wavelength 700 nm, which should be due to the excited J-type PDI-COO- dimers. Moreover, this network nanoluminophore well-dispersed on graphene oxide (GO) as an ECL nanomaterial to label secondary antibodies and fabricate a sandwiched immunosensor for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) detection between 0 and -0.6 V. This immunosensor showed a wider linear response for AFP ranging from 0.1 fg mL-1 to 1 μg mL-1 with a low detection limit 0.0353 fg mL-1 compared with other immunosensors based on PDI microrod-modified GO ECL materials. The fabricated immunosensor also showed good feasibility in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Yanmo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Peng Yin
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Lei Shang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Rongna Ma
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Liping Jia
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Qingwang Xue
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Shuijian He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Huaisheng Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
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19
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Xue J, Zhao Q, Yang L, Ma H, Wu D, Liu L, Ren X, Ju H, Wei Q. Dual-Mode Sensing Platform Guided by Intramolecular Electrochemiluminescence of a Ruthenium Complex and Cationic N,N-Bis(2-(trimethylammonium iodide)propylene) Perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxydiimide for Estradiol Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6088-6093. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongmin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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20
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Hesari M, Ding Z. Spooling electrochemiluminescence spectroscopy: development, applications and beyond. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2109-2130. [PMID: 33731962 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used techniques to generate light through an efficient electron transfer is called electrochemiluminescence, or electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). ECL mechanisms can be explored via 'spooling spectroscopy' in which individual ECL spectra showing emitted light are collected continuously during a potentiodynamic course. The obtained spectra are spooled together and plotted along the applied potential axis; because the potential sweep occurs at a defined rate, this axis is directly proportional to time. Any changes in the emission spectra can be correlated to the corresponding potentials and/or times, leading to a deeper understanding of the mechanism for light generation-information that can be used for efficiently maximizing ECL intensities. The formation of intermediates and excited states can also be tracked, which is crucial to interrogating and drawing electron transfer pathways (i.e., understanding the chemical reaction mechanism). Spooling spectroscopy is not limited to ECL; we also include instructions for the use of related methodologies, such as spooling photoluminescence spectroscopy during an electrolysis procedure, which can be easily set up. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~49 h, from making electrodes and an ECL cell, fabricating light-tight housing, to setting up instruments. Preparing the lab for an individual experiment (making an electrolyte solution of a targeted luminophore, cooling down the CCD camera, calibrating the spectrometer and surveying electrochemistry) takes ~1 h 15 min, and performing the spooling ECL spectroscopy experiment itself requires ~10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hesari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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21
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Yan M, Xin J, Fan L, Ye J, Xiao T, Huang J, Yang X. Electrochemistry and Electrochemiluminescence of Coumarin Derivative Microrods: Mechanism Insights. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3461-3469. [PMID: 33573377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules and related nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in the realm of electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Herein, a well-known electroluminescence (EL) dopant 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7,-tetramethyl-1H,5H,11H-10-(2-benzothiazolyl)quinolizino-[9,9a,1gh] coumarin (C545T) is selected as a new ECL illuminant, which shows a high photoluminescence quantum yield of nearly 100% and excellent ECL performance in the organic phase. For utilizing C545T to achieve ECL detection in aqueous solution, organic microrods of C545T (C545T MRs) were synthesized by a precipitation method. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry of C545T and C545T MRs in acetonitrile or phosphate buffer showed one reduction and multiple oxidation peaks, suggesting that the multiple charge states of C545T could be produced by continuous electron- or hole-injection processes. The annihilated ECL emission of C545T and C545T MRs was observed using ECL transient technology. In the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA) or potassium persulfate (K2S2O8), C545T MRs can also give bright anodic and cathodic ECL emission at the GCE/water interface. The proposed ECL system not only has multichannel ECL emission but also shows intense yellow emission (569 nm) with a relative ECL efficiency of 0.81 when TEOA was used as a coreactant. Benefiting from the strong ECL emission of the C545T MRs/TEOA system and the quenching effect of dopamine (DA) on ECL, a convenient sensor for DA was developed with high selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianhui Xin
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Libing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Jing Ye
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianshe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiurong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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22
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Wang XY, Zhu KD, Zhu J, Ding SN. Photonic Crystal of Polystyrene Nanomembrane: Signal Amplification and Low Triggered Potential Electrochemiluminescence for Tetracycline Detection. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2959-2967. [PMID: 33506679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a low triggered potential electrochemiluminescence strategy based on gold-filled photonic crystals (GPCs) electrodes composed of photonic crystals self-assembled with polystyrene spheres and gold nanoparticles embedded in the gaps of the photonic crystals was proposed. The GPCs electrodes served as the detection platform to bind antigen, and Ru(bpy)32+-COOH as a luminophore was labeled on the antibody (Ab). Then, Ru(bpy)32+-COOH/Ab was connected to the immobilized antigen on the surface of the photonic crystals by the immunoreaction to avoid direct contact with the gold nanoparticles surface. ECL emission can only be initiated by electrochemical oxidation of tripropylamine (TPrA) since Ru(bpy)32+-COOH cannot be oxidized directly on the electrode surface. The TPrA·+ and TPrA· radicals generated by the oxidation of TPrA can spread to the vicinity of Ru(bpy)32+-COOH over a short distance and react with the Ru(bpy)32+-COOH, eventually producing ECL emission. The potential of ECL emission caused by TPrA oxidation was about 300 mV lower than that caused by Ru(bpy)32+-COOH oxidation because the oxidation potential of TPrA (0.95 V vs SCE) was lower than Ru(bpy)32+-COOH (1.25 V vs SCE). Furthermore, the photonic crystals nanomembrane has the capability to enhance electrochemiluminescence. Thereafter, tetracycline antibiotic as a model compound was successfully detected via competitive immunoassay on GPCs electrodes with a detection limit of 0.075 pg/mL (S/N = 3), which has broad application prospects in the field of analysis and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Kai-Di Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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23
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Fu L, Fu K, Gao X, Dong S, Zhang B, Fu S, Hsu HY, Zou G. Enhanced Near-Infrared Electrochemiluminescence from Trinary Ag-In-S to Multinary Ag-Ga-In-S Nanocrystals via Doping-in-Growth and Its Immunosensing Applications. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2160-2165. [PMID: 33416308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Screening toxic-element-free and biocompatible electrochemiluminophores was crucial for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) evolution. Herein, l-glutathione (GSH)-capped Ag-Ga-In-S (AGIS) nanocrystals (NCs) were prepared by doping Ag-In-S (AIS) NCs in a doping-in-growth way and utilized as a model for both ECL modulating and developing multinary NC-based electrochemiluminophores with enhanced ECL performance than trinary NCs. AGIS NCs not only primarily preserved the morphology, size, phase structure, and water monodisperse characteristics of AIS NCs with broadened band gap but also demonstrated obviously enhanced oxidative-reduction ECL than AIS NCs. Importantly, ECL of AGIS NCs was located at the near-infrared region with a maximum emission wavelength of 744 nm and could be utilized for an ECL immunoassay with human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a model, which exhibited a linearity range from 0.05 pg/mL to 1.0 ng/mL and a low limit of detection of 0.01 pg/mL (S/N = 3). This work provided a promising alternative to the traditional binary NCs for developing toxic-element-free and biocompatible electrochemiluminophores with efficient near-infrared ECL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Kena Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuangtian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shanji Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- School of Energy and Environment & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guizheng Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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24
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Xue J, Jia Y, Yang L, Feng J, Wu D, Ren X, Du Y, Ju H, Wei Q. Etching Triangular Silver Nanoparticles by Self-generated Hydrogen Peroxide to Initiate the Response of an Electrochemiluminescence Sensing Platform. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14203-14209. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yue Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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