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Zhu J, Xu S, Zhou L, Zeng Q, Wang Y, Yan M, Liu H. Point-of-Care Testing of Whole Blood for Liver Injury Auxiliary Diagnosis with Biothiols Activable Chemiluminescent Probe. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 39014519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Liver injury significantly affects a patient's health and quality of life. However, timely and convenient diagnosis of this disease via whole blood detection remains challenging due to the lack of user-friendly and fast readout blood test methods. Herein, we developed such a method for the swift auxiliary diagnosis of liver injury via whole blood detection using a customed point-of-care testing (POCT) system consisting of a biothiols-activatable chemiluminescent probe and a hand-held POCT device. Biothiols served as the target to build the activable chemiluminescence probe due to their abnormal level in liver injury. Compared with fluorescent and electrical POCTs, this method is more convenient and has strong universality. By incorporating cyclodextrin via host-guest chemistry, we intensified chemiluminescence while mitigating chemical hemolysis caused by the dissolution of organic molecules, making this system suitable for whole blood analysis. Preliminary assessments in aqueous solutions, living cells, and mouse models confirmed its sensitivity, reliability, and feasibility. Simply mixing blood with the probe for 30 min yielded a clear signal readout within 15 s on the POCT device. Utilizing this portable detector, the reduced biothiol level was tested in 18 liver injury patient blood samples, and the results were similar to those measured by a commercial kit and in vivo imaging system. Thus, this work provides a universal platform for the fast and convenient detection of other biomarkers in whole blood samples and opens up possibilities for the rapid clinical diagnosis of diseases, enabling patients to conduct home self-examinations with ease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- High School Attached to Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Hongwen Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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2
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Wang ZH, Huang CH, Liu ZS, Mao L, Zhu BZ. Molecular mechanism for the unusual enhancement of the second-step chemiluminescence production from the carcinogenic tetrabromohydroquinone and H 2O 2. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 141:330-342. [PMID: 38408832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
We have found recently that two-step intrinsic hydroxyl radical (·OH)-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) could be produced by carcinogenic tetrahaloquinone and H2O2. However, the first-step CL was too fast to clearly detect the stepwise generation of ·OH and CL, and to distinguish the exact dividing point between the first-step and second-step CL. Here we found that, extremely clear two-step intrinsic CL could be produced by the relative slow reaction of tetrabromohydroquinone (TBHQ) with H2O2, which was directly dependent on the two-step ·OH generation. Interestingly, the second-step, but not the first-step CL production of TBHQ/H2O2 (CRET donor) was markedly enhanced by fluorescein (a typical xanthene dye, CRET acceptor) through a unique chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) process. The novel CRET system of TBHQ/H2O2/fluorescein was successfully applied for the sensitive detection of TBHQ with the detection limit as low as 2.5 µmol/L. These findings will help to develop more sensitive and highly efficient CL or CRET systems and specific CL sensor to detect the carcinogenic haloquinones, which may have broad environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun-Hua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ben-Zhan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Environment and Resources, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Shi SS, Li XJ, Ma RN, Shang L, Zhang W, Zhao HQ, Jia LP, Wang HS. A novel dual-signal output strategy for POCT of CEA based on a smartphone electrochemical aptasensing platform. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:407. [PMID: 38898338 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A smartphone-based electrochemical aptasensing platform was developed for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) based on the ferrocene (Fc) and PdPt@PCN-224 dual-signal labeled strategy. The prepared PdPt@PCN-224 nanocomposite showed a strong catalytic property for the reduction of H2O2. Phosphate group-labeled aptamer could capture PdPt@PCN-224 by Zr-O-P bonds to form PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt. Therefore, a dual signal labeled probe was formed by the hybridization between Fc-DNA and PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt. The presence of CEA forced PdPt@PCN-224-P-Apt to leave the electrode surface due to the specific affinity, leading to the decrease of the reduction current of H2O2. At the same time, the Fc-DNA strand changed to hairpin structure, which made Fc closer to the electrode and resulted in the increase of the oxidation current of Fc. Thus, CEA can be accurately determined through both signals: the decrease of H2O2 reduction current and the increase of Fc oxidation current, which could avoid the false positive signal. Under the optimal conditions, the prepared aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range from 1 pg·mL-1 to 100 ng·mL-1 and low detection limits of 0.98 pg·mL-1 and 0.27 pg·mL-1 with Fc and PdPt@PCN-224 as signal labels, respectively. The aptasensor developed in this study has successfully demonstrated its capability to detect CEA in real human serum samples. These findings suggest that the proposed sensing platform will hold great potential for clinical tumor diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Na Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Shang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai-Qing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li-Ping Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huai-Sheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, People's Republic of China.
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4
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He W, Liu X, Na J, Bian H, Zhong L, Li G. Application of CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors in serum marker detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1426-1438. [PMID: 38385279 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01927f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The detection of serum markers is important for the early diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, but conventional detection methods have the problem of low specificity or sensitivity. CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors have the characteristics of simple detection methods and high sensitivity, which have a certain potential to solve the problems of conventional detection. This paper focuses on the research progress of CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors in serum marker detection, introduces the principles and applications of fluorescence, electrochemistry, colorimetric, and other biosensors based on CRISPR/Cas13a in the detection of serum markers, compares and analyzes the differences between the above CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors, and looks forward to the future development direction of CRISPR/Cas13a-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Xiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Jintong Na
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Huimin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Liping Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
| | - Guiyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Targeting Oncology, National Center for International Research of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-Targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guandu Road, Maoming, Guangdong 525000, China
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5
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Chen H, Feng Y, Liu F, Tan C, Xu N, Jiang Y, Tan Y. Universal smartphone-assisted label-free CRISPR/Cas12a-DNAzyme chemiluminescence biosensing platform for on-site detection of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 247:115929. [PMID: 38128320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) (CRISPR/Cas) system enables sensitive and specific detection of biomolecules, thanks to its programmability, high fidelity, and powerful signal amplification capabilities. Herein, a universal smartphone-assisted label-free G-quadruplex (G4) DNAzyme-based chemiluminescence CRISPR/Cas12a biosensing platform (G4CLCas) is firstly described that achieves on-site, ultrasensitive visual detection of nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets. The G4CLCas-based sensing platform relies on Cas12a trans-cleavage activation that triggers the cleavage of the G4 DNAzyme, resulting in chemiluminescence signals off/on compared to that of the control. Chemiluminescence signals are captured as images that are quantitatively analyzed and visualized using a smartphone-assisted imaging cartridge. Under optimal conditions, G4CLCas achieves a low limit of detection (LOD) of 8.6 aM (∼5.2 copies/μL) for monkeypox virus (MPXV) DNA within the linear concentration range of 10-300 aM and can accurately quantify viral DNA in spiked samples. G4CLCas can also detect non-nucleic acid targets, whereby it achieves a low LOD value of 84.3 nM for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) within the linear concentration range of 2-2000 μM. Here, a label-free, portable, on-site CRISPR/Cas12a chemiluminescence biosensing platform based on the G4 DNAzyme substrates is proposed with potential applications in clinical detection and bioanalytical chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chunyan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Food and Drug, Shenzhen Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Ying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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6
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Saqib M, Zafar M, Halawa MI, Murtaza S, Kamal GM, Xu G. Nanoscale Luminescence Imaging/Detection of Single Particles: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:3-24. [PMID: 38404493 PMCID: PMC10885340 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle-level measurements, during the reaction, avoid averaging effects that are inherent limitations of conventional ensemble strategies. It allows revealing structure-activity relationships beyond averaged properties by considering crucial particle-selective descriptors including structure/morphology dynamics, intrinsic heterogeneity, and dynamic fluctuations in reactivity (kinetics, mechanisms). In recent years, numerous luminescence (optical) techniques such as chemiluminescence (CL), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), and fluorescence (FL) microscopies have been emerging as dominant tools to achieve such measurements, owing to their diversified spectroscopy principles, noninvasive nature, higher sensitivity, and sufficient spatiotemporal resolution. Correspondingly, state-of-the-art methodologies and tools are being used for probing (real-time, operando, in situ) diverse applications of single particles in sensing, medicine, and catalysis. Herein, we provide a concise and comprehensive perspective on luminescence-based detection and imaging of single particles by putting special emphasis on their basic principles, mechanistic pathways, advances, challenges, and key applications. This Perspective focuses on the development of emission intensities and imaging based individual particle detection. Moreover, several key examples in the areas of sensing, motion, catalysis, energy, materials, and emerging trends in related areas are documented. We finally conclude with the opportunities and remaining challenges to stimulate further developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Zafar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim Halawa
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab
Emirates
| | - Shahzad Murtaza
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Mustafa Kamal
- Institute
of Chemistry, Khawaja Fareed University
of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Guobao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute
of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 5625 Renmin
Street, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- School
of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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7
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Xue J, Mao K, Cao H, Feng R, Chen Z, Du W, Zhang H. Portable sensors equipped with smartphones for organophosphorus pesticides detection. Food Chem 2024; 434:137456. [PMID: 37716150 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) play an important role in agricultural production and the accurate detection of OP residues is essential to ensure food safety. Portable sensors are expected to be a potential device due to their high detection efficiency, easy-to-use processes and low cost. Due to the widespread popularity and powerful capabilities of smartphones, smartphone-based sensing systems have rapidly developed into ideal tools for portable detection, however, a systematic review on the detection of OPs is still lacking. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of sensors equipped with smartphones for OP detection in recent year is provided; this overview includes their sensing signals (colorimetric, fluorescent, chemiluminescent and electrochemical signals), detection mechanism, analysis applications, advantages/disadvantages and perspectives. Moreover, the progress of sensors equipped with smartphones for the detection of OPs in food is thoroughly summarized. This review contributes to food safety and the development of efficient and reliable methods for smartphone-based OPs detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Haorui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rida Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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8
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Xu Z, Liu X, Zong C, Zhang Q, Gai H. Homogeneous immunoassay utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer from quantum dots to tyramide dyes deposited on full immunocomplexes. Analyst 2023; 148:4877-4884. [PMID: 37642356 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for homogeneous immunoassays that offer sufficient sensitivity for routine clinical practice. In this study, we have developed a highly sensitive, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based homogeneous immunoassay. Unlike previous FRET-based homogeneous immunoassays, where acceptors were attached to antibody molecules located far from the donor, we employed acceptors to label the entire sandwich-structured immunocomplex, including two antibodies and one antigen. As a result, the FRET signal was amplified by a factor of 10, owing to the reduced distance between the donor and acceptors. We validated our method by quantifying carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) in PBS buffer and blank plasma. The limits of detection (LOD) for CEA and AFP in both PBS buffer and blank plasma were comparable, reaching sub-femtomolar levels. Furthermore, we successfully quantified CEA and AFP in three human plasma samples, thereby confirming the reliability of our method for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chenghua Zong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongwei Gai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Shanghai Road 101, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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He Z, Huang J, Shen W, Lei X, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Shen X, Zhang D, Yu D, Zhou M. A Paper-Based Fluorescent Sensor for Rapid Early Screening of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24913-24922. [PMID: 37163749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Various types of sensors play an irreplaceable role in the detection of biomarkers, but their high cost and complicated operation make it difficult to benefit ordinary people. Herein, we develop a low-cost, double-layered, paper-based fluorescent sensor (CP/HQ) structurally consisting of the upper reaction layer loaded with two oxidases (lactate oxidase and choline oxidase) and the bottom fluorescent layer that physically associates with the porphine-grafted composite fluorescent polymer colloids (PF-PDMTP/HQ). Based on the dramatic and rapid fluorescence decrease of porphine induced by the oxidation between saliva and oxidases and subsequent fluorescence resonance energy transfer from oxidized hydroquinone, the resultant fluorescent paper sensor enables us to achieve visual detection of OSCC, which was further recognized by smartphone scanning as the grayscale variation. It was found that the linear sensing range of grayscale value are 10-200 μM for lactic acid and 10-100 μM for choline, with LODs of 5.7 and 8.9 μM, respectively. More importantly, the sensor can achieve a powerful detection capability comparable to that of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in clinical settings with simple operation, demonstrating its great application potential. Our proposed sensor not only improves the accuracy of OSCC diagnosis but also provides a valuable attempt for the device modification of polymer-sensing systems and the development of non-invasive and easy-to-operate disease screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejian He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Department of Stomatology Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 322000, P. R. China
| | - Wenyi Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Lei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310003, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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10
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3D Printed Microfluidic Chemiluminescence PoC Device with Self-Powering and Integrated Incubating System: Validation via ALP Detection on Disposable µPADs. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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11
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Microfluidic biosensor for one-step detection of multiplex foodborne bacteria ssDNA simultaneously by smartphone. Talanta 2023; 253:123980. [PMID: 36201954 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a major threat to food safety due to their pathogenicity, foodborne bacteria have received much attention. In this paper, we present a one-step and wash-free microfluidic biosensor platform by smartphone for simultaneous multiple foodborne bacteria target single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) detection. This technology is based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the graphene oxide (GO) and fluorescence molecules modified capture ssDNA of the target bacteria ssDNA (ctDNA) which were coated on the microfluidic chips. The fluorescence recovery was recorded by a smartphone fluorescent detector. With an optimal analytical performance, the platform realized the detection of four kinds of bacteria ssDNA simultaneously within 5 min, with the limits of detection (LODs) of 0.17, 0.18, 0.27, and 0.17 nM, respectively. And the throughput analysis of trace amounts of foodborne bacteria ssDNA in milk and water samples were successfully detected. This one-step and wash-free microfluidic biosensor can be used as a tool for food safety analysis.
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12
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Wu K, He X, Wang J, Pan T, He R, Kong F, Cao Z, Ju F, Huang Z, Nie L. Recent progress of microfluidic chips in immunoassay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1112327. [PMID: 36619380 PMCID: PMC9816574 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1112327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic chip technology is a technology platform that integrates basic operation units such as processing, separation, reaction and detection into microchannel chip to realize low consumption, fast and efficient analysis of samples. It has the characteristics of small volume need of samples and reagents, fast analysis, low cost, automation, portability, high throughout, and good compatibility with other techniques. In this review, the concept, preparation materials and fabrication technology of microfluidic chip are described. The applications of microfluidic chip in immunoassay, including fluorescent, chemiluminescent, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and electrochemical immunoassay are reviewed. Look into the future, the development of microfluidic chips lies in point-of-care testing and high throughput equipment, and there are still some challenges in the design and the integration of microfluidic chips, as well as the analysis of actual sample by microfluidic chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaimin Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xuliang He
- Zhuzhou People's Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ting Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ran He
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Feizhi Kong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zhenmin Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Feiye Ju
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Libo Nie
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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13
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lu Y, Zhou P, Lu L, Lv H, Hai X. Recent Advances in the Immunoassays Based on Nanozymes. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1119. [PMID: 36551085 PMCID: PMC9776222 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a rapid and simple method for the detection of multiple targets, immunoassay has attracted extensive attention due to the merits of high specificity and sensitivity. Notably, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a widely used immunoassay, which can provide high detection sensitivity since the enzyme labels can promote the generation of catalytically amplified readouts. However, the natural enzyme labels usually suffer from low stability, high cost, and difficult storage. Inspired by the advantages of superior and tunable catalytic activities, easy preparation, low cost, and high stability, nanozymes have arisen to replace the natural enzymes in immunoassay; they also possess equivalent sensitivity and selectivity, as well as robustness. Up to now, various kinds of nanozymes, including mimic peroxidase, oxidase, and phosphatase, have been incorporated to construct immunosensors. Herein, the development of immunoassays based on nanozymes with various types of detection signals are highlighted and discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives of the design of novel nanozymes for widespread applications are discussed.
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14
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Zhang Y, Cui Y, Sun M, Wang T, Liu T, Dai X, Zou P, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou M, Su G, Wu C, Yin H, Rao H, Lu Z. Deep learning-assisted smartphone-based molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence detection sensing platform: Protable device and visual monitoring furosemide. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Beduk T, Beduk D, Hasan MR, Guler Celik E, Kosel J, Narang J, Salama KN, Timur S. Smartphone-Based Multiplexed Biosensing Tools for Health Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:583. [PMID: 36004979 PMCID: PMC9406027 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many emerging technologies have the potential to improve health care by providing more personalized approaches or early diagnostic methods. In this review, we cover smartphone-based multiplexed sensors as affordable and portable sensing platforms for point-of-care devices. Multiplexing has been gaining attention recently for clinical diagnosis considering certain diseases require analysis of complex biological networks instead of single-marker analysis. Smartphones offer tremendous possibilities for on-site detection analysis due to their portability, high accessibility, fast sample processing, and robust imaging capabilities. Straightforward digital analysis and convenient user interfaces support networked health care systems and individualized health monitoring. Detailed biomarker profiling provides fast and accurate analysis for disease diagnosis for limited sample volume collection. Here, multiplexed smartphone-based assays with optical and electrochemical components are covered. Possible wireless or wired communication actuators and portable and wearable sensing integration for various sensing applications are discussed. The crucial features and the weaknesses of these devices are critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutku Beduk
- Silicon Austria Labs GmbH: Sensor Systems, 9524 Villach, Austria;
| | - Duygu Beduk
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Mohd Rahil Hasan
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Emine Guler Celik
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
| | - Jurgen Kosel
- Silicon Austria Labs GmbH: Sensor Systems, 9524 Villach, Austria;
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (M.R.H.); (J.N.)
| | - Khaled Nabil Salama
- Sensors Lab, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suna Timur
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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16
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Wu XJ, Yang CP, Jiang ZW, Xiao SY, Wang XY, Hu CY, Zhen SJ, Wang DM, Huang CZ, Li YF. A catalyst-free co-reaction system of long-lasting and intensive chemiluminescence applied to the detection of alkaline phosphatase. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:181. [PMID: 35394213 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05287-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A catalyst-free co-reaction luminol-H2O2-K2S2O8 chemiluminescence (CL) system was developed, with long-life and high-intensity emission, and CL emission lasting for 6 h. A possible mechanism of persistent and intense emission in this CL system was discussed in the context of CL spectra, cyclic voltammetry, electron spin resonance (ESR), and the effects of radical scavengers on luminol-H2O2-K2S2O8 system. H2O2 and K2S2O8 co-reactants can promote each other to continuously generate corresponding radicals (OH•, 1O2, O2•-, SO4•-) that trigger the CL emission of luminol. H2O2 can also be constantly produced by the reaction of K2S2O8 and H2O to further extend the persistence of this CL system. CL emission can be quenched via ascorbic acid (AA), which can be generated through hydrolysis reaction of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate trisodium salt (AAP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Next, a CL-based method was established for the detection of ALP with good linearity from 0.08 to 5 U·L-1 and a limit of detection of 0.049 U·L-1. The proposed method was used to detect ALP in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Yu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Jun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Toppo AL, Jujjavarapu SE. New insights for integration of nano particle with microfluidic systems for sensor applications. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:13. [PMID: 35171352 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor is a compact device, which utilizes biological derived recognition component, immobilized on a transducer to analyze an analyte. Nanoparticles with their unique chemical and physical properties are versatile in their applications to develop as sensors. Different nanoparticles play different roles in the sensing systems like metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The application of Gold, Silver and Copper nanoparticles will be discussed in brief. The nanoparticles typically function as substrates for immobilization of biomolecules, as catalytic agent, electron transfer agent between electrode surface and the biomolecules, and as reactants. Microfluidic deals with manipulating very small volumes of fluids (micro and nanoliters). This miniaturized platform enhances control of flow conditions and mixing rate of fluids. The microfluidics improves the sensitivity of the analysis, and reduces the volumes of sample and reagent in the analysis. The review specifically aims at representing microfluidics-based sensors and nanoparticle based sensors. This review will also focus on probable merger of these two fields to take advantage of both the fields and this will help in pushing the boundaries of these fields further more.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Toppo
- Deparment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - S E Jujjavarapu
- Deparment of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India.
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18
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Li F, Zhao A, Li Z, Xi Y, Jiang J, He J, Wang J, Cui H. Multifunctionalized Hydrogel Beads for Label-Free Chemiluminescence Imaging Immunoassay of Acute Myocardial Infarction Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2665-2675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zimu Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yachao Xi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, P. R. China
| | - Jue Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hua Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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19
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Huang E, Huang D, Wang Y, Cai D, Luo Y, Zhong Z, Liu D. Active droplet-array microfluidics-based chemiluminescence immunoassay for point-of-care detection of procalcitonin. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113684. [PMID: 34607116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The application of conventional chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) in resource-limited settings is limited due to the large apparatus footprint, cumbersome operation and maintenance process, and high consumption of reagents. To address this issue, we developed an active droplet-array (ADA) microfluidics-based CLIA system, which consists of a compact microchip analyzer and microfluidic chips with preloaded reagents. The microfluidic chip contains microslit-connected microchambers, in which all the required reagents were preloaded in water-in-oil droplets. The microfluidic chip analyzer can manipulate five microfluidic chips in parallel in a single run. By interacting the microchip with magnetic, thermal, optical mechanisms programmatically, the entire workflow of CLIA can be accomplished in an automated manner. With the proposed CLIA, the detection of procalcitonin (PCT) can be completed in 12 min, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.044 ng mL-1 and a detection range from 0.044 to 100 ng mL-1. We found a good linear correlation between the microfluidic CLIA and the conventional electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (R2=0.98).The microfluidic CLIA has significant advantages over the conventional ELISA in detection sensitivity, dynamic range, instrument size and turnaround time, and can provide more consistent and reliable results than the lateral flow immunoassays. The compact microfluidic system can perform automated and parallelized CLIA in a short turnaround time, and thus well suited to Point-of-Care detection of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqi Huang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dongyang Cai
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanzhang Luo
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhimin Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Dayu Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Microfluidic Chip Medical Diagnosis, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
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20
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Kumar PS, Bhand S, Das AK, Goel S. Microfluidic paper device with on-site heating to produce reactive peroxide species for enhanced smartphone enabled chemiluminescence signal. Talanta 2022; 236:122858. [PMID: 34635242 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence signal amplification (CLSA) is of huge interest because of its sensitive detection in various applications such as food analysis, biomedical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. Due to this, there is a manifold attention to develop rapidly prototyped and miniaturized devices for CLSA. In this context, herein, a novel CLSA approach is demonstrated on a 3D printed microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPADs), fabricated using Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing technology. Influence of working temperature, ranging 30 °C-110 °C, on CL signal generation from well-established Luminol/Co+2 - H2O2 reaction was analyzed using a screen-printed flexible heater onto the 3D printed reaction platform. A smartphone-based capturing/detection system provided the amenability for a point-of-care testing system. For the first time, strong and stable CLSA was found with about 255% ± 5% increase in its signal intensity without using any additional external enhancers. The on-site working temperature was directly in proportional to the intensity of CL signal generated from Luminol/Co+2 - H2O2 reaction under optimum conditions, wherein the device had a wide linear range from 50 nM to 1 μM with a detection limit of 35 nM for H2O2 detection. The reliability of the developed amplification method was tested for practicability to detect the concentration of H2O2 in milk as real sample analysis. Overall, such CLSA mechanism in miniaturized μPADs will have strong potential for multiple CL based detection and monitoring application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavar Sai Kumar
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India
| | - Sunil Bhand
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Goa Campus, Goa, 403726, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, 333031, India
| | - Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nano Electronics Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, 500078, India.
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21
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Advances in multiplex electrical and optical detection of biomarkers using microfluidic devices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:167-180. [PMID: 34345949 PMCID: PMC8331214 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices can provide a versatile, cost-effective platform for disease diagnostics and risk assessment by quantifying biomarkers. In particular, simultaneous testing of several biomarkers can be powerful. Here, we critically review work from the previous 4 years up to February 2021 on developing microfluidic devices for multiplexed detection of biomarkers from samples. We focus on two principal approaches: electrical and optical detection methods that can distinguish and quantify biomarkers. Both electrical and spectroscopic multiplexed detection strategies are being employed to reach limits of detection below clinical sample levels. Some of the most promising strategies for point-of-care assays involve inexpensive materials such as paper-based microfluidic devices, or portable and accessible detectors such as smartphones. This review does not comprehensively cover all multiplexed microfluidic biomarker studies, but rather provides a critical evaluation of key work and suggests promising prospects for future advancement in this field. Electrical and optical multiplexing are powerful approaches for microfluidic biomarker analysis.
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22
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Liu X, Fan Q, Zhang X, Li M, Huan Y, Ma P, Song D, Fei Q. A FeS 2NPs-Luminol-MnO 2NSs system based on chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer platform for sensing glutathione. Talanta 2021; 240:123171. [PMID: 34954617 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, ferrous disulfide nanoparticles (FeS2NPs) with oxidase properties were synthesized, and a FeS2NPs-Luminol-MnO2 nanosheets (MnO2NSs) chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) system was successfully established. Because of reaction with MnO2NSs, glutathione (GSH) can inhibit CRET between Luminol and MnO2NSs and recover the luminescence intensity of FeS2NPs-Luminol. Consequently, we developed a GSH sensor based on this chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) system. Under optimal conditions, the FeS2NPs-Luminol-MnO2NSs sensing system showed very sensitive response to GSH in the range of 1 μM-500 μM. The limit of detection of GSH reached as low as 0.15 μM. Finally, the sensor was successfully used for the detection of GSH in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Changchun Polytechnic, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Ming Li
- The National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanfu Huan
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Pinyi Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Daqian Song
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China.
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23
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Li P, Zhou Z, Zhao YS, Yan Y. Recent advances in luminescent metal-organic frameworks and their photonic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:13678-13691. [PMID: 34870655 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been attracting ever more interest owing to their fascinating structures and widespread applications. Among the optoelectronic materials, luminescent MOFs (LMOFs) have become one of the most attractive candidates in the fields of optics and photonics thanks to the unique characteristics of their frameworks. Luminescence from MOFs can originate from either the frameworks, mainly including organic linkers and metal ions, or the encapsulated guests, such as dyes, perovskites, and carbon dots. Here, we systematically review the recent progress in LMOFs, with an emphasis on the relationships between their structures and emission behaviour. On this basis, we comprehensively discuss the research progress and applications of multicolour emission from homogeneous and heterogeneous structures, host-guest hybrid lasers, and pure MOF lasers based on optically excited LMOFs in the field of micro/nanophotonics. We also highlight recent developments in other types of luminescence, such as electroluminescence and chemiluminescence, from LMOFs. Future perspectives and challenges for LMOFs are provided to give an outlook of this emerging field. We anticipate that this article will promote the development of MOF-based functional materials with desired performance towards robust optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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24
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Zhu Y, Tong X, Wei Q, Cai G, Cao Y, Tong C, Shi S, Wang F. 3D origami paper-based ratiometric fluorescent microfluidic device for visual point-of-care detection of alkaline phosphatase and butyrylcholinesterase. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113691. [PMID: 34637993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
On-site multiplex enzyme detection is crucial for diagnosis, therapeutics and prognostic. To date, it is still a daunting challenge to develop portable, low-cost, and efficient multi-enzyme detection methods. Herein, a novel sample-in-result-out platform integrating ratiometric fluorescent assays with 3D origami microfluidic paper-based device (μPAD) was developed for simultaneous visual point-of-care testing (POCT) of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Cascade catalytic reaction with the same two fluorescent signal indicators was rationally designed to ratiometric fluorescent detection of ALP and BChE: substrate of ALP (pyrophosphate) and product of BChE (thiocholine) can strongly complex with Cu2+, Cu2+ oxidizes o-phenylenediamine to fluorescent 2,3-diaminophenazine (oxOPD) (emission, 565 nm), oxOPD quenches the fluorescence of carbon dots (CDs, emission at 445 nm) via inner filter effect, thus oxOPD/CDs values are relevant to ALP and BChE activities. Then 3D origami μPAD composing of four layers and two parallel channels was fabricated and simply prepared by one-step plotting with black oil-based marker and specific metal molds. After simple folding and unfolding neighboring layers to sequentially initiate reactions of pre-loaded reagents, fluorescent images on the detection zone can be captured by smartphone and analyzed by red-green-blue software for quantitative analysis. Under optimal conditions, the proposed platform was successfully performed to detect ALP and BChE with activity difference at 3 orders of magnitude in human serum samples without any pretreatment procedures. Excellent selectivity, good precision, favorable linear range, and high accuracy were exhibited. Importantly, the platform opens a promising horizon for high-throughput POCT of multiplex biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Under Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Qisheng Wei
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Guangxi Baise High-tech Development Zone, Baise, 533612, Guangxi, China
| | - Guihan Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanxin Cao
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Guangxi Baise High-tech Development Zone, Baise, 533612, Guangxi, China
| | - Chaoying Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
| | - Shuyun Shi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Under Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China; Natural Product Research Laboratory, Guangxi Baise High-tech Development Zone, Baise, 533612, Guangxi, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Under Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi, China
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Ning Y, Lu F, Liu Y, Yang S, Wang F, Ji X, He Z. Glow-type chemiluminescent hydrogels for point-of-care testing (POCT) of cholesterol. Analyst 2021; 146:4775-4780. [PMID: 34231558 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00676b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential compound for human health, and a high or low concentration of cholesterol is closely related to various diseases. Thus, developing a simple method for POCT of cholesterol has great significance in clinical diagnosis. In this work, alginate (Alg) hydrogels with glow-type chemiluminescence (CL) were prepared and applied for rapid and quantitative cholesterol detection via a smartphone. The glow-type CL hydrogels (HRP/COD/luminol/Alg hydrogels) contained luminol as a chemiluminescent reagent, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cholesterol oxidase (COD) for enzymatic cascade reactions. The HRP/COD/luminol/Alg hydrogels exhibited outstanding stability, which effectively avoided the enzyme inactivation during long-term storage. Furthermore, the HRP/COD/luminol/Alg hydrogels exhibited longer and more stable glow-type CL. With the help of COD catalytic specificity for cholesterol and bi-enzymatic cascade reactions, the glow-type CL hydrogels realized the specific and sensitive detection of cholesterol. The smartphone was used as a detector instead of a special large instrument for responding to the glow-type CL emission, and a LOD of 7.2 μM was obtained. Therefore, the proposed sensor expands the application of the glow-type CL in POCT and provides an alternative way for cholesterol detection in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ning
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Knowing more from less: miniaturization of ligand-binding assays and electrophoresis as new paradigms for at-line monitoring and control of mammalian cell bioprocesses. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:55-64. [PMID: 34246047 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring technologies for Process Analytical Technology (PAT) in mammalian cell cultures are often focusing on the same hand full parameters although a deeper knowledge and control of a larger panel of culture components would highly benefit process optimization, control and robustness. This short review highlights key advances in microfluidic affinity assays and microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE). Aiming at the miniaturization and integration of PAT, these can detect at-line a variety of metabolites, proteins and Critical Quality Attributes (CQA's) in a bioprocess. Furthermore, discrete analytical components, which can potentially support the translation of increasingly mature microfluidic technologies towards this novel application, are also presented as a comprehensive toolbox ranging from sample preparation to signal acquisition.
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Zhang L, Shi M, Zhou W, Guan W, Lu C. Disordered Assembly of Donors and Acceptors on Layered Double Hydroxides for High-Efficiency Chemiluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7724-7731. [PMID: 34000804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-efficiency chemiluminescence (CL) resonance energy transfer (CRET) can be obtained by shortening the donor-acceptor distance and/or improving the luminescence efficiency of CRET acceptors. However, careful design and stringent experimental conditions are usually required for the ordered assembly of CRET acceptors on support materials to avoid aggregation-caused quenching problems. In this work, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active fluorophore was disorderly adsorbed on the surface of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), which could exhibit high-efficiency luminescence. On the other hand, the positively charged LDHs can further adsorb peroxynitrite (ONOO-) on the surface of LDHs. Therefore, the LDH-supported AIE fluorophore could dramatically amplify weak CL signals from ONOO- donors as a result of ultra-high CRET efficiency by coupling the shorter donor-acceptor distance with efficient CRET acceptors. The proposed CL system has been successfully applied for the detection of NaNO2 in the concentration range from 1.0 to 100 μM with a detection limit as low as 0.5 μM. Satisfactory recoveries (98-106%) and good accuracy were achieved for sausage samples. Our success will open new avenues for the convenient design of high-efficiency CRET systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meina Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Weijiang Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li Z, Xi Y, Zhao A, Jiang J, Li B, Yang X, He J, Li F. Cobalt-imidazole metal-organic framework loaded with luminol for paper-based chemiluminescence detection of catechol with use of a smartphone. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3541-3550. [PMID: 33782733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) reagent luminol was loaded into the porous structure of cobalt-imidazole metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-67 to obtain luminol-functionalized ZIF-67 (luminol@ZIF-67) with CL property. The morphology, composition, CL property, and CL mechanism of luminol@ZIF-67 were carefully investigated. The obtained luminol@ZIF-67 exhibited strong, stable, and visible CL emission that reacted with H2O2, attributed to the strong catalytic effect of ZIF-67 combined with the shortened diffusion distance between luminol and the catalytic center. The CL intensity of luminol@ZIF-67 was more than 550 times higher than that of luminol. Catechol can effectively quench the CL emission of luminol@ZIF-67 that reacted with H2O2. Then, a simple paper-based CL imaging detection method was developed for the detection of catechol by using a smartphone as a portable detector. The linear calibration curve of the developed CL assay for catechol ranged from 5 to 100 mg/L with detection limit of 1.1 mg/L (S/N = 3δ). The strong CL emission of luminol@ZIF-67 combined with the effective quench ability of catechol guaranteed high sensitivity of the detection method. The practical application ability of the developed CL assay was tested by the determination of catechol in tea and tap water samples, resulting in acceptable results. This work provides an effective paper-based CL detection method for catechol and enriches the species of the chemiluminescent MOF material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Yachao Xi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Green Manufacturing of Power Battery, Tianneng Battery Group (Anhui Company), Jieshou, 236500, Anhui, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
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FEAST of biosensors: Food, environmental and agricultural sensing technologies (FEAST) in North America. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113011. [PMID: 33517232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We review the challenges and opportunities for biosensor research in North America aimed to accelerate translational research. We call for platform approaches based on: i) tools that can support interoperability between food, environment and agriculture, ii) open-source tools for analytics, iii) algorithms used for data and information arbitrage, and iv) use-inspired sensor design. We summarize select mobile devices and phone-based biosensors that couple analytical systems with biosensors for improving decision support. Over 100 biosensors developed by labs in North America were analyzed, including lab-based and portable devices. The results of this literature review show that nearly one quarter of the manuscripts focused on fundamental platform development or material characterization. Among the biosensors analyzed for food (post-harvest) or environmental applications, most devices were based on optical transduction (whether a lab assay or portable device). Most biosensors for agricultural applications were based on electrochemical transduction and few utilized a mobile platform. Presently, the FEAST of biosensors has produced a wealth of opportunity but faces a famine of actionable information without a platform for analytics.
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Wang R, Yue N, Fan A. Nanomaterial-enhanced chemiluminescence reactions and their applications. Analyst 2020; 145:7488-7510. [PMID: 33030463 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01300e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL) analysis is a trace analytical method that possesses advantages including high sensitivity, wide linear range, easy operation, and simple instruments. With the development of nanotechnology, many nanomaterial (NM)-enhanced CL systems have been established in recent years and applied for the CL detection of metal ions, anions, small molecules, tumor markers, sequence-specific DNA, and RNA. This review summarizes the research progress of the nanomaterial-enhanced CL systems the past five years. These CL reactions include luminol, peroxyoxalate, lucigenin, ultraweak CL reactions, and so on. The CL mechanisms of the nanomaterial-enhanced CL systems are discussed in the first section. Nanomaterials take part in the CL reactions as the catalyst, CL emitter, energy acceptor, and reductant. Their applications are summarized in the second section. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
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