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Wang Y. Recent advances in the application of direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) in food analysis. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114488. [PMID: 38823841 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) has evolved as an effective analytical technique for the rapid and accurate analysis of food samples. The current advancements of DART-MS in food analysis are described in this paper. We discussed the DART principles, which include devices, ionization mechanisms, and parameter settings. Numerous applications of DART-MS in the fields of food and food products analysis published during 2018-2023 were reviewed, including contamination detection, food authentication and traceability, and specific analyte analysis in the food matrix. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of DART-MS, such as matrix effect, isobaric component analysis, cost considerations and accessibility, and compound selectivity and identification, were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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2
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Zhang D, Loomer M, Gamez G. Quantitative analysis of biopolymers in lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks via laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow high-resolution ambient mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 268:125333. [PMID: 37931586 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a diode laser-assisted micro-pyrolysis (LAMP) technique coupled with FAPA high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is demonstrated for fast chemical characterization of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks. The solid lignocellulosic biomass can be analyzed directly with minimal sample preparation. The mass spectra of the pyrolysis products are interpreted with the aid of data visualization tools such as Kendrick mass defect (KMD) plots and van Krevelen plots. Furthermore, quantitation of lignin/cellulose/hemicellulose, sugar contents of glucan/xylan/galactan/arabinan and lignin monomeric unit S/G is achieved with good accuracy and precision, through multivariate analysis methods, including partial least squares regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Michael Loomer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA
| | - Gerardo Gamez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1061, USA.
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Cody RB, Espinoza EO, Price ER, McClure PJ. Wood from Hardwood Angiosperms and Coniferous Gymnosperms Shows Distinctive Lignin Peaks in Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) Mass Spectra. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:784-789. [PMID: 36947165 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A data set was constructed consisting of 3021 mass spectra randomly selected from all available families in the ForeST© (Forensic Spectra of Trees) database of mass spectra for wood analyzed by Direct Analysis in Real Time ionization coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-TOFMS). Clear and reproducible differences were observed between the lignin peaks for hardwood angiosperms and coniferous gymnosperms, with DART-TOFMS spectra of angiosperms showing significantly higher relative abundances for peaks associated with syringyl subunits. Application of the method to processed wood samples demonstrated that these differences can be used to provide support for enforcing trade laws by accurately identifying the source of finished wood products from hardwood angiosperms and coniferous gymnosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Cody
- JEOL USA, Inc., 11 Dearborn Rd., Peabody Massachusetts 01960 United States
| | - Edgard O Espinoza
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement, National Fish & Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, Oregon 97520, United States
| | - Erin R Price
- US Forest Service International Programs Wood Identification and Screening Center, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, Oregon 97520, United States
| | - Pamela J McClure
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement, National Fish & Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, 1490 East Main Street, Ashland, Oregon 97520, United States
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4
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Influence of Natural Aging on the Moisture Sorption Behaviour of Wooden Structural Components. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041946. [PMID: 36838933 PMCID: PMC9960851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A greater understanding of moisture sorption behaviour of aged wooden structural components, which has a close relationship with dimensional stability, is required to effectively evaluate and preserve historical artefacts. This study focused on the effects of aging on Baotou beam samples from a Chinese historical wooden building. An analysis of the sorption isotherms and hysteresis loops of a naturally aged, decayed sample (AOS), an aged sound sample (AIS), and a reference sample (RS), using classical sorption isotherm models revealed that the moisture sorption behaviour of samples from the same growth ring in a Baotou beam can differ significantly. AOS showed higher hygroscopicity than AIS, and both these samples were more hygroscopic than RS. Furthermore, the mono/multilayer moisture contents of AOS were always higher than those of AIS and RS. In addition, Fourier transform infrared, second-derivative infrared, and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate chemical changes in the samples. The relative hemicellulose and lignin contents of the samples changed significantly with wood aging. Furthermore, AOS exhibited the highest calcium oxalate content, which may be associated with fungal infections. Overall, these results provide valuable insights into the effects of aging on wood samples and the dimensional stability of timber structures, which could inform future research on methods for the preservation or restoration of aging timber structures.
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Liu X, Ma W, Tu X, Huang H, Varodi AM. Study on the Wood Characteristics of the Chinese Ancient Ship Luoyang I. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1145. [PMID: 36770151 PMCID: PMC9921426 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Luoyang No.1 is a Qing Dynasty (1644-1902) inland river ancient wooden shipwreck discovered in September 2013. It adds significantly to the study of Grand Canal transport history and Luoyang's economic history. The wood characteristics of Luoyang No.1 were investigated in this study using chemical compositions, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nano-indentation (NI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the holocellulose content was only 32.84-37.69%, indicating that the cellulose and hemicellulose had been seriously degraded. Based on the XRD pattern, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose in wood ranged from 19.82 to 22.83%. The nano-indentation demonstrated that compared with the undegraded contemporary wood, the elastic modulus and hardness of the ancient ship wood decreased by 45.5% and 32.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra revealed that the biological deterioration of ancient wood was indicated by a decrease in the peaks related to cellulose and hemicellulose, but the change in lignin was insignificant. The results could provide knowledge for appropriate dewatering, strengthening, restoration strategies and regulation of the museum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wanrong Ma
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinwei Tu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Houyi Huang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anca Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Chen J, Liu S, Yin L, Cao H, Xi G, Zhang Z, Liu J, Luo R, Han L, Yin Y, Guo J. Non-destructive preservation state estimation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121840. [PMID: 36115308 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive preservation state estimation is an essential prerequisite for the preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts. Herein, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to assess sixty-four waterlogged archaeological woods collected from seven excavation sites in the period range of 2900 BCE-1912 CE, aiming at developing a non-destructive, accurate and rapid preservation state estimation methodology. The role of non-decayed recent wood of relevant species on preservation state estimation was studied in prior, showing the use of non-decayed recent wood could not improve the predictive ability. Besides, the high variability in terms of chemical structure between archaeological softwoods and archaeological hardwoods did affect the preservation state estimation. Thus, a simple OPLS-DA model of non-destructively distinguishing archaeological hardwoods from softwoods, R2Xcum of 0.659, R2Ycum of 0.836 and Q2cum of 0.763, was established to avoid and overcome destructive approach for wood identification. Then, the well-defined three grouped separations of slightly-decayed, moderately-decayed and severely-decayed waterlogged archaeological woods were revealed in OPLS-DA models, providing R2Xcum of 0.793, R2Ycum of 0.738, Q2cum of 0.680, and R2Xcum of 0.780, R2Ycum of 0.901, Q2cum of 0.870, for waterlogged archaeological hardwoods and waterlogged archaeological softwoods respectively. Potential predictive wood spectral bands were screened and tentatively identified as hydroxyls of crystalline cellulose, acetyl groups of hemicelluloses, C-H bands of lignin, which guaranteed the elimination of non-structural compounds, such as water and inorganic components interference. Furthermore, the developed NIR methodology was validated by an extensively used destructive method consisting of anatomical characteristics, maximum water content and basic density analyses. The results indicated that NIR coupled to chemometrics could non-destructively and accurately predict the preservation states of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts and avoid the interference of water and inorganic deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shoujia Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guanglan Xi
- National Center of Archaeology, Heping Road No. 21, Beijing 100031, China; Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- National Center of Archaeology, Heping Road No. 21, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Jian'an Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong Road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rupeng Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong Road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuyang Han
- Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China.
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7
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Liu X, Zhu L, Tu X, Zhang C, Huang H, Varodi AM. Characteristics of Ancient Shipwreck Wood from Huaguang Jiao No. 1 after Desalination. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:510. [PMID: 36676247 PMCID: PMC9861276 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Huaguangjiao I refers to the ancient Chinese wooden shipwreck of the South Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD) discovered in the South China Sea in 1996. From 2008 to 2017, the archaeological waterlogged wood was desalted using deionized water combined with ultrasonic treatment, and desalted using EDTA-2Na, EDTAHO, and NaH2PO4·2H2O solutions. In this paper, the degree of degradation of the modified waterlogged archaeological wood and the moisture and content of the main components were determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nanoindentation (NI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the state of wood degradation after desalination and desulfurization. The results showed that the water content of the wood was as high as 532~1149%, while the basic density was only 0.14~0.18 g/cm3, indicating that the wood had been seriously degraded. The holocellulose content was only 36-40%. Based on the XRD patterns, the degree of cellulose crystallinity in the modified wood was 14.08%. The elastic modulus and hardness of the ancient shipwreck wood after desalination and desulfurization were 1.28-4.31 and 0.10-0.28 GPa, respectively, according to nanoindentation. In addition, the FTIR spectra revealed that the biological deterioration of the modified wood caused cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, but no apparent lignin alteration occurred. The results could provide knowledge for appropriate dewatering, strengthening, and restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinwei Tu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Houyi Huang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anca Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
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Yue H, He F, Zhao Z, Duan Y. Plasma-based ambient mass spectrometry: Recent progress and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:95-130. [PMID: 34128567 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has grown as a group of advanced analytical techniques that allow for the direct sampling and ionization of the analytes in different statuses from their native environment without or with minimum sample pretreatments. As a significant category of AMS, plasma-based AMS has gained a lot of attention due to its features that allow rapid, real-time, high-throughput, in vivo, and in situ analysis in various fields, including bioanalysis, pharmaceuticals, forensics, food safety, and mass spectrometry imaging. Tens of new methods have been developed since the introduction of the first plasma-based AMS technique direct analysis in real-time. This review first provides a comprehensive overview of the established plasma-based AMS techniques from their ion source configurations, mechanisms, and developments. Then, the progress of the representative applications in various scientific fields in the past 4 years (January 2017 to January 2021) has been summarized. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and propose the future directions of plasma-based AMS from our perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Yue
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiyao He
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongjun Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu X, Xu X, Tu X, Ma W, Huang H, Varodi AM. Characteristics of Ancient Ship Wood from Taicang of the Yuan Dynasty. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:104. [PMID: 36614442 PMCID: PMC9821743 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, wood samples extracted from the Taicang ancient ship, dating back to the Yuan Dynasty, were investigated to study the characteristics of waterlogged archaeological wood. The macroscopic characteristics and microscopic structures were used to identify the wood species. To assess the degree of degradation of the waterlogged archaeological wood, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nanoindentation (NI), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to compare the new and ancient wood samples from the same species. The microscopic structures of the samples were identified as Pinus massoniana. The XRD and nanoindentation results revealed that the crystallinity index of the cellulose decreased from 41.07% to 33.85%, the elastic modulus was reduced by 20.90%, and hardness was reduced by 55.6% compared with the new wood. The FTIR spectra revealed that biological deterioration occurred in the cellulose and hemicellulose, but there was no noticeable change in the lignin content. These results provide helpful information for the conservation and restoration of ancient ships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinwei Tu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wanrong Ma
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Houyi Huang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anca Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Wang Y, Li Y, Wang X, Yu D, Nie Z. Rapid detection and classification of hongmu by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2022; 147:4857-4865. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01169g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A schematic diagram of atmospheric pressure glow discharge mass spectrometry (APGD-MS) for hongmu detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dehua Yu
- Art and Design School, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Emmons RV, Gionfriddo E. Minimizing transient microenvironment-associated variability for analysis of environmental anthropogenic contaminants via ambient ionization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145789. [PMID: 33631588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and quantitative analysis of anthropogenic contaminants in environmental matrices is crucial for regulatory testing and to elucidate the environmental fate of these pollutants. Direct ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) methodologies greatly increase sample throughput, can be adapted for onsite analysis and are often regarded as semi-quantitative by most developed protocols. One of the limitations of AMS, especially for on site analysis applications, is the irreproducibility of the measurements related to the occurrence of transient microenvironments (TME) and variable background interferences. In this work we report an effective strategy to minimize these effects by hyphenating, for the first time, solid phase microextraction (SPME) arrow to mass spectrometry via a thermal desorption unit (TDU) and direct analysis in real time (DART) source. The developed method was optimized for the extraction and analysis of pesticides and pharmaceuticals from surface water. It was demonstrated that the hyphenation of the SPME and TDU-DART resulted in reduced background contamination, indicating the suitability of the method for onsite analysis even in variable and non-ideal environments. Model analytes were quantitated in the low μg/L range with a total analysis time of less than 5 min, linear dynamic ranges (LDR) and interday reproducibility for most compounds being 2.5-500 μg/L and lower than 10%, respectively. The developed approach provides an excellent analytical tool that can be applied for the onsite high-throughput analysis of water samples as well as air and aereosols. Considering the tunability of our extraction process, time-resolved environmental monitoring can be achieved onsite within minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald V Emmons
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States
| | - Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; Dr. Nina McClelland Laboratory for Water Chemistry and Environmental Analysis, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States; School of Green Chemistry and Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, United States.
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12
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Restoration of a XVII Century’s predella reliquary: From Physico-Chemical Characterization to the Conservation Process. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the restoration of a XVII century’s predella reliquary, which is a part of a larger setup that includes a wall reliquary and a wooden crucified Christ, both belonging to the church of “Madre Maria SS. Assunta”, in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily, Italy. The historical/artistic and paleographic research was flanked successfully by the scientific objective characterization of the materials. The scientific approach was relevant in the definition of the steps for the restoration of the artefact. The optical microscopy was used for the identification of the wood species. Electron microscopy and elemental mapping by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) was successful in the identification of the layered structure for the gilded surface. The hyperspectral imaging method was successfully employed for an objective chemical mapping of the surface composition. We proved that the scientific approach is necessary for a critical and objective evaluation of the conservation state and it is a necessary step toward awareness of the historical, liturgical, spiritual and artistic value. In the second part of this work, we briefly describe the conservation protocol and the use of a weak nanocomposite glue. In particular, a sustainable approach was considered and therefore mixtures of a biopolymer from natural resources, such as funori from algae, and naturally occurring halloysite nanotubes were considered. Tensile tests provided the best composition for this green nanocomposite glue.
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13
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Analytical Pyrolysis and Mass Spectrometry to Characterise Lignin in Archaeological Wood. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app11010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the capability of analytical pyrolysis-based techniques to provide data on lignin composition and on the chemical alteration undergone by lignin in archaeological wooden objects. Applications of Direct Exposure Mass Spectrometry (DE-MS), Evolved Gas Analysis Mass Spectrometry (EGA-MS), and single and double-shot Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) in archaeological lignin characterisation are described. With comparison to cellulose and hemicelluloses, lignin is generally less prone to most degradation processes affecting archaeological artefacts in burial environments, especially waterlogged ones, which are the most favourable for wood preservation. Nevertheless, lignin also undergoes significant chemical changes. As wood from waterlogged environments is mainly composed of lignin, knowledge of its chemical structure and degradation pathways is fundamental for choosing preventive conservation conditions and for optimising consolidation methods and materials, which directly interact with the residual lignin. Analytical pyrolysis coupled with mass spectrometry, used in several complementary operational modes, can gather information regarding the chemical modifications and the state of preservation of lignin, especially concerning oxidation and depolymerisation phenomena. Several applications to the analysis of wood from archaeological artefacts affected by different conservation problems are presented to showcase the potential of analytical pyrolysis in various scenarios that can be encountered when investigating archaeological waterlogged wood.
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