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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Van Dorpe S, Tummers P, Denys H, Hendrix A. Towards the Clinical Implementation of Extracellular Vesicle-Based Biomarker Assays for Cancer. Clin Chem 2024; 70:165-178. [PMID: 38175582 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvad189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial research has been devoted to elucidating the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the different hallmarks of cancer. Consequently, EVs are increasingly explored as a source of cancer biomarkers in body fluids. However, the heterogeneity in EVs, the complexity of body fluids, and the diversity in methods available for EV analysis, challenge the development and translation of EV-based biomarker assays. CONTENT Essential steps in EV-associated biomarker development are emphasized covering biobanking, biomarker discovery, verification and validation, and clinical implementation. A meticulous study design is essential and ideally results from close interactions between clinicians and EV researchers. A plethora of different EV preparation protocols exists which warrants quality control and transparency to ensure reproducibility and thus enable verification of EV-associated biomarker candidates identified in the discovery phase in subsequent independent cohorts. The development of an EV-associated biomarker assay requires thorough analytical and clinical validation. Finally, regulatory affairs must be considered for clinical implementation of EV-based biomarker assays. SUMMARY In this review, the current challenges that prevent us from exploiting the full potential of EV-based biomarker assays are identified. Guidelines and tools to overcome these hurdles are highlighted and are crucial to advance EV-based biomarker assays into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Dorpe
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Tummers
- Department of Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Denys
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- European Liquid Biopsy Society (ELBS), Hamburg, Germany
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Wiedmer SK, Riekkola ML. Field-flow fractionation - an excellent tool for fractionation, isolation and/or purification of biomacromolecules. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1712:464492. [PMID: 37944435 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Field-flow fractionation (FFF) with its several variants, has developed into a mature methodology. The scope of the FFF investigations has expanded, covering both a wide range of basic studies and especially a wide range of analytical applications. Special attention of this review is given to the achievements of FFF with reference to recent applications in the fractionation, isolation, and purification of biomacromolecules, and from which especially those of (in alphabetical order) bacteria, cells, extracellular vesicles, liposomes, lipoproteins, nucleic acids, and viruses and virus-like particles. In evaluating the major approaches and trends demonstrated since 2012, the most significant biomacromolecule applications are compiled in tables. It is also evident that asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation is by far the most dominant technique in the studies. The industry has also shown current interest in FFF and adopted it in some sophisticated fields. FFF, in combination with appropriate detectors, handles biomacromolecules in open channel in a gentle way due to the lack of shear forces and unwanted interactions caused by the stationary phase present in chromatography. In addition, in isolation and purification of biomacromolecules quite high yields can be achieved under optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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Lee Y, Ni J, Wasinger VC, Graham P, Li Y. Comparison Study of Small Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods for Profiling Protein Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Liquid Biopsies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15462. [PMID: 37895140 PMCID: PMC10607056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are an important intercellular communicator, participating in all stages of cancer metastasis, immunity, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, protein cargoes within sEVs are considered as a superior source for breast cancer (BC) biomarker discovery. Our study aimed to optimise the approach for sEV isolation and sEV proteomic analysis to identify potential sEV protein biomarkers for BC diagnosis. sEVs derived from BC cell lines, BC patients' plasma, and non-cancer controls were isolated using ultracentrifugation (UC), a Total Exosome Isolation kit (TEI), and a combined approach named UCT. In BC cell lines, the UC isolates showed a higher sEV purity and marker expression, as well as a higher number of sEV proteins. In BC plasma samples, the UCT isolates showed the highest proportion of sEV-related proteins and the lowest percentage of lipoprotein-related proteins. Our data suggest that the assessment of both the quantity and quality of sEV isolation methods is important in selecting the optimal approach for the specific sEV research purpose, depending on the sample types and downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Valerie C. Wasinger
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Peter Graham
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, St George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.N.); (P.G.)
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
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van de Wakker SI, Meijers FM, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Its Impact for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1043-1061. [PMID: 37280097 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application of stem cell-derived EVs has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, the exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect have not been fully clarified. This may to a large extent be attributed to a lack of knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest that EVs represent a heterogeneous population of vesicles with distinct functions. The heterogeneity of EVs can be attributed to differences in their biogenesis, and as such, they can be classified into distinct populations that can then be further subcategorized into various subpopulations. A better understanding of EV heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action in tissue regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest insights on EV heterogeneity related to tissue repair, including the different characteristics that contribute to such heterogeneity and the functional differences among EV subtypes. It also sheds light on the challenges that hinder clinical translation of EVs. Additionally, innovative EV isolation techniques for studying EV heterogeneity are discussed. Improved knowledge of active EV subtypes would promote the development of tailored EV therapies and aid researchers in the translation of EV-based therapeutics to the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Within this review we discuss the differences in regenerative properties of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations and implications of EV heterogeneity for development of EV-based therapeutics. We aim to provide new insights into which aspects are leading to heterogeneity in EV preparations and stress the importance of EV heterogeneity studies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonides Immanuel van de Wakker
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Fleur Michelle Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
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Mishra A, Bharti PS, Rani N, Nikolajeff F, Kumar S. A tale of exosomes and their implication in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188908. [PMID: 37172650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a cause of high deaths worldwide and also a huge burden for the health system. Cancer cells have unique properties such as a high rate of proliferation, self-renewal, metastasis, and treatment resistance, therefore, the development of novel diagnoses of cancers is a tedious task. Exosomes are secreted by virtually all cell types and have the ability to carry a multitude of biomolecules crucial for intercellular communication, hence, contributing a crucial part in the onset and spread of cancer. These exosomal components can be utilized in the development of markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes for various cancers. This review emphasized primarily the following topics: exosomes structure and functions, isolation and characterization strategies of exosomes, the role of exosomal contents in cancer with a focus in particular on noncoding RNA and protein, exosomes, and the cancer microenvironment interactions, cancer stem cells, and tumor diagnosis and prognosis based on exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay Mishra
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Prahalad Singh Bharti
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Neerja Rani
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Fredrik Nikolajeff
- Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden
| | - Saroj Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; Department of Health, Education, and Technology, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Sweden.
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7
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Pincela Lins PM, Pirlet E, Szymonik M, Bronckaers A, Nelissen I. Manufacture of extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:965-981. [PMID: 36750391 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapy for various diseases ranging from ischemic stroke to wound healing and cancer. Their therapeutic effects are mainly mediated by secretome-derived paracrine factors, with extracellular vesicles (EVs) proven to play a key role. This has led to promising research on the potential of MSC-EVs as regenerative, off-the-shelf therapeutic agents. However, the translation of MSC-EVs into the clinic is hampered by the poor scalability of their production. Recently, new advanced methods have been developed to upscale MSC cultivation and EV production yields, ranging from new cell culture devices to priming procedures. This review gives an overview of these innovative strategies for manufacturing MSC-EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Pincela Lins
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Elke Pirlet
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Szymonik
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Hasselt University, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Inge Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Health Department, Boeretang, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
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8
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Van Dorpe S, Lippens L, Boiy R, Pinheiro C, Vergauwen G, Rappu P, Miinalainen I, Tummers P, Denys H, De Wever O, Hendrix A. Integrating automated liquid handling in the separation workflow of extracellular vesicles enhances specificity and reproducibility. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:157. [PMID: 37208684 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EV) are extensively studied in human body fluids as potential biomarkers for numerous diseases. Major impediments of EV-based biomarker discovery include the specificity and reproducibility of EV sample preparation as well as intensive manual labor. We present an automated liquid handling workstation for the density-based separation of EV from human body fluids and compare its performance to manual handling by (in)experienced researchers. RESULTS Automated versus manual density-based separation of trackable recombinant extracellular vesicles (rEV) spiked in PBS significantly reduces variability in rEV recovery as quantified by fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis and ELISA. To validate automated density-based EV separation from complex body fluids, including blood plasma and urine, we assess reproducibility, recovery, and specificity by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and transmission electron microscopy. Method reproducibility is the highest in the automated procedure independent of the matrix used. While retaining (in urine) or enhancing (in plasma) EV recovery compared to manual liquid handling, automation significantly reduces the presence of body fluid specific abundant proteins in EV preparations, including apolipoproteins in plasma and Tamm-Horsfall protein in urine. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, automated liquid handling ensures cost-effective EV separation from human body fluids with high reproducibility, specificity, and reduced hands-on time with the potential to enable larger-scale biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Van Dorpe
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lien Lippens
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robin Boiy
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cláudio Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Glenn Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pekka Rappu
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Philippe Tummers
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Gynecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannelore Denys
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Hendrix
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Bian J, Gobalasingham N, Purchel A, Lin J. The Power of Field-Flow Fractionation in Characterization of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104169. [PMID: 37241911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a gentle, flexible, and powerful separation technique that is widely utilized for fractionating nanometer-sized analytes, which extend to many emerging nanocarriers for drug delivery, including lipid-, virus-, and polymer-based nanoparticles. To ascertain quality attributes and suitability of these nanostructures as drug delivery systems, including particle size distributions, shape, morphology, composition, and stability, it is imperative that comprehensive analytical tools be used to characterize the native properties of these nanoparticles. The capacity for AF4 to be readily coupled to multiple online detectors (MD-AF4) or non-destructively fractionated and analyzed offline make this technique broadly compatible with a multitude of characterization strategies, which can provide insight on size, mass, shape, dispersity, and many other critical quality attributes. This review will critically investigate MD-AF4 reports for characterizing nanoparticles in drug delivery, especially those reported in the last 10-15 years that characterize multiple attributes simultaneously downstream from fractionation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bian
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nemal Gobalasingham
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Anatolii Purchel
- Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6330 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | - Jessica Lin
- Genentech Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Sharafeldin M, Yan S, Jiang C, Tofaris GK, Davis JJ. Alternating Magnetic Field-Promoted Nanoparticle Mixing: The On-Chip Immunocapture of Serum Neuronal Exosomes for Parkinson's Disease Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7906-7913. [PMID: 37167073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of cargo proteins in exosome subpopulations has considerable value in diagnostics but a translatable impact has been limited by lengthy or complex exosome extraction protocols. We describe herein a scalable, fast, and low-cost exosome extraction using an alternating (AC) magnetic field to support the dynamic mixing of antibody-coated magnetic beads (MBs) with serum samples within 3D-printed microfluidic chips. Zwitterionic polymer-coated MBs are, specifically, magnetically agitated and support ultraclean exosome capture efficiencies >70% from <50 μL of neat serum in 30 min. Applied herein to the immunocapture of neuronal exosomes using anti-L1CAM antibodies, prior to the array-based assaying of α-synuclein (α-syn) content by a standard duplex electrochemical sandwich ELISA, sub pg/mL detection was possible with an excellent coefficient of variation and a sample-to-answer time of ∼75 min. The high performance and semiautomation of this approach hold promise in underpinning low-cost Parkinson's disease diagnostics and is of value in exosomal biomarker analyses more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Shijun Yan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, U.K
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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Ruiz-Jimenez J, Raskala S, Tanskanen V, Aattela E, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Evaluation of VOCs from fungal strains, building insulation materials and indoor air by solid phase microextraction arrow, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and machine learning approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 224:115494. [PMID: 36804318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction Arrow and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry allowed the collection and evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by fungal cultures from building insulation materials and in indoor air. Principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis and supported vector machine were used for visualization and statistical assessment of differences between samples. In addition, a screening tool based on the soft independent modelling of class analogies (SIMCA) was developed for identification of fungal contamination of indoor air. Ten different fungal strains, incubated under ambient and microaerophilic conditions, were analyzed for time period ranging from 5 to 29 days after inoculation resulting in a total of 140 samples. In addition, the effect of additives on the fungal growing media was studied. The total number of compounds and concentration values were used for the evaluation of the results. Clear differences were observed for VOC profiles emitted by different fungal strains by exploiting long chain alcohols (3-octanol, 1-hexanol and 2-octen-1-ol) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene, cuprene). The analysis of glass-wool and cellulose based building insulation materials (3 samples) gave clear differences, mainly for oxygenated compounds (ethyl acetate and hexanal) and benzenoids (benzaldehyde). Moreover, the comparison of indoor air and insulation materials collected from a house with fungal indoor air problems indicated that 42% of the VOCs were found in both samples. The analysis of 52 indoor air samples demonstrated clear differences in their VOC profiles, especially for hydrocarbons, and between control (44 samples) and indoor air problem houses (8 samples). Finally, the SIMCA model enabled to recognize differences between control and fungi contaminated houses with a prediction capacity over 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ruiz-Jimenez
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sanni Raskala
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ville Tanskanen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland
| | | | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Aalto University, Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Riekkola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, Finland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Zheng F, Wang J, Wang D, Yang Q. Clinical Application of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Gynecologic Malignancy Treatments. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15071984. [PMID: 37046644 PMCID: PMC10093031 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are the key mediators of intercellular communication. They have the potential for clinical use as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers and have been explored as vectors for drug delivery. Identification of reliable and noninvasive biomarkers, such as sEVs, is important for early diagnosis and precise treatment of gynecologic diseases to improve patient prognosis. Previous reviews have summarized routine sEVs isolation and identification methods; however, novel and unconventional methods have not been comprehensively described. This review summarizes a convenient method of isolating sEVs from body fluids and liquid biopsy-related sEV markers for early, minimally invasive diagnosis of gynecologic diseases. In addition, the characteristics of sEVs as drug carriers and in precision treatment and drug resistance are introduced, providing a strong foundation for identifying novel and potential therapeutic targets for sEV therapy. We propose potential directions for further research on the applications of sEVs in the diagnosis and treatment of gynecologic diseases.
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13
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Neumair J, D'Ercole C, De March M, Elsner M, Seidel M, de Marco A. Macroporous Epoxy-Based Monoliths Functionalized with Anti-CD63 Nanobodies for Effective Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles in Urine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076131. [PMID: 37047104 PMCID: PMC10094263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have enormous potential for the implementation of liquid biopsy and as effective drug delivery means, but the fulfilment of these expectations requires overcoming at least two bottlenecks relative to their purification, namely the finalization of reliable and affordable protocols for: (i) EV sub-population selective isolation and (ii) the scalability of their production/isolation from complex biological fluids. In this work, we demonstrated that these objectives can be achieved by a conceptually new affinity chromatography platform composed of a macroporous epoxy monolith matrix functionalized with anti-CD63 nanobodies with afflux of samples and buffers regulated through a pump. Such a system successfully captured and released integral EVs from urine samples and showed negligible unspecific binding for circulating proteins. Additionally, size discrimination of eluted EVs was achieved by different elution approaches (competitive versus pH-dependent). The physical characteristics of monolith material and the inexpensive production of recombinant nanobodies make scaling-up the capture unit feasible and affordable. Additionally, the availability of nanobodies for further specific EV biomarkers will allow for the preparation of monolithic affinity filters selective for different EV subclasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Neumair
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia D'Ercole
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, P.O. Box 301, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Matteo De March
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, P.O. Box 301, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Seidel
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ario de Marco
- Laboratory of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska Cesta 13, P.O. Box 301, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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14
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Vyas KS, Kaufman J, Munavalli GS, Robertson K, Behfar A, Wyles SP. Exosomes: the latest in regenerative aesthetics. Regen Med 2023; 18:181-194. [PMID: 36597716 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative aesthetics is a burgeoning field for skin rejuvenation and skin health restoration. Exosomes, or extracellular vesicles, represent a new and minimally invasive addition to the regenerative aesthetic toolbox. These nano-sized vesicles contain bioactive cargo with crucial roles in intercellular communication. Exosome technology, while still in its infancy, is now leveraged in regenerative aesthetic medicine due to its multifaceted role in targeting root causes of skin aging and improving overall tissue homeostasis. The main considerations for practice utilization include variation in exosome purification, isolation, storage, scalability and reproducibility. This review aims at highlighting the current and emerging landscape of exosomes in aesthetic medicine including skin rejuvenation and hair restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Vyas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joely Kaufman
- Skin Associates of South Florida & Skin Research Institute, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Girish S Munavalli
- Dermatology, Laser, & Vein Specialists of the Carolinas, Charlotte, NC 28207, USA
| | | | - Atta Behfar
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Saranya P Wyles
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Robinson H, Roberts MJ, Gardiner RA, Hill MM. Extracellular vesicles for precision medicine in prostate cancer - Is it ready for clinical translation? Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 89:18-29. [PMID: 36681206 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biofluid-based biomarker tests hold great promise for precision medicine in prostate cancer (PCa) clinical practice. Extracellular vesicles (EV) are established as intercellular messengers in cancer development with EV cargos, including protein and nucleic acids, having the potential to serve as biofluid-based biomarkers. Recent clinical studies have begun to evaluate EV-based biomarkers for PCa diagnosis, prognosis, and disease/therapy resistance monitoring. Promising results have led to PCa EV biomarker validation studies which are currently underway with the next challenge being translation to robust clinical assays. However, EV research studies generally use low throughput EV isolation methods and costly molecular profiling technologies that are not suitable for clinical assays. Here, we consider the technical hurdles in translating EV biomarker research findings into precise and cost-effective clinical biomarker assays. Novel microfluidic devices coupling EV extraction with sensitive antibody-based biomarker detection are already being explored for point-of-care applications for rapid provision in personalised medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harley Robinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Roberts
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert A Gardiner
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Wei S, Chi X, Yan X, Lv H, Zhao L, Zhao L. Combination of size-exclusion chromatography and ion exchange adsorption for improving the proteomic analysis of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200364. [PMID: 36624553 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane vesicles released by live cells that carry a variety of biomolecules, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Recently, proteins in plasma-derived EVs have emerged as novel biomarkers with essential functions in the diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. However, the current methods of isolating EVs from plasma often lead to coisolated impurities in biological fluids. Therefore, before performing any research protocol, the process of extracting EVs from plasma for proteomic analysis must be optimized. In this study, two EV isolation strategies, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and SEC combined with ion exchange adsorption (SEC + IEA), were compared in terms of the purity and quantity of protein in EVs. Our results demonstrated that, compared to single-step SEC, SEC combined with IEA could produce plasma-derived EVs with a higher purity by decreasing the abundance of lipoprotein. Additionally, with MS analysis, we demonstrated that the combination approach maintained the stability and improved the purity of EVs in many plasma samples. Furthermore, by combining SEC with IEA, more cancer-associated proteins were detected in the plasma of various cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Wang
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Li
- The Center for Heart Development, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Sisi Wei
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xiuping Chi
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Xi Yan
- Clinical Laboratory, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Huilai Lv
- Thoracic Surgery, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
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17
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Wiedmer SK, Multia E, Liangsupree T, Riekkola ML. Automated On-Line Isolation and Fractionation Method for Subpopulations of Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2668:99-108. [PMID: 37140792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3203-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) with selective antibodies immobilized on polymeric monolithic disk columns enables selective isolation of biomacromolecules from human plasma, while asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF or AF4) can be used for further fractionation of relevant subpopulations of biomacromolecules (e.g., small dense low-density lipoproteins, exomeres, and exosomes) from the isolates. Here we describe how the isolation and fractionation of subpopulations of extracellular vesicles can be achieved without the presence of lipoproteins using on-line coupled IAC-AsFlFFF. With the developed methodology, it is possible to have fast, reliable, and reproducible automated isolation and fractionation of challenging biomacromolecules from human plasma with a high purity and high yields of subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgen Multia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Advancement and obstacles in microfluidics-based isolation of extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1265-1285. [PMID: 36284018 PMCID: PMC9928917 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
There is a great need for techniques which enable reproducible separation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from biofluids with high recovery, purity and throughput. The development of new techniques for isolation of EVs from minute sample volumes is instrumental in enabling EV-based biomarker profiling in large biobank cohorts and paves the way to improved diagnostic profiles in precision medicine. Recent advances in microfluidics-based devices offer a toolbox for separating EVs from small sample volumes. Microfluidic devices that have been used in EV isolation utilise different fundamental principles and rely largely on benefits of scaling laws as the biofluid processing is miniaturised to chip level. Here, we review the progress in the practicality and performance of both passive devices (such as mechanical filtering and hydrodynamic focusing) and active devices (using magnetic, electric or acoustic fields). As it stands, many microfluidic devices isolate intact EV populations at higher purities than centrifugation, precipitation or size-exclusion chromatography. However, this comes at a cost. We address challenges (in particular low throughput, clogging risks and ability to process biofluids) and highlight the need for more improvements in microfluidic devices. Finally, we conclude that there is a need to refine and standardise these lab-on-a-chip techniques to meet the growing interest in the diagnostic and therapeutic value of purified EVs.
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19
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Comparison of Different Isolation Methods for Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Hyperlipidemia. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111942. [PMID: 36431076 PMCID: PMC9692895 DOI: 10.3390/life12111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are commonly found in human body fluids and can reflect current physiological conditions of human body and act as biomarkers of disease. The quality of isolated extracellular vesicles facilitates the early diagnosis of various diseases accompanied by hyperlipidemia. Nonetheless, there are no reports on which special methods are suitable for isolating extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with hyperlipidemia. Thus, this study compared three different research-based extracellular vesicle isolation approaches, namely ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and determined which of them was the most effective method. We selected blood samples from 12 patients with clinically diagnosed hyperlipidemia and isolated plasma-derived extracellular vesicles using three methods. The morphology of the isolated extracellular vesicles was observed using transmission electron microscopy, while the concentration was detected by asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation and multi-angle light scattering. Marker proteins were identified by Western blotting, and protein composition was evaluated by silver staining. Both determined the contaminations in the extracellular vesicle samples. The results showed that the three methods can be successfully used for the isolation of extracellular vesicles. The extracellular vesicles isolated by UC were larger in size, and the yield was much lower. Although the yield of extracellular vesicles isolated by PEG precipitation was greatly improved, the contamination was increased. Of the three methods, only the SEC-isolated extracellular vesicles were characterized by high yield and low contamination. Therefore, our data suggested that the SEC was a more ideal method for isolating extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with hyperlipidemia.
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20
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Lucotti S, Kenific CM, Zhang H, Lyden D. Extracellular vesicles and particles impact the systemic landscape of cancer. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109288. [PMID: 36052513 PMCID: PMC9475536 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular cross talk between cancer cells and stromal and immune cells is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. Extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs) are a heterogeneous class of secreted messengers that carry bioactive molecules and that have been shown to be crucial for this cell-cell communication. Here, we highlight the multifaceted roles of EVPs in cancer. Functionally, transfer of EVP cargo between cells influences tumor cell growth and invasion, alters immune cell composition and function, and contributes to stromal cell activation. These EVP-mediated changes impact local tumor progression, foster cultivation of pre-metastatic niches at distant organ-specific sites, and mediate systemic effects of cancer. Furthermore, we discuss how exploiting the highly selective enrichment of molecules within EVPs has profound implications for advancing diagnostic and prognostic biomarker development and for improving therapy delivery in cancer patients. Altogether, these investigations into the role of EVPs in cancer have led to discoveries that hold great promise for improving cancer patient care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lucotti
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Candia M Kenific
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Haiying Zhang
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - David Lyden
- Children’s Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Meyer Cancer CenterWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
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21
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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22
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Kinetics and interaction studies of anti-tetraspanin antibodies and ICAM-1 with extracellular vesicle subpopulations using continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 206:114151. [PMID: 35259607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was utilized to study binding kinetics between EV subpopulations (exomere- and exosome-sized EVs) and four affinity ligands: monoclonal antibodies against tetraspanins (anti-CD9, anti-CD63, and anti-CD81) and recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or CD54 protein). High purity CD9+, CD63+, and CD81+ EV subpopulations of <50 nm exomeres and 50-80 nm exosomes were isolated and fractionated using our recently developed on-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography - asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation system. Adaptive Interaction Distribution Algorithm (AIDA), specifically designed for the analysis of complex biological interactions, was used with a four-step procedure for reliable estimation of the degree of heterogeneity in rate constant distributions. Interactions between exomere-sized EVs and anti-tetraspanin antibodies demonstrated two interaction sites with comparable binding kinetics and estimated dissociation constants Kd ranging from nM to fM. Exomeres exhibited slightly higher affinity compared to exosomes. The highest affinity with anti-tetraspanin antibodies was achieved with CD63+ EVs. The interaction of EV subpopulations with ICAM-1 involved in cell internalization of EVs was also investigated. EV - ICAM-1 interaction was also of high affinity (nM to pM range) with overall lower affinity compared to the interactions of anti-tetraspanin antibodies and EVs. Our findings proved that QCM is a valuable label-free tool for kinetic studies with limited sample concentration, and that advanced algorithms, such as AIDA, are crucial for proper determination of kinetic heterogeneity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first kinetic study on the interaction between plasma-derived EV subpopulations and anti-tetraspanin antibodies and ICAM-1.
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23
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Ferreira D, Moreira JN, Rodrigues LR. New Advances in Exosome-based Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103628. [PMID: 35189326 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, various drug nano-delivery platforms have emerged to enhance drug effectiveness in cancer treatment. However, their successful translation to clinics have been hampered by unwanted side effects, as well as associated toxicity. Therefore, there is an imperative need for drug delivery vehicles capable of surpassing cellular barriers and also efficiently transfer therapeutic payloads to tumor cells. Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles naturally released from all cells, have been exploited as a favorable delivery vehicle due to their natural role in intracellular communication and biocompatibility. In this review, information on exosome biogenesis, contents, forms of isolation and their natural functions is discussed, further complemented with the various successful methodologies for therapeutic payloads encapsulation, including distinct loading approaches. In addition, grafting of molecules to improve pharmacokinetics, tumor homing-ligands, as well as stimuli-responsive elements to enhance cell specificity are also debated. In the end, the current status of clinical-grade exosome-based therapies is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Ferreira
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine (Polo 1), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra - University of Coimbra, CIBB, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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24
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Ashcroft J, Leighton P, Elliott TR, Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML, Kosmoliaptsis V. Extracellular vesicles in kidney transplantation: a state-of-the-art review. Kidney Int 2021; 101:485-497. [PMID: 34838864 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for patients with kidney failure; however, early detection and timely treatment of graft injury remain a challenge. Precise and noninvasive techniques of graft assessment and innovative therapeutics are required to improve kidney transplantation outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles with unique biosignatures and immunomodulatory potential, functioning as intermediaries of cell signalling. Promising evidence exists for the potential of EVs to develop precision diagnostics of graft dysfunction, and prognostic biomarkers for clinician decision making. The inherent targeting characteristics of EVs and their low immunogenic and toxicity profiles combined with their potential as vehicles for drug delivery make them ideal targets for development of therapeutics to improve kidney transplant outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current evidence for EVs in kidney transplantation, discuss common methodological principles of EV isolation and characterization, explore upcoming innovative approaches in EV research, and discuss challenges and opportunities to enable translation of research findings into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Ashcroft
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Philippa Leighton
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tegwen R Elliott
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael L Nicholson
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vasilis Kosmoliaptsis
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Organ Donation and Transplantation, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are described as membranous vesicles that are secreted by various cell types. EVs can be categorised as exosomes, ectosomes, apoptotic bodies, large oncosomes and migrasomes. EVs are heterogeneous in nature according to their origin, mode of release, size, and biochemical contents. Herein, we discuss a recently discovered subpopulation of EVs called 'exomeres'. Unlike the other subtypes of EVs, exomeres are defined as non-membranous nanovesicles with a size ≤50 nm. They can be isolated using asymmetric-flow field-flow fractionation as well as ultracentrifugation. The cargo of exomeres are beginning to be unravelled and are highlighted to be enriched with proteins implicated in regulating metabolic pathways. Consistent with other types of EVs, exomeres also contain nucleic acids and lipids which can be delivered to recipient cells. These discoveries highlight the complex heterogeneity of EVs and thereby necessitates further attention to understand the nature of each subpopulation more exclusively. Overall, this chapter describes the current knowledge on exomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Anand
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monisha Samuel
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Marassi V, Maggio S, Battistelli M, Stocchi V, Zattoni A, Reschiglian P, Guescini M, Roda B. An ultracentrifugation - hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation orthogonal approach for the purification and mapping of extracellular vesicle subtypes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1638:461861. [PMID: 33472105 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the course of their life span, cells release a multitude of different vesicles in the extracellular matrix (EVs), constitutively and/or upon stimulation, carrying signals either inside or on their membrane for intercellular communication. As a natural delivery tool, EVs present many desirable advantages, such as biocompatibility and low toxicity. However, due to the complex biogenesis of EVs and their high heterogeneity in size distribution and composition, the characterization and quantification of EVs and their subpopulations still represents an enticing analytical challenge. Centrifugation methods allow to obtain different subpopulations in an easy way from cell culture conditioned medium and biological fluids including plasma, amniotic fluid and urine, but they still present some drawbacks and limitations. An unsatisfactory isolation can limit their downstream analysis and lead to wrong conclusions regarding biological activities. Isolation and characterization of biologically relevant nanoparticles like EVs is crucial to investigate specific molecular and signaling patterns and requires new combined approaches. Our work was focused on HF5 (miniaturized, hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation), and its hyphenation to ultracentrifugation techniques, which are the most assessed techniques for vesicle isolation. We exploited model samples obtained from culture medium of murine myoblasts (C2C12), known to release different subsets of membrane-derived vesicles. Large and small EVs (LEVs and SEVs) were isolated by differential ultracentrifugation (UC). Through an HF5 method employing UV, fluorescence and multi-angle laser scattering as detectors, we characterized these subpopulations in terms of size, abundance and DNA/protein content; moreover, we showed that microvesicles tend to hyper-aggregate and partially release nucleic matter. The quali-quantitative information we obtained from the fractographic profiles was improved with respect to Nano Tracking Analysis (NTA) estimation. The SEV population was then further separated using density gradient centrifugation (DGC), and four fractions were submitted again to HF5-multidetection. This technique is based on a fully orthogonal principle, since F4 does not separate by density, and provided uncorrelated information for each of the fractions processed. The "second dimension" achieved with HF5 showed good promise in sorting particles with both different size and content, and allowed to identify the presence of fibrilloid nucleic matter. This analytical bidimensional approach proved to be effective for the characterization of highly complex biological samples such as mixtures of EVs and could provide purified fractions for further biological characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Marassi
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Maggio
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michela Battistelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Vilberto Stocchi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Zattoni
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reschiglian
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Guescini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Barbara Roda
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; byFlow srl, Bologna, Italy
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