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F Shida J, Ma K, Toll HW, Salinas O, Ma X, Peng CS. Multicolor Long-Term Single-Particle Tracking Using 10 nm Upconverting Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4194-4201. [PMID: 38497588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Single-particle tracking (SPT) is a powerful technique to unveil molecular behaviors crucial to the understanding of many biological processes, but it is limited by factors such as probe photostability and spectral orthogonality. To overcome these limitations, we develop upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), which are photostable over several hours at the single-particle level, enabling long-term multicolor SPT. We investigate the brightness of core-shell UCNPs as a function of inert shell thickness to minimize particle size while maintaining sufficient signal for SPT. We explore different rare-earth dopants to optimize for the brightest probes and find that UCNPs doped with 2% Tm3+/30% Yb3+, 10% Er3+/90% Yb3+, and 15% Tm3+/85% Yb3+ represent the optimal probes for blue, green, and near-infrared emission, respectively. The multiplexed 10 nm probes enable three-color single-particle tracking on live HeLa cells for tens of minutes using a single, near-infrared excitation source. These photostable and multiplexed probes open new avenues for numerous biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- João F Shida
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kaibo Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Harrison W Toll
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Omar Salinas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chunte Sam Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Cai J, Peng J, Feng J, Li R, Ren P, Zang X, Wu Z, Lu Y, Luo L, Hu Z, Wang J, Dai X, Zhao P, Wang J, Yan M, Liu J, Deng R, Wang D. Antioxidant hepatic lipid metabolism can be promoted by orally administered inorganic nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3643. [PMID: 37339977 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of inorganic nanoparticles in living organisms can cause an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. Low doses of nanoparticles have shown possibilities to induce moderate ROS increases and lead to adaptive responses of biological systems, but beneficial effects of such responses on metabolic health remain elusive. Here, we report that repeated oral administrations of various inorganic nanoparticles, including TiO2, Au, and NaYF4 nanoparticles at low doses, can promote lipid degradation and alleviate steatosis in the liver of male mice. We show that low-level uptake of nanoparticles evokes an unusual antioxidant response in hepatocytes by promoting Ces2h expression and consequently enhancing ester hydrolysis. This process can be implemented to treat specific hepatic metabolic disorders, such as fatty liver in both genetic and high-fat-diet obese mice without causing observed adverse effects. Our results demonstrate that low-dose nanoparticle administration may serve as a promising treatment for metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
| | - Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Juan Feng
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Ruocheng Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Peng Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Xinwei Zang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Zezong Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaomeng Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Mi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China
| | - Renren Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, PR China.
| | - Diming Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Dairy Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, PR China.
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Kim J, Park HS, Ahn Y, Cho YJ, Shin HH, Hong KS, Nam SH. Universal Emission Characteristics of Upconverting Nanoparticles Revealed by Single-Particle Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:648-656. [PMID: 36565305 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been extensively investigated for nanophotonics and biomedical applications. However, establishing a unified view of their emission characteristics to elucidate the underlying photophysics and expand the application fields of these materials is a great challenge due to their sophisticated internal energy transfer and lack of standardized single-particle spectroscopy (SPS) platform. Here, we present an SPS technique called multiband single-particle irradiance-dependent imaging (multiband SPIDI). We demonstrate that the emission characteristics of Yb3+,Tm3+-doped UCNPs are universal for three emission bands over a wide range of irradiance and dependent on the Tm3+ doping concentration, indicating that the number of emitted photons of each band is proportional to the number of activator ions and is dependent on the number of absorbed photons and the activator interionic distance. We also suggest a cooperative energy transfer upconversion (CETU) mechanism for transition to a higher-energy state through photon accumulation. For a single UCNP, the emission at 800 nm is detectable at an ultralow irradiance of 4.9 W cm-2; moreover, that at 450 nm is measurable at 98 W cm-2, based on the optimal concentration. These findings based on the multiband SPIDI platform can provide insights into the interionic energy transfer by studying irradiance-dependent steady-state dynamics to achieve brighter UCNPs and their broader applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Park
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Ahn
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Joo Cho
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ho Shin
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon34114, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Hong
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju28119, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon34114, Republic of Korea
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Sreenan B, Lee B, Wan L, Zeng R, Zhao J, Zhu X. Review of Mn-Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Time-Resolved Luminescence Biosensing/Imaging. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:17413-17435. [PMID: 36874078 PMCID: PMC9980291 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have been developed for decades and are widely applied in biosensing/imaging. However, their biosensing/imaging applications are mainly based on luminescence-intensity measurement, which suffers from autofluorescence in complex biological samples and thus limits the biosensing/imaging sensitivities. It is expected for these NCs to be further developed to gain luminescence features that can overcome sample autofluorescence. On the other hand, time-resolved luminescence measurement utilizing long-lived-luminescence probes is an efficient technique to eliminate short-lived autofluorescence of samples while recording time-resolved luminescence of the probes for signal measurement after pulsed excitation from a light source. Despite time-resolved measurement being very sensitive, the optical limitations of many of the current long-lived-luminescence probes cause time-resolved measurement to be generally performed in laboratories with bulky and costly instruments. In order to apply highly sensitive time-resolved measurement for in-field or point-of-care (POC) testing, it is essential to develop probes possessing high brightness, low-energy (visible-light) excitation, and long lifetimes of up to milliseconds. Such desired optical features can significantly simplify the design criteria of time-resolved measurement instruments and facilitate the development of low-cost, compact, sensitive instruments for in-field or POC testing. Mn-doped NCs have recently been in rapid development and provide a strategy to solve the challenges faced by both colloidal semiconductor NCs and time-resolved luminescence measurement. In this review, we outline the major achievements in the development of Mn-doped binary and multinary NCs, with emphasis on their synthesis approaches and luminescence mechanisms. Specifically, we demonstrate how researchers approached these obstacles to achieve the aforementioned desired optical properties on the basis of the progressive understanding of Mn emission mechanisms. Afterward, we review representative applications of Mn-doped NCs in time-resolved luminescence biosensing/imaging and present the potential of Mn-doped NCs in advancing time-resolved luminescence biosensing/imaging for in-field or POC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sreenan
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Bryan Lee
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Physics, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ruosheng Zeng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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Mettenbrink EM, Yang W, Wilhelm S. Bioimaging with Upconversion Nanoparticles. ADVANCED PHOTONICS RESEARCH 2022; 3:2200098. [PMID: 36686152 PMCID: PMC9858112 DOI: 10.1002/adpr.202200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioimaging enables the spatiotemporal visualization of biological processes at various scales empowered by a range of different imaging modalities and contrast agents. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) represent a distinct type of such contrast agents with the potential to transform bioimaging due to their unique optical properties and functional design flexibilities. This review explores and discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations that UCNPs exhibit as bioimaging probes and highlights applications with spatial dimensions ranging from the single nanoparticle level to cellular, tissue, and whole animal imaging. We further summarized recent advancements in bioimaging applications enabled by UCNPs, including super-resolution techniques and multimodal imaging methods, and provide a perspective on the future potential of UCNP-based technologies in bioimaging research and clinical translation. This review may provide a valuable resource for researchers interested in exploring and applying UCNP-based bioimaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Mettenbrink
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Wen Yang
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
| | - Stefan Wilhelm
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology (IBEST), University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA
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Wen S, Li D, Liu Y, Chen C, Wang F, Zhou J, Bao G, Zhang L, Jin D. Power-Dependent Optimal Concentrations of Tm 3+ and Yb 3+ in Upconversion Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5316-5323. [PMID: 35675531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have enabled a broad range of emerging nanophotonics and biophotonics applications. Here, we provide a quantitative guide to the optimum concentrations of Yb3+ sensitizer and Tm3+ emitter ions, highly dependent on the excitation power densities. To achieve this, we fabricate the inert-core@active-shell@inert-shell architecture to sandwich the same volume of the optically active section. Our results show that highly doped UCNPs enable an approximately 18-fold enhancement in brightness over that of conventional ones. Increasing the Tm3+ concentration improves the brightness by 6 times and increases the NIR/blue ratio by 11 times, while the increase of Yb3+ concentration enhances the brightness by 3 times and only slightly affects the NIR/blue ratio. Moreover, the optimal doping concentration of Tm3+ varies from 2% to 16%, which is highly dependent on the excitation power density ranging from 102 to 107 W/cm2. This work provides a guideline for designing bright UCNPs under different excitation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Wen
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Du Li
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Chaohao Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Fan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Guochen Bao
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Le Zhang
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices (IBMD), School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- UTS-SUStech Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Jethva P, Momin M, Khan T, Omri A. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Luminescent Nanoparticles-Evolving Role in Bioimaging, Biosensing, and Drug Delivery. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072374. [PMID: 35407706 PMCID: PMC8999924 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upconverting luminescent nanoparticles (UCNPs) are "new generation fluorophores" with an evolving landscape of applications in diverse industries, especially life sciences and healthcare. The anti-Stokes emission accompanied by long luminescence lifetimes, multiple absorptions, emission bands, and good photostability, enables background-free and multiplexed detection in deep tissues for enhanced imaging contrast. Their properties such as high color purity, high resistance to photobleaching, less photodamage to biological samples, attractive physical and chemical stability, and low toxicity are affected by the chemical composition; nanoparticle crystal structure, size, shape and the route; reagents; and procedure used in their synthesis. A wide range of hosts and lanthanide ion (Ln3+) types have been used to control the luminescent properties of nanosystems. By modification of these properties, the performance of UCNPs can be designed for anticipated end-use applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), high-resolution displays, bioimaging, biosensors, and drug delivery. The application landscape of inorganic nanomaterials in biological environments can be expanded by bridging the gap between nanoparticles and biomolecules via surface modifications and appropriate functionalization. This review highlights the synthesis, surface modification, and biomedical applications of UCNPs, such as bioimaging and drug delivery, and presents the scope and future perspective on Ln-doped UCNPs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palak Jethva
- SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Munira Momin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India;
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai 400 056, India
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.K.); (A.O.)
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Fang WK, Liu L, Zhang LL, Liu D, Liu Y, Tang HW. Detection of Amyloid β Oligomers by a Fluorescence Ratio Strategy Based on Optically Trapped Highly Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles-SiO 2@Metal-Organic Framework Microspheres. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12447-12455. [PMID: 34449219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), known as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has had a terrible impact on the health of aged people. Due to its severity, early diagnosis of AD is significant to retard the progress and provide timely treatment. Here, we report a fluorescence ratio detection of AD biomarker amyloid β oligomers (AβOs) by combining highly doped upconversion nanoparticles-SiO2@metal-organic framework/black hole quencher (H-USM/BHQ-1) microspheres with optical tweezer (OT) microscopic imaging. Optical trapping a single microsphere not only avoids the interference of fluid viscosity but also provides a high power density laser source to efficiently stimulate upconversion luminescence (UCL) of highly doped upconversion nanoparticles (H-UCNPs). Under this condition, H-UCNPs show stronger UCL and greater power-dependent properties compared to low-doped ones. Moreover, the closely packed quenching molecules BHQ-1 on a metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) exhibit excellent quenching efficiency for upconversion 525 and 540 nm emission. Also, the luminescent resonance energy transfer efficiency reaches 89.58%. When different concentrations of AβOs are present, the UCL540 recovers due to the decomposition of ZIF-8 and the release of BHQ-1. Using 540 and 654 nm emission ratio of highly doped UCNPs as reporters, the limit of detection reaches 28.4 pM for the quantitative determination of AβOs. Besides, this strategy is able to selectively quantify the AβO concentration. Therefore, we demonstrated the combination of optical trapping and highly doped UCNPs which is applied for the detection of AβOs with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Kai Fang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ling Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wu Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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Li D, Wen S, Kong M, Liu Y, Hu W, Shi B, Shi X, Jin D. Correction to Highly Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles for In Vivo Applications Under Mild Excitation Power. Anal Chem 2021; 93:11346. [PMID: 34351753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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