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Tutol J, Ong WSY, Phelps SM, Peng W, Goenawan H, Dodani SC. Engineering the ChlorON Series: Turn-On Fluorescent Protein Sensors for Imaging Labile Chloride in Living Cells. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:77-86. [PMID: 38292617 PMCID: PMC10823515 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Beyond its role as the "queen of electrolytes", chloride can also serve as an allosteric regulator or even a signaling ion. To illuminate this essential anion across such a spectrum of biological processes, researchers have relied on fluorescence imaging with genetically encoded sensors. In large part, these have been derived from the green fluorescent protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. However, a standalone sensor with a turn-on intensiometric response at physiological pH has yet to be reported. Here, we address this technology gap by building on our discovery of the anion-sensitive fluorescent protein mNeonGreen (mNG). The targeted engineering of two non-coordinating residues, namely K143 and R195, in the chloride binding pocket of mNG coupled with an anion walking screening and selection strategy resulted in the ChlorON sensors: ChlorON-1 (K143W/R195L), ChlorON-2 (K143R/R195I), and ChlorON-3 (K143R/R195L). In vitro spectroscopy revealed that all three sensors display a robust turn-on fluorescence response to chloride (20- to 45-fold) across a wide range of affinities (Kd ≈ 30-285 mM). We further showcase how this unique sensing mechanism can be exploited to directly image labile chloride transport with spatial and temporal resolution in a cell model overexpressing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. Building from this initial demonstration, we anticipate that the ChlorON technology will have broad utility, accelerating the path forward for fundamental and translational aspects of chloride biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine
N. Tutol
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Whitney S. Y. Ong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shelby M. Phelps
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Weicheng Peng
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Helen Goenawan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Sheel C. Dodani
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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2
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Zhang S, Meor Azlan NF, Josiah SS, Zhou J, Zhou X, Jie L, Zhang Y, Dai C, Liang D, Li P, Li Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding K, Wang Y, Zhang J. The role of SLC12A family of cation-chloride cotransporters and drug discovery methodologies. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1471-1495. [PMID: 38223443 PMCID: PMC10785268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 12 (SLC12) of cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) comprises potassium chloride cotransporters (KCCs, e.g. KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4)-mediated Cl- extrusion, and sodium potassium chloride cotransporters (N[K]CCs, NKCC1, NKCC2, and NCC)-mediated Cl- loading. The CCCs play vital roles in cell volume regulation and ion homeostasis. Gain-of-function or loss-of-function of these ion transporters can cause diseases in many tissues. In recent years, there have been considerable advances in our understanding of CCCs' control mechanisms in cell volume regulations, with many techniques developed in studying the functions and activities of CCCs. Classic approaches to directly measure CCC activity involve assays that measure the transport of potassium substitutes through the CCCs. These techniques include the ammonium pulse technique, radioactive or nonradioactive rubidium ion uptake-assay, and thallium ion-uptake assay. CCCs' activity can also be indirectly observed by measuring γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) activity with patch-clamp electrophysiology and intracellular chloride concentration with sensitive microelectrodes, radiotracer 36Cl-, and fluorescent dyes. Other techniques include directly looking at kinase regulatory sites phosphorylation, flame photometry, 22Na+ uptake assay, structural biology, molecular modeling, and high-throughput drug screening. This review summarizes the role of CCCs in genetic disorders and cell volume regulation, current methods applied in studying CCCs biology, and compounds developed that directly or indirectly target the CCCs for disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Nur Farah Meor Azlan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Sunday Solomon Josiah
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhou
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Cuilian Dai
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Aurora Discovery Inc., Foshan, Guangdong, 528300, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266021, China
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institute of Biological Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 363001, China
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Research Center of Chemical Kinomics, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Phelps SM, Tutol JN, Advani D, Peng W, Dodani SC. Unlocking chloride sensing in the red at physiological pH with a fluorescent rhodopsin-based host. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:8460-8463. [PMID: 37337864 PMCID: PMC11136539 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01786a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Chloride is a vital ion for all forms of life. Protein-based fluorescent biosensors can enable researchers to visualize chloride in cells but remain underdeveloped. Here, we demonstrate how a single point mutation in an engineered microbial rhodopsin results in ChloRED-1-CFP. This membrane-bound host is a far-red emitting, ratiometric sensor that provides a reversible readout of chloride in live bacteria at physiological pH, setting the stage to investigate the roles of chloride in diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M Phelps
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Jasmine N Tutol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Deeya Advani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Weicheng Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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Fan N, Zhou Y, Wu L, Wang X, Li P, Liu Z, Zhang W, Zhang W, Tang B. Probing Iron-Mediated Synergistic Change of Cl - and HClO in Liver Cancer Cells with a Dual-Color Fluorescence Reporter. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10659-10668. [PMID: 35857817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ambiguous molecular mechanism remains a leading cause for the high mortality rate of liver cancer. An evident iron overload has been unveiled in liver cancer cell proliferation, which is closely related to oxidative stress. However oxidative stress-regulated chloride intracellular channel protein 1 (CLIC1) obviously increases in liver cancer cells. Cl- is also involved in cell proliferation, and its downstream product, HClO, can induce cell carcinoma when over-generated. However, whether iron overload could mediate the variation of intracellular Cl- and HClO is still uncharted. Herein, we present a dual-responsive fluorescence reporter MQFL-NH2 for simultaneously visualizing the fluctuation of Cl-/HClO at the same spot in living cells. Electrostatic binding to Cl- effectively gave an attenuated signal with blue fluorescence, and HClO induced a sharp green fluorescence. In HL-7702 cells stimulated with iron, the blue/green dual fluorescence of MQFL-NH2 displayed that Cl- and HClO were elevated. In contrast, they were both reduced in iron-removed SMMC-7721 cells. Further results revealed that iron overload could promote the levels of Cl- and HClO by up-regulating CLIC1 and myeloperoxidase. Altogether, the work will energetically contribute to grasp the molecular mechanism in iron overload-mediated pathogenesis of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Lijie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Biomedical Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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5
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Geng C, Zhan J, Hao X, Song W, Lin W. Distinguishing normal and inflammatory models by viscosity changes with sensitively mitochondrial-trackable fluorescent probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 264:120271. [PMID: 34411771 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological microenvironment plays a momentous role in the regulation of various vital activities, and its abnormal changes are often closely related to some diseases. Viscosity, as an indispensable part of microenvironment parameters, has always been one of the research hotspots of investigators. Herein, we constructed a new red-emitting fluorescent probe (HVM) to identify the abnormal situation of mitochondria through viscosity changes in the biological microenvironment. Interestingly, HVM has excellent optical properties such as large stokes shift (160 nm), viscosity sensitivity (195-fold), high photostability, and biochemical properties with low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. For these reasons, the novel probe could successfully be used to identify the normal and inflammatory models via viscosity changes in biological experiments. Therefore, we provided a convenient synthetic route to obtain viscosity sensor HVM with excellent application properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Geng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Jingting Zhan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Xinya Hao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Wenhui Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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6
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Zhou H, Tang Y, Lu H, Zhang Q, Lin W. A High Photostability Mitochondrial Targeted Near-Infrared Dye with Large Stokes Shift and Cell Imaging Application. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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7
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Macreadie LK, Gilchrist AM, McNaughton DA, Ryder WG, Fares M, Gale PA. Progress in anion receptor chemistry. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Xiao X, Li C, Liu Y, Feng Y, Han K, Xiang H, Shi G, Gu H. A ratiometric electrochemical microsensor for monitoring chloride ions in vivo. Analyst 2021; 146:6202-6210. [PMID: 34519726 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01370j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chloride ion (Cl-), the most common anion in animal brain, has been verified to play a vital role in maintaining normal physiological processes. Thus, development of a reliable platform to determine Cl- is of great significance for brain research involving Cl-. In this work, a ratiometric electrochemical microsensor (REM) for the in vivo measurement of cerebral Cl- was designed. To prepare REM, uniform Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) with nano-level sizes were synthesized via an adsorption-reduction process, which served as selective recognition elements for Cl- determination, while methylene blue (MB) was absorbed and acted as an inner reference unit to avoid the environmental interference of complicated brain systems. As a result, this developed REM exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity, as well as good stability, reproducibility and anti-biofouling. This reliable approach was established to monitor Cl- in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Chenchen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
| | - Kai Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Haoyue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Guoyue Shi
- Lab of Biochemical Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China.
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Ma W, Xu B, Sun R, Xu YJ, Ge JF. The application of amide units in the construction of neutral functional dyes for mitochondrial staining. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2524-2531. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To develop a new class of neutral fluorescent dyes with mitochondrial staining capacity, a series of functional dyes were obtained from Nile red (2a–e) and coumarin (3a–e) with different amide compounds via Suzuki coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Bing Xu
- Technology School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Ru Sun
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
| | - Yu-Jie Xu
- Technology School of Radiation Medicine and Protection
- Medical College of Soochow University
- School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
| | - Jian-Feng Ge
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Material Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- China
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