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Quinn A, Ivosev G, Chin J, Mongillo R, Veiga C, Covey TR, Kapinos B, Khunte B, Zhang H, Troutman MD, Liu C. High-Throughput Compound Quality Assessment with High-Mass-Resolution Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: An Automatic Data Processing Toolkit. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8381-8389. [PMID: 38750648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Pharmacological screening heavily relies on the reliability of compound libraries. To ensure the accuracy of screening results, fast and reliable quality control (QC) of these libraries is essential. While liquid chromatography (LC) with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectrometry (MS) detection has been employed for molecule QC on small sample sets, the analytical throughput becomes a bottleneck when dealing with large libraries. Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) is a high-throughput analytical platform that covers a broad range of chemical structural space. In this study, we present the utilization of an AEMS system equipped with a high-resolution MS analyzer for high-throughput compound QC. To facilitate efficient data processing, which is a key challenge for such a high-throughput application, we introduce an automatic data processing toolkit that allows for the high-throughput assessment of the sample standards' quantitative and qualitative characteristics, including purity calculation with the background processing option. Moreover, the toolkit includes a module for quantitatively comparing spectral similarity with the reference library. Integrating the described high-resolution AEMS system with the data processing toolkit effectively eliminates the analytical bottleneck, enabling a rapid and reliable compound quality assessment of large-scale compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alandra Quinn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gordana Ivosev
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Jefferson Chin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- AssayQuant Technologies, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Robert Mongillo
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Cristiano Veiga
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
- Red Hat, Toronto, Ontario M5C 3G8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Brendon Kapinos
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Bhagyashree Khunte
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
- Iambic Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
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2
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Kertesz V, Carper DL, Cahill JF. High-throughput mass spectrometry analysis using immediate drop-on-demand technology coupled with an open port sampling interface. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9687. [PMID: 38212650 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE The sampling throughput of immediate drop-on-demand technology (I.DOT) coupled with an open port sampling interface (OPSI) is limited by software communication. To enable much-needed high-throughput mass spectrometry (MS) analysis capabilities, a novel software was developed that allows for flexible sample selection from a 96-well plate and for maximized analysis throughput using I.DOT/OPSI-MS coupling. METHODS Wells of a 96-well I.DOT plate were filled with propranolol solution and were used to test maximum sampling throughput strategies to minimize analysis time. Demonstration of chemical reaction monitoring was done using acid-catalyzed ring closure of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) with nitrite to form 2,3-naphthotriazole (NAT). Analytes were detected in positive electrospray ionization mode using selected reaction monitoring. RESULTS A maximum throughput of 1.54 s/sample (7.41 min/96-well plate with three technical replicates) was achieved, and it was limited by the peak width of the MS signal resulting in an occasional slight overlap between the peaks. Relative standard deviation was 10 ± 1% with all tested sampling strategies. Chemical reaction monitoring of DAN to NAT using nitrite was successfully accomplished with 2 s/sample throughout showing almost complete transformation in 10 min with no signal overlap. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates the development of a noncontact, automated I.DOT/OPSI-MS system with improved throughput achieved through an optimized software interface. Its achievable analysis time and precision make it a viable approach for drug discovery and in situ reaction monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dana L Carper
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - John F Cahill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Talaty NN, Johnson RW, Sawicki J, Nacham O, Djuric SW. Recent Developments in Mass Spectrometry to Support Next-Generation Synthesis and Screening. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:711-718. [PMID: 37312853 PMCID: PMC10258828 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexity of new therapeutics continues to increase and the timeline for the discovery of these therapeutics continues to shrink. This creates demand for new analytical techniques to facilitate quicker discovery and development of novel drugs. Mass spectrometry is one of the most prolific analytical techniques that has been applied across the entire drug discovery pipeline. New mass spectrometers and the associated methods for sampling have been introduced at a rate that keeps pace with new chemistries, therapeutic types, and screening practices used by modern drug hunters. This microperspective covers application and implementation of new mass spectrometry workflows that enable current and future efforts in screening and synthesis for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari N. Talaty
- Discovery
Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Robert W. Johnson
- Discovery
Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James Sawicki
- Discovery
Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Omprakash Nacham
- Discovery
Platform Technologies, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Stevan W. Djuric
- Discovery
Chemistry and Technology Consulting LLC, New Bern, North Carolina 28562, United States
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4
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Cahill JF, Kertesz V, Saint-Vincent P, Valentino H, Drufva E, Thiele N, Michener JK. High-Throughput Characterization and Optimization of Polyamide Hydrolase Activity Using Open Port Sampling Interface Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37262418 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodegradation of polymers, such as polyamides (PA), has the potential to cost-effectively reduce plastic waste, but enhancements in degradation efficiency are needed. Engineering enzymes through directed evolution is one pathway toward identification of critical domains needed for improving activity. However, screening such enzymatic libraries (100s-to-1000s of samples) is time-consuming. Here we demonstrate the use of robotic autosampler (PAL) and immediate drop on demand technology (I.DOT) liquid handling systems coupled with open-port sampling interface-mass spectrometry (OPSI-MS) to screen for PA6 and PA66 hydrolysis by 6-aminohexanoate-oligomer endo-hydrolase (nylon hydrolase, NylC) in a high-throughput (8-20 s/sample) manner. The OPSI-MS technique required minimal sample preparation and was amenable to 96-well plate formats for automated processing. Enzymatic hydrolysis of PA characteristically produced soluble linear oligomer products that could be identified by OPSI-MS. Incubation temperatures and times were optimized for PA6 (65 °C, 24 h) and PA66 (75 °C, 24 h) over 108 experiments. In addition, the I.DOT/OPSI-MS quantified production of PA6 linear dimer (8.3 ± 1.6 μg/mL) and PA66 linear monomer (13.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL) by NylC with a lower limit of detection of 0.029 and 0.032 μg/mL, respectively. For PA6 and PA66, linear oligomer production corresponded to 0.096 ± 0.018% and 0.204 ± 0.028% conversion of dry pellet mass, respectively. The developed methodology is expected to be utilized to assess enzymatic hydrolysis of engineered enzyme libraries, comprising hundreds to thousands of individual samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Cahill
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Patricia Saint-Vincent
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Hannah Valentino
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Erin Drufva
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Nikki Thiele
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
| | - Joshua K Michener
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6131, United States
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5
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Enhanced chromatographic efficiency obtained with vacuum jacketed columns facilitates the rapid UHPLC/MS/MS-based analysis of fasiglifam in rat plasma. Talanta 2023; 254:124089. [PMID: 36459869 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of vacuum jacketed LC columns (VJC) to minimize on- and post-column band broadening to maximize chromatographic performance has been evaluated as a potential route to improved high throughput (HT) analysis. Here the use of the "VJC" approach has been applied to the HT bioanalysis of the antidiabetic GPR40 agonist drug fasiglifam in rat plasma samples obtained following a 5 mg/kg IV dose. The data obtained from a 1 minute VJC/MS-based analysis showed significant improvements compared to that from a conventional 2 minute UHPLC method for the drug. Notably, using VJC/MS with the rapid 1 min analysis provided a ca. 50% reduction in peak width coupled with a 2-5 fold higher peak response whilst doubling analytical throughput when compared to a conventional UHPLC/MS method. In addition, the increased resolution provided by the VJC system also improved the separation of fasiglifam from common matrix interferences such as co-extracted phospholipids thereby reducing the potential for matrix effects. The concatenation of these improvements suggests that the VJC approach may indeed provide a pathway to more sensitive, robust and high throughput drug bioanalysis, with particular advantages for drug discovery applications.
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6
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Covey T. Where have all the ions gone, long time passing? Tandem quadrupole mass spectrometers with atmospheric pressure ionization sensitivity gains since the mid-1970s. A perspective. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022:e9354. [PMID: 35830299 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The gains in sensitivity since 1975 for quadrupole mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure ionization (API), and in particular triple quadrupole mass spectrometers (QqQs) since 1981, have been driven by the needs of the environmental, biomedical, agricultural, and other scientific research, industrial, regulatory, legal, and sporting communities to continually achieve lower limits of quantitation and identification. QqQs have realized a one-million-fold improvement in sensitivity attempting to address these needs over the past two score years. It is the purpose of this article to describe how that came about, not through an exhaustive review of the literature, but rather by describing what general approaches were used across the industry to improve sensitivity and provide some examples to illustrate its evolution. The majority of the gains came from the ion source and its interface to the vacuum system. "Sampling efficiency" is a measurement of the losses in this area so will be a focus of this review. The discovery of the phenomenon of collisional focusing was key to improving sampling efficiency because it enabled designs that increased the ion-containing gas loads from the ion source, using staged differential pumping backed by increasingly larger pumps, and prevented the scattering losses of ions in the resulting gas expansion inside vacuum. Likewise, systems with smaller pumps and lower ion-containing gas loads could be designed with size and cost reduction in mind while maintaining reasonable sampling efficiencies. As a consequence, advancements in the designs of both larger and smaller turbomolecular vacuum pumps were accelerated by pump manufacturers to accommodate the explosive growth in the use of API-QqQ and API-ion trap mass spectrometers that occurred in the 1990s and continued into the new millennium. Sampling efficiency was further improved by increasing the ion yield from electrospray by increasing the rate of droplet desolvation. An estimate of the practical limit to further sensitivity improvements beyond what has been achieved to date is provided to shed light on what to expect in the future. Lastly, the implications and unforeseen consequences of the sensitivity gains are considered with a particular focus on how they have enabled a dramatic increase in daily sample throughput on triple quadrupole and other types of mass spectrometers.
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7
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Speckmeier E, Pommereau A, Grosser KC, Mors H, Maier TC, Licher T, Bärenz F. A high-throughput screening assay for mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 using acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2022; 27:298-305. [PMID: 35460923 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic droplet ejection mass spectrometry (ADE-MS) has recently emerged as a promising label-free, MS-based readout method for high throughput screening (HTS) campaigns in early pharmaceutical drug discovery, since it enables high-speed analysis directly from 384- or 1536-well plates. In this manuscript we describe our characterization of an ADE-MS based high sample content enzymatic assay for mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) R132H with a strong focus on assay development. IDH1 R132H has become a very attractive therapeutic target in the field of antitumor drug discovery, and several pharmaceutical companies have attempted to develop novel small molecule inhibitors against mutant IDH1. With the development of an mIDH1 ADE-MS based HTS assay and a detailed comparison of this new readout technique to the commonly used fluorescence intensity mIDH1 assay, we demonstrated good correlation of both methods and were able to identify new potent inhibitors of mIDH1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Speckmeier
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany.
| | - Antje Pommereau
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Kay-Christoph Grosser
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Mors
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Thomas C Maier
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Licher
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany
| | - Felix Bärenz
- Sanofi, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Hoechst, Frankfurt am Main, Hessen, Germany.
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8
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Zhang J, Shou W, Weller H, Liu C, Veiga C, Covey T. A Full Scan Data Review Tool to Match the Speed of Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.ib7278q3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS) has recently emerged as the premier ultrahigh-throughput mass spectrometric methodology for drug discovery and related fields. The ultrahigh analytical speed (~1 s/sample) of AEMS has significantly enhanced the efficiency of many high throughput applications. As a result, a data processing and reviewing tool with a matching speed is in high demand for the large amount of data generated, especially for applications such as quality control (QC) of compound collections and high throughput chemistry, where full-scan MS data required convoluted subsequent peak extraction and evaluation. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of a tool developed specifically for this purpose. The process using the tool involved automated splitting of the full scan data to correlate well positions with each signal peak, extraction of expected mass traces, and subsequent peak integration. Data evaluation based on verification rules, such as detected mass accuracy, isotopic pattern, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), enabled a comprehensive assessment of sample quality that was complemented by visualization in the form of a plate heat map generated from the selected rules. The tool demonstrated fast and straightforward data review and reporting and, more importantly, at a matching speed of sample analysis by acoustic ejection mass spectrometry. The choice of data processing and storage over the cloud further facilitated results sharing among data users.
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9
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Liu C. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: Fundamentals and Applications in High-Throughput Drug Discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:775-787. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2084069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
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10
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Towards one sample per second for mass spectrometric screening of engineered microbial strains. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 76:102725. [PMID: 35489307 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories convert renewable feedstocks into desirable chemicals and materials. Due to the lack of predictive modeling, high-throughput screening remains essential for microbial strain engineering. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a label-free modality with superior sensitivity and chemical specificity. Critical advances in improving the throughput of MS assays on complex microbial samples include massively parallel cultivation, robotic sample preparation, and chromatography-free instrumentation. Here, we review the recent development and application of rapid MS assays in screening microbial libraries, achieving or approaching a rate of one sample per second. We conclude with unique challenges associated with MS screening of strain libraries and discuss future solutions.
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11
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Krenkel H, Brown J, Richardson K, Hoyes E, Morris M, Cramer R. Ultrahigh-Throughput Sample Analysis Using Liquid Atmospheric Pressure Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4141-4145. [PMID: 35234449 PMCID: PMC9385107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Mass
spectrometry (MS) allows for automated analysis of complex
samples at high resolution without the need for labeling/derivatization.
Liquid atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
(LAP-MALDI) enables rapid sample preparation and MS analysis using
microtiter-plate formats and high-performing mass spectrometers. We
present a step change in high-speed, large-scale MS sample analysis
of peptides at 20 samples/s and an enzymatic assay at 40 samples/s,
i.e., an order of magnitude faster than current MS platforms. LAP-MALDI
requires only low amounts of sample volume (<2 μL), of which
only a fraction (<1%) is typically consumed, and allows for multiplexing
and high-speed MS/MS analysis, demonstrated at ∼10 samples/s.
Its high ion signal stability and similarity to electrospray ionization
enables CVs below 10% and the analysis of multiply charged peptide
ions at these extreme speeds. LAP-MALDI MS fulfills the speed requirements
for large-scale population diagnostics and compound screening with
the potential of analyzing >1 million samples per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Krenkel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K
| | - Jeffery Brown
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K
| | | | - Emmy Hoyes
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Michael Morris
- Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Rainer Cramer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K
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12
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High-Throughput Analysis from Complex Matrices: Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry from Phase-Separated Fluid Samples. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110789. [PMID: 34822447 PMCID: PMC8618436 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry is a novel high-throughput analytical technology that delivers high reproducibility without carryover observed. It eliminates the chromatography step used to separate analytes from matrix components. Fully-automated liquid–liquid extraction is widely used for sample cleanup, especially in high-throughput applications. We introduce a workflow for direct AEMS analysis from phase-separated liquid samples and explore high-throughput analysis from complex matrices. We demonstrate the quantitative determination of fentanyl from urine using this two-phase AEMS approach, with a LOD lower than 1 ng/mL, quantitation precision of 15%, and accuracy better than ±10% over the range of evaluation (1–100 ng/mL). This workflow offers simplified sample preparation and higher analytical throughput for some bioanalytical applications, in comparison to an LC-MS based approach.
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13
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Shou WZ. Acoustic ejection mass spectrometry: Development, applications, and future perspective. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5278. [PMID: 34741338 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Morato NM, Le MT, Holden DT, Graham Cooks R. Automated High-Throughput System Combining Small-Scale Synthesis with Bioassays and Reaction Screening. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:555-571. [PMID: 34697962 DOI: 10.1177/24726303211047839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Purdue Make It system is a unique automated platform capable of small-scale in situ synthesis, screening small-molecule reactions, and performing direct label-free bioassays. The platform is based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient ionization method that allows for minimal sample workup and is capable of accelerating reactions in secondary droplets, thus conferring unique advantages compared with other high-throughput screening technologies. By combining DESI with liquid handling robotics, the system achieves throughputs of more than 1 sample/s, handling up to 6144 samples in a single run. As little as 100 fmol/spot of analyte is required to perform both initial analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) and further MSn structural characterization. The data obtained are processed using custom software so that results are easily visualized as interactive heatmaps of reaction plates based on the peak intensities of m/z values of interest. In this paper, we review the system's capabilities as described in previous publications and demonstrate its utilization in two new high-throughput campaigns: (1) the screening of 188 unique combinatorial reactions (24 reaction types, 188 unique reaction mixtures) to determine reactivity trends and (2) label-free studies of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase enzyme directly from the bioassay buffer. The system's versatility holds promise for several future directions, including the collection of secondary droplets containing the products from successful reaction screening measurements, the development of machine learning algorithms using data collected from compound library screening, and the adaption of a variety of relevant bioassays to high-throughput MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - MyPhuong T Le
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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15
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Zhang H, Liu C, Hua W, Ghislain LP, Liu J, Aschenbrenner L, Noell S, Dirico KJ, Lanyon LF, Steppan CM, West M, Arnold DW, Covey TR, Datwani SS, Troutman MD. Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry for High-Throughput Analysis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10850-10861. [PMID: 34320311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a mass spectrometry (MS) analytical platform resulting from the novel integration of acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) technology, an open-port interface (OPI), and electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS that creates a transformative system enabling high-speed sampling and label-free analysis. The ADE technology delivers nanoliter droplets in a touchless manner with high speed, precision, and accuracy. Subsequent sample dilution within the OPI, in concert with the capabilities of modern ESI-MS, eliminates the laborious sample preparation and method development required in current approaches. This platform is applied to a variety of experiments, including high-throughput (HT) pharmacology screening, label-free in situ enzyme kinetics, in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, pharmacokinetic and biomarker analysis, and HT parallel medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Wenyi Hua
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lucien P Ghislain
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lisa Aschenbrenner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Stephen Noell
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kenneth J Dirico
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lorraine F Lanyon
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Claire M Steppan
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mike West
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Don W Arnold
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Sammy S Datwani
- Beckman Coulter Life Sciences Inc., San Jose, California 95134, United States
| | - Matthew D Troutman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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16
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Liu C, Van Berkel GJ, Kovarik P, Perot JB, Inguva V, Covey TR. Fluid Dynamics of the Open Port Interface for High-Speed Nanoliter Volume Sampling Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8559-8567. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | | | - Peter Kovarik
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - J. Blair Perot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Venkatesh Inguva
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Thomas R. Covey
- SCIEX, 71 Four Valley Drive, Concord, Ontario L4K 4V8, Canada
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Pu F, Radosevich AJ, Sawicki JW, Chang-Yen D, Talaty NN, Gopalakrishnan SM, Williams JD, Elsen NL. High-Throughput Label-Free Biochemical Assays Using Infrared Matrix-Assisted Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6792-6800. [PMID: 33885291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) can provide high sensitivity and specificity for biochemical assays without the requirement of labels, eliminating the risk of assay interference. However, its use had been limited to lower-throughput assays due to the need for chromatography to overcome ion suppression from the sample matrix. Direct analysis without chromatography has the potential for high throughput if sensitivity is sufficient despite the presence of a matrix. Here, we report and demonstrate a novel direct analysis high-throughput MS system based on infrared matrix-assisted desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) that has a potential acquisition rate of 33 spectra/s. We show the development of biochemical assays in standard buffers for wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), diacylglycerol kinase zeta (DGKζ), and p300 histone acetyltransferase (P300) to demonstrate the suitability of this system for a broad range of high-throughput lead discovery assays. A proof-of-concept pilot screen of ∼3k compounds is also shown for IDH1 and compared to a previously reported fluorescence-based assay. We were able to obtain reliable data at a speed amenable for high-throughput screening of large-scale compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Pu
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Andrew J Radosevich
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - James W Sawicki
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - David Chang-Yen
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nari N Talaty
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Sujatha M Gopalakrishnan
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jon D Williams
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Elsen
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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