1
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Chu F, Zhao G, Wei W, Shuaibu NS, Feng H, Pan Y, Wang X. Wide-energy programmable microwave plasma-ionization for high-coverage mass spectrometry analysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6075. [PMID: 39025871 PMCID: PMC11258349 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50322-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Although numerous ambient ionization mass spectroscopy technologies have been developed over the past 20 years to address diverse analytical circumstances, a single-ion source technique that can handle all analyte types is still lacking. Here, a wide-energy programmable microwave plasma-ionization mass spectrometry (WPMPI-MS) system is presented, through which MS analysis can achieve high coverage of substances with various characteristics by digitally regulating the microwave energy. In addition, ionization energy can be rapidly scanned using programmable waveforms, enabling the simultaneous detection of biomolecules, heavy metals, non-polar molecules, etc., in seconds. WPMPI-MS performs well in analyzing real samples, rapidly analyzing nine toxicological standards in one drop of serum, and demonstrating good quantification and liquid chromatography coupling capability. The WPMPI-MS has also been used to detect soil extracts, solid pharmaceuticals, and landfill leachate, further demonstrating its robust analytical capabilities for real samples. The prospective uses of the technology in biological and chemical analysis are extensive, and it is anticipated to emerge as a viable alternative to commercially available ion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjian Chu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Gaosheng Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Nazifi Sani Shuaibu
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.
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2
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Gao Y, Zhang M, Feng H, Huang K, Xia B, Pan Y. Pulsed Direct Current Arc-Induced Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:6106-6111. [PMID: 38594830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the innovative field of pulsed direct current arc-induced nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DCAI-nano-ESI-MS), which utilizes a low-temperature direct current (DC) arc to induce ESI during MS analyses. By employing a 15 kV output voltage, the DCAI-nano-ESI source effectively identifies various biological molecules, including angiotensin II, bradykinin, cytochrome C, and soybean lecithin, showcasing impressive analyte signals and facilitating multicharge MS in positive- and negative-ion modes. Notably, results show that the oxidation of fatty acids using a DC arc produces [M + O - H]- ions, which aid in identifying the location of C═C bonds in unsaturated fatty acids and distinguishing between isomers based on diagnostic ions observed during collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. This study presents an approach for identifying the sn-1 and sn-2 positions in phosphatidylcholine using phosphatidylcholine and nitrate adduct ions, accurately determining phosphatidylcholine molecular configurations via the Paternò-Büchi reaction. With all the advantages above, DCAI-nano-ESI holds significant promise for future analytical and bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Kaineng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Bing Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
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3
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Yu Y, Jiang J, Hua L, Li X, Li H. Pressure-Driven Switching of Photoelectron Impact Ionization-Chemical Ionization/Penning Ionization in Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5686-5693. [PMID: 38551337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet photoionization (VUV-PI) is a soft ionization technique that operates under pressures ranging from vacuum to ambient pressure. VUV-PI has played an essential role in direct sampling mass spectrometry. In this study, new ionization processes initiated by photoelectrons have been studied through the inclusion of a radio frequency (RF) electric field at different pressures. After deducting the contribution of single photoionization (SPI), the signal intensity of 1 ppmv toluene (C7H8+) in Ar was approximately 5-fold higher than that in N2. Mixed gases with different ionization energies (IEs) and excitation energies (EEs) were further investigated to reveal that metastable species were involved in the enhancement process. Reactant ions were produced by photoelectron impact ionization (PEI), which further triggered ion-molecule reactions, i.e., chemical ionization (CI). Metastable species were produced by photoelectron impact excitation (PEE), which further triggered Penning ionization (PenI). Analytes with IEs above 10.6 eV, such as CO2 (IE = 13.78 eV) and CHCl3 (IE = 11.37 eV), could be sensitively ionized by PenI with a sensitivity comparable to SPI. Except for the contribution of SPI, the dominant ionization process was switched from PEI-CI to PenI when the pressure was elevated from 50 to 500 Pa, as the electron energy gradually decreased and was only able to produce metastable states based on the kinetic energy balance equation of electrons. The conversion processes and conditions from PEI-CI to PenI will provide novel insights to develop new selective and sensitive VUV-PI sources and understand the ionization mechanism in other discharge ionization sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry Technology and Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
- Dalian Key Laboratory for Online Analytical Instrumentation, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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4
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Li X, Huang K. Arc plasma for high-efficiency ionization and scavenging of plasticizers in wrap films. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1716:464663. [PMID: 38262215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Herein, ambient electric arc ionization mass spectrometry was used to examine 16 plasticizers in various wrap films, demonstrating high sensitivity (detection limit: <0.2 ng/mg) and precision (intra-/inter-day precision: <12 %). The ease of operation helps in the identification of wrap film and plasticizer analysis. In addition, the introduction of a cold arc plasma treatment presents a practical and innovative method for effectively eliminating plasticizers. This innovative strategy has implications for both environmental protection and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yijun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Kaineng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, PR China
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5
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Huang K, Zeng H, Li X, Li X, Pan Y, Gao Y. Arc-Induced Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:317-324. [PMID: 38154037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Arc-induced electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (AESI-MS) was developed during which alternating current electrospray is simply achieved through the arc plasma. The AESI source exploits the arc's temperature and charge properties to generate aerosols consisting of charged microdroplets. The electrospray region, in which organic molecules are contained within microdroplets, partially overlaps with the arc plasma region. Guided by the electric field, these molecules undergo ionization, yielding ionic target analytes. AESI represents a soft ionization method that combines the mechanisms of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization, facilitating the ionization of analytes with wide ranging polarities. The precisely targeted spraying area enhances ion entry into the mass analyzer, thereby enabling excellent ionization efficiency. The AESI source exhibits several notable advantages over the electrospray ionization source, including an elevated but comparable level of active species concentrations and types, simplified mass spectra for direct amino acid analysis, high salt tolerance, versatile analysis of compounds with varying polarities, and reliable quantitative analysis of amino acids in complex matrices. Overall, AESI broadens the methodologies employed to generate microdroplets, providing a technological and scientific framework for creating distinctive electrospray ionization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaineng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Xingyue Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310027, P. R. China
| | - Yuanji Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610068, P. R. China
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6
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Bao M, Bai J, Wang Y, Zhu S, Liu Y, Wen T, Zhang J, Ma SC, Guo Y. Plasma-Excited Nebulizer Gas-Assisted Electrospray Ionization: Enhancing the Sensitivity of Pesticide in Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14842-14852. [PMID: 37779463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is widely used in the detection of pesticide residues. However, the detection sensitivity of low-polarity pesticides by commonly used electrospray ionization may be severely suppressed, which greatly affects the limit of detection and repeatability. Herein, a plasma-excited nebulizer gas-assisted electrospray ionization (PENG-ESI) device has been developed. By introducing the discharge plasma formed by Tesla coil into the electrospray nebulizer gas channel, the sensitivity of low-polarity pesticides was significantly increased while maintaining sensitivity to polar pesticides. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection for S-bioallethrin was achieved at the level of 100 pg/g with good linearity (R2 > 0.99) and precision (RSD ≤ 4.61%). The matrix effect of a series of spiked matrix samples is less than 13.1%. Finally, different pyrethroid pesticide residues were successfully analyzed without separation, highlighting that the technology has potential application prospects in food quality control, environmental monitoring, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahui Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Suzhen Zhu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Institute of Zhejiang University, Quzhou, 324000, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, China
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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7
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8
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Ma Z, Gao Y, Chu F, Tong Y, He Y, Li Y, Gao Z, Chen W, Zhang S, Pan Y. Tip-assisted ambient electric arc ionization mass spectrometry for rapid detection of trace organophosphorus pesticides in strawberries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Li Y, Chen J, Meng L, He L, Liu H, Xiong C, Nie Z. Pocket-Size "MasSpec Pointer" for Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13326-13333. [PMID: 34569226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Current ambient ionization sources for mass spectrometry (MS) are typically connected to gas cylinders, high-voltage supply, injection pump, and other accessory equipment, which hinder the popularization of MS in the field of on-site detection. Here, we developed a wireless pocket-size "MasSpec Pointer" (weights 65 g) based on arc discharge powered by a 3.7 V polymer Li battery for ambient ionization MS. A high voltage of 5600 V and 20 kHz was generated from the boost coil to penetrate air and form a plasma. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the high-voltage pulses is 3.8%, leading to a stable discharge and a good quantification performance. A mini diaphragm pump was used to cool the plasma from ∼600 to ∼40 °C and to blow the plasma into a jet, which facilitates sampling. MasSpec Pointer can work well at both positive- and negative-ion modes without any modification and can quickly test gaseous, liquid, or solid samples. The limit of detection of this device for atrazine (an agrochemical) is lower than 0.1 ng/mL. MasSpec Pointer has shown its ability to pinpoint the double-bond location of fatty acid isomers without derivatization reagents or light illumination. Agrochemicals from the surface of an apple and daily chemicals from the surface of a finger were detected successfully using MasSpec Pointer coupled with a miniature mass spectrometer. We believe the "point-and-shoot" device coupled with mini-MS brings the hope for an age of detecting chemicals on-site by nonprofessionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liuying He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Zhu SZ, Zhou BW, Zhang L, Zhang J, Guo YL. Rapid Characterization of Polymer Materials Using Arc Plasma-Based Dissociation-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12480-12486. [PMID: 34474566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprinting spectra of polymer materials containing information of monomers' molecular weight and detailed structure, constituents, and sequences were obtained by a direct analytical process using arc plasma-based dissociation (APD)-mass spectrometry. The thermal arc plasma generated using a simple arc discharge device induces the dissociation of the polymeric backbone, producing mass spectra with strong regularity within seconds. The molecular weight of the repeating unit was revealed by equal intervals between peak series and protonated monomer ions in the mass spectra. Meanwhile, lots of secondary fragment ions were produced to provide abundant structural information. For polyethers, it is even possible to decipher (read) the "sequence" directly from their spectra. Polymers composed of isomers or only differing in their initiator moieties were easily distinguished with their characteristic APD mass spectra. The spectra were highly reproducible according to the results of similarity calculation. Unlike pyrolysis mass spectrometry, in the APD device, polymers in liquid, solid, powder, and crude samples can be analyzed directly without any pretreatment, and the regular spectra are easier to interpret. Compared with other direct analytical methods, more structural informative spectra can be acquired owing to the high energy, high temperature, and unique chemical reactivity of arc plasma. Thus, this technique is promising to be a valuable tool in rapid elucidation of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yin-Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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11
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Gao Y, Li Y, Zhan B, He Q, Zhu H, Chen W, Yin Q, Feng H, Pan Y. Ambient electric arc ionization for versatile sample analysis using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2021; 146:5682-5690. [PMID: 34397059 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, convenient ambient electric arc ionization (AEAI) device was developed as a mass spectrometry ion source for versatile sample analysis. AEAI could be considered as a soft ionization technique in which the protonated ion ([M + H]+) is the main ion species with little or no in-source fragmentation for most analytes. Coupled with a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer, AEAI could be applied to the analysis of a variety of organic compounds having a wide range of polarities, ranging from non-polar species such as polybenzenoid aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to highly polar species such as amino acids. With its versatile capabilities in the mass spectrometric analysis of small molecules, AEAI has the potential to be an alternative to traditional ionization methods such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and electron impact (EI) ionization. The limitations of AEAI are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanji Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Binpeng Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Quan He
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Heping Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Hongru Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, Zhejiang, P. R. China.
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12
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Lee S, Kulyk DS, Marano N, Badu-Tawiah AK. Uncatalyzed N-Alkylation of Amines in Ionic Wind from Ambient Corona Discharge. Anal Chem 2021; 93:2440-2448. [PMID: 33395521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic wind comprising of the drag of bulk air in the presence of electrical discharge enabled N-alkylation reactions under ambient conditions. By introducing reactant vapor as part of the discharge gas during the stages of electron acceleration, both neutral and charged species of the selected organic reactant gain energy through ion-neutral collisions, which is identified to facilitate chemical reactions. By performing this experiment in front of a mass spectrometer, chemical reactions occurring in the ionic wind were examined in real time. Reaction energetics were characterized via the use of benzylamine, which freely dissociates at a critical energy of 3.6 eV to give the resonance-stabilized benzyl cation as reaction intermediate. Benzylamine and many other primary amines were observed to undergo N-alkylation reactions by engaging in self-cross-coupling ion-molecule reactions. Because of the high energies of species involved and the fact that the ionic wind is generated at atmospheric pressure, it was straightforward to collect the ensuing reaction products without the use of complicated instrumentation. Water served as an effective collecting solvent allowing >0.1 mg of intact N-alkylated products to be collected under ambient conditions using a single plasma emitter. A novel N-alkylation reaction pathway involving the synthesis of N-benzyl-1-(methyleneamino)-1-phenylmethanaime was discovered through this offline product collection experiment, providing new insight into benzylamine dissociation in the ionic wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas Marano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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