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Mastos C, Xu X, Keen AC, Halls ML. Signalling of Adrenoceptors: Canonical Pathways and New Paradigms. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 285:147-184. [PMID: 38227198 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The concept of G protein-coupled receptors initially arose from studies of the β-adrenoceptor, adenylyl cyclase, and cAMP signalling pathway. Since then both canonical G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways and emerging paradigms in receptor signalling have been defined by experiments focused on adrenoceptors. Here, we discuss the evidence for G protein coupling specificity of the nine adrenoceptor subtypes. We summarise the ability of each of the adrenoceptors to activate proximal signalling mediators including cAMP, calcium, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and protein kinase C pathways. Finally, we highlight the importance of precise spatial and temporal control of adrenoceptor signalling that is controlled by the localisation of receptors at intracellular membranes and in larger protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Mastos
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alastair C Keen
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Manzano-Covarrubias AL, Yan H, Luu MDA, Gadjdjoe PS, Dolga AM, Schmidt M. Unravelling the signaling power of pollutants. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:917-933. [PMID: 37783643 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants contributes to diverse pathologies, including pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, cancer, and stroke. Pollutants' entry can occur through inhalation, traversing endothelial and epithelial barriers, and crossing the blood-brain barrier, leading to a wide distribution throughout the human body via systemic circulation. Pollutants cause cellular damage by multiple mechanisms encompassing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, (neuro)inflammation, and protein instability/proteotoxicity. Sensing pollutants has added a new dimension to disease progression and drug failure. Understanding the molecular pathways and potential receptor binding/signaling that underpin 'sensing' could contribute to ways to combat the detrimental effects of pollutants. We highlight key points of pollutant signaling, crosstalk with receptors acting as drug targets for chronic diseases, and discuss the potential for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Manzano-Covarrubias
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Minh D A Luu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Phoeja S Gadjdjoe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amalia M Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Kim H, Baek IY, Seong J. Genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for GPCR research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1007893. [PMID: 36247000 PMCID: PMC9559200 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1007893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological cellular processes, thus it is important to understand how GPCRs are activated and function in various cellular contexts. In particular, the activation process of GPCRs is dynamically regulated upon various extracellular stimuli, and emerging evidence suggests the subcellular functions of GPCRs at endosomes and other organelles. Therefore, precise monitoring of the GPCR activation process with high spatiotemporal resolution is required to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of GPCR functions. In this review, we will introduce genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors that can precisely monitor the real-time GPCR activation process in live cells. The process includes the binding of extracellular GPCR ligands, conformational change of GPCR, recruitment of G proteins or β-arrestin, GPCR internalization and trafficking, and the GPCR-related downstream signaling events. We will introduce fluorescent GPCR biosensors based on a variety of strategies such as fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET), bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), circular permuted fluorescent protein (cpFP), and nanobody. We will discuss the pros and cons of these GPCR biosensors as well as their applications in GPCR research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbin Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Yeop Baek
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihye Seong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Balakrishnan A, Hemmen K, Choudhury S, Krohn JH, Jansen K, Friedrich M, Beliu G, Sauer M, Lohse MJ, Heinze KG. Unraveling the hidden temporal range of fast β 2-adrenergic receptor mobility by time-resolved fluorescence. Commun Biol 2022; 5:176. [PMID: 35228644 PMCID: PMC8885909 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are hypothesized to possess molecular mobility over a wide temporal range. Until now the temporal range has not been fully accessible due to the crucially limited temporal range of available methods. This in turn, may lead relevant dynamic constants to remain masked. Here, we expand this dynamic range by combining fluorescent techniques using a spot confocal setup. We decipher mobility constants of β2-adrenergic receptor over a wide time range (nanosecond to second). Particularly, a translational mobility (10 µm²/s), one order of magnitude faster than membrane associated lateral mobility that explains membrane protein turnover and suggests a wider picture of the GPCR availability on the plasma membrane. And a so far elusive rotational mobility (1-200 µs) which depicts a previously overlooked dynamic component that, despite all complexity, behaves largely as predicted by the Saffman-Delbrück model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Balakrishnan
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katherina Hemmen
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susobhan Choudhury
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Hagen Krohn
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jansen
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mike Friedrich
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gerti Beliu
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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Chen Y, Fleetwood O, Pérez-Conesa S, Delemotte L. Allosteric Effect of Nanobody Binding on Ligand-Specific Active States of the β2 Adrenergic Receptor. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:6024-6037. [PMID: 34780174 PMCID: PMC8715506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Nanobody binding
stabilizes G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
in a fully active state and modulates their affinity for bound ligands.
However, the atomic-level basis for this allosteric regulation remains
elusive. Here, we investigate the conformational changes induced by
the binding of a nanobody (Nb80) on the active-like β2 adrenergic
receptor (β2AR) via enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations.
Dimensionality reduction analysis shows that Nb80 stabilizes structural
features of the β2AR with an ∼14 Å outward movement
of transmembrane helix 6 and a close proximity of transmembrane (TM)
helices 5 and 7, and favors the fully active-like conformation of
the receptor, independent of ligand binding, in contrast to the conditions
under which no intracellular binding partner is bound, in which case
the receptor is only stabilized in an intermediate-active state. This
activation is supported by the residues located at hotspots located
on TMs 5, 6, and 7, as shown by supervised machine learning methods.
Besides, ligand-specific subtle differences in the conformations assumed
by intracellular loop 2 and extracellular loop 2 are captured from
the trajectories of various ligand-bound receptors in the presence
of Nb80. Dynamic network analysis further reveals that Nb80 binding
triggers tighter and stronger local communication networks between
the Nb80 and the ligand-binding sites, primarily involving residues
around ICL2 and the intracellular end of TM3, TM5, TM6, as well as
ECL2, ECL3, and the extracellular ends of TM6 and TM7. In particular,
we identify unique allosteric signal transmission mechanisms between
the Nb80-binding site and the extracellular domains in conformations
modulated by a full agonist, BI167107, and a G-protein-biased partial
agonist, salmeterol, involving mainly TM1 and TM2, and TM5, respectively.
Altogether, our results provide insights into the effect of intracellular
binding partners on the GPCR activation mechanism, which should be
taken into account in structure-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Oliver Fleetwood
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sergio Pérez-Conesa
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lucie Delemotte
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Solna, Sweden
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