1
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Liang X, Karnaukh KM, Zhao L, Seshadri S, DuBose AJ, Bailey SJ, Cao Q, Cooper M, Xu H, Haggmark M, Helgeson ME, Gordon M, Luzzatto-Fegiz P, Read de Alaniz J, Zhu Y. Dynamic Manipulation of Droplets on Liquid-Infused Surfaces Using Photoresponsive Surfactant. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:684-694. [PMID: 38559290 PMCID: PMC10979485 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Fast and programmable transport of droplets on a substrate is desirable in microfluidic, thermal, biomedical, and energy devices. Photoresponsive surfactants are promising candidates to manipulate droplet motion due to their ability to modify interfacial tension and generate "photo-Marangoni" flow under light stimuli. Previous works have demonstrated photo-Marangoni droplet migration in liquid media; however, migration on other substrates, including solid and liquid-infused surfaces (LIS), remains an outstanding challenge. Moreover, models of photo-Marangoni migration are still needed to identify optimal photoswitches and assess the feasibility of new applications. In this work, we demonstrate 2D droplet motion on liquid surfaces and on LIS, as well as rectilinear motion in solid capillary tubes. We synthesize photoswitches based on spiropyran and merocyanine, capable of tension changes of up to 5.5 mN/m across time scales as short as 1.7 s. A millimeter-sized droplet migrates at up to 5.5 mm/s on a liquid, and 0.25 mm/s on LIS. We observe an optimal droplet size for fast migration, which we explain by developing a scaling model. The model also predicts that faster migration is enabled by surfactants that maximize the ratio between the tension change and the photoswitching time. To better understand migration on LIS, we visualize the droplet flow using tracer particles, and we develop corresponding numerical simulations, finding reasonable agreement. The methods and insights demonstrated in this study enable advances for manipulation of droplets for microfluidic, thermal and water harvesting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Liang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Kseniia M. Karnaukh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Serena Seshadri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Austin J. DuBose
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Sophia J. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Qixuan Cao
- Department
of Physics, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Marielle Cooper
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Hao Xu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Haggmark
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Michael Gordon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California
at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Paolo Luzzatto-Fegiz
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Yangying Zhu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
California at Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
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2
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Ueno H, Sano M, Hara M, Noji H. Digital Cascade Assays for ADP- or ATP-Producing Enzymes Using a Femtoliter Reactor Array Device. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3400-3407. [PMID: 37590841 PMCID: PMC10521141 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Digital enzyme assays are emerging biosensing methods for highly sensitive quantitative analysis of biomolecules with single-molecule detection sensitivity. However, current digital enzyme assays require a fluorogenic substrate for detection, which limits the applicability of this method to certain enzymes. ATPases and kinases are representative enzymes for which fluorogenic substrates are not available; however, these enzymes form large domains and play a central role in biology. In this study, we implemented a fluorogenic cascade reaction in a femtoliter reactor array device to develop a digital bioassay platform for ATPases and kinases. The digital cascade assay enabled quantitative measurement of the single-molecule activity of F1-ATPase, the catalytic portion of ATP synthase. We also demonstrated a digital assay for human choline kinase α. Furthermore, we developed a digital cascade assay for ATP-synthesizing enzymes and demonstrated a digital assay for pyruvate kinase. These results show the high versatility of this assay platform. Thus, the digital cascade assay has great potential for the highly sensitive detection and accurate characterization of various ADP- and ATP-producing enzymes, such as kinases, which may serve as disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mio Sano
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Digital Bioanalysis Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Mayu Hara
- Department of Applied Chemistry,
Graduate School of Engineering, The University
of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Digital Bioanalysis Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Yasuura M, Tan ZL, Horiguchi Y, Ashiba H, Fukuda T. Improvement of Sensitivity and Speed of Virus Sensing Technologies Using nm- and μm-Scale Components. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6830. [PMID: 37571612 PMCID: PMC10422600 DOI: 10.3390/s23156830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Various viral diseases can be widespread and cause severe disruption to global society. Highly sensitive virus detection methods are needed to take effective measures to prevent the spread of viral infection. This required the development of rapid virus detection technology to detect viruses at low concentrations, even in the biological fluid of patients in the early stages of the disease or environmental samples. This review describes an overview of various virus detection technologies and then refers to typical technologies such as beads-based assay, digital assay, and pore-based sensing, which are the three modern approaches to improve the performance of viral sensing in terms of speed and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yasuura
- Sensing System Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Ibaraki, Japan; (Z.L.T.); (Y.H.); (H.A.); (T.F.)
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4
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Fan W, Dong Y, Ren W, Liu C. Single microentity analysis-based ultrasensitive bioassays: Recent advances, applications, and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Sakuma M, Honda S, Ueno H, Tabata KV, Miyazaki K, Tokuriki N, Noji H. Genetic Perturbation Alters Functional Substates in Alkaline Phosphatase. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2806-2814. [PMID: 36706363 PMCID: PMC9912328 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes inherently exhibit molecule-to-molecule heterogeneity in their conformational and functional states, which is considered to be a key to the evolution of new functions. Single-molecule enzyme assays enable us to directly observe such multiple functional states or functional substates. Here, we quantitatively analyzed functional substates in the wild-type and 69 single-point mutants of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase by employing a high-throughput single-molecule assay with a femtoliter reactor array device. Interestingly, many mutant enzymes exhibited significantly heterogeneous functional substates with various types, while the wild-type enzyme showed a highly homogeneous substate. We identified a correlation between the degree of functional substates and the level of improvement in promiscuous activities. Our work provides much comprehensive evidence that the functional substates can be easily altered by mutations, and the evolution toward a new catalytic activity may involve the modulation of the functional substates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Sakuma
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan,Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British
Columbia, British
ColumbiaV6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Shingo Honda
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Kazuhito V. Tabata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Kentaro Miyazaki
- International
Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Suita565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Tokuriki
- Michael
Smith Laboratories, The University of British
Columbia, British
ColumbiaV6T1Z4, Canada,
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan,
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6
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Minagawa Y, Nakata S, Date M, Ii Y, Noji H. On-Chip Enrichment System for Digital Bioassay Based on Aqueous Two-Phase System. ACS NANO 2023; 17:212-220. [PMID: 36579744 PMCID: PMC9835982 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We developed an on-chip enrichment method based on an aqueous two-phase system of dextran/polyethylene glycol mix, DEX/PEG ATPS, for digital bioassay. Accordingly, we prepared an array device of femtoliter reactors that displays millions of uniformly shaped DEX-rich droplets under a PEG-rich medium. The DEX-rich droplets effectively enriched DNA molecules from the PEG-rich medium. To quantify the enrichment power of the system, we performed a digital bioassay of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Upon genetically tagging ALP molecules with the DEX-binding domain (DBD) derived from dextransucrase, the ALP molecules were enriched 59-fold in the DEX droplets in comparison to that in a conventional digital bioassay. Subsequently, we performed a Cas13-based digital SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection assay to evaluate the performance of this system for a more practical assay. In this assay, the target RNA molecules bound to the DBD-tagged Cas13 molecules were effectively enriched in the DEX droplets. Consequently, an enrichment factor of 31 was achieved. Enrichment experiments for nonlabeled proteins were also performed to test the expandability of this technique. The model protein, nontagged β-galactosidase, was enriched in DEX droplets containing DBD-tagged antibody, with an enrichment factor of over 100. Thus, this system enabled effective on-chip enrichment of target molecules to enhance the detection sensitivity of digital bioassays without using external instruments or an external power source, which would be applicable for on-site bioassays or portable diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Minagawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shoki Nakata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Motoki Date
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ii
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, The University of
Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan
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7
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Fan W, Ren W, Liu C. Advances in optical counting and imaging of micro/nano single-entity reactors for biomolecular analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:97-117. [PMID: 36322160 PMCID: PMC9628437 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers is of paramount importance in various fields. Superior to the conventional ensemble measurement-based assays, single-entity assays, especially single-entity detection-based digital assays, not only can reach ultrahigh sensitivity, but also possess the potential to examine the heterogeneities among the individual target molecules within a population. In this review, we summarized the current biomolecular analysis methods that based on optical counting and imaging of the micro/nano-sized single entities that act as the individual reactors (e.g., micro-/nanoparticles, microemulsions, and microwells). We categorize the corresponding techniques as analog and digital single-entity assays and provide detailed information such as the design principles, the analytical performance, and their implementation in biomarker analysis in this work. We have also set critical comments on each technique from these aspects. At last, we reflect on the advantages and limitations of the optical single-entity counting and imaging methods for biomolecular assay and highlight future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China ,School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119 Shaanxi Province People’s Republic of China
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8
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Noji H, Minagawa Y, Ueno H. Enzyme-based digital bioassay technology - key strategies and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:3092-3109. [PMID: 35861036 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00223j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Digital bioassays based on single-molecule enzyme reactions represent a new class of bioanalytical methods that enable the highly sensitive detection of biomolecules in a quantitative manner. Since the first reports of these methods in the 2000s, there has been significant growth in this new bioanalytical strategy. The principal strategy of this method is to compartmentalize target molecules in micron-sized reactors at the single-molecule level and count the number of microreactors showing positive signals originating from the target molecule. A representative application of digital bioassay is the digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Owing to their versatility, various types of digital ELISAs have been actively developed. In addition, some disease markers and viruses possess catalytic activity, and digital bioassays for such enzymes and viruses have, thus, been developed. Currently, with the emergence of new microreactor technologies, the targets of this methodology are expanding from simple enzymes to more complex systems, such as membrane transporters and cell-free gene expression. In addition, multiplex or multiparametric digital bioassays have been developed to assess precisely the heterogeneities in sample molecules/systems that are obscured by ensemble measurements. In this review, we first introduce the basic concepts of digital bioassays and introduce a range of digital bioassays. Finally, we discuss the perspectives of new classes of digital bioassays and emerging fields based on digital bioassay technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Yaginuma H, Ohtake K, Akamatsu T, Noji H, Tabata KV. A microreactor sealing method using adhesive tape for digital bioassays. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2001-2010. [PMID: 35481587 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00065b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Digital assays using microreactors fabricated on solid substrates are useful for carrying out sensitive assays of infectious diseases and other biological tests. However, sealing of the microchambers using fluid oil is difficult for non-experts, and thus hinders the widespread use of digital microreactor assays. Here, we propose the physical isolation of tiny reactors with adhesive tape (PITAT) using simple, commercially available pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tape as a separator of the microreactors. We confirmed that PSA tape can effectively seal the microreactors and prevent molecules from diffusing out. By testing several types of adhesive tape, we found that rubber-based adhesives are the most suitable for this purpose. In addition, we demonstrated that single-molecule enzyme assays can be successfully performed inside microreactors sealed with PSA tape. The results obtained using PITAT are quantitatively comparable to conventional oil sealing, although it is quick and cost-effective. Finally, we demonstrated that single-particle virus counting of the influenza virus can be achieved using PITAT. Collectively, our results suggest that PITAT may be suitable for use in the design of sensitive tests for infectious diseases at the point of care, where no sophisticated equipment or machines are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Yaginuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Ohtake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takako Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito V Tabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Sothis Technologies, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Arrabito G, Gulli D, Alfano C, Pignataro B. "Writing biochips": high-resolution droplet-to-droplet manufacturing of analytical platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1294-1312. [PMID: 35275148 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-resolution molecular printing allows the engineering of analytical platforms enabling applications at the interface between chemistry and biology, i.e. in biosensing, electronics, single-cell biology, and point-of-care diagnostics. Their successful implementation stems from the combination of large area printing at resolutions from sub-100 nm up to macroscale, whilst controlling the composition and volume of the ink, and reconfiguring the deposition features in due course. Similar to handwriting pens, the engineering of continuous writing systems tackles the issue of the tedious ink replenishment between different printing steps. To this aim, this review article provides an unprecedented analysis of the latest continuous printing methods for bioanalytical chemistry, focusing on ink deposition systems based on specific sets of technologies that have been developed to this aim, namely nanofountain probes, microcantilever spotting, capillary-based polymer pens and continuous 3D printing. Each approach will be discussed revealing the most important applications in the fields of biosensors, lab-on-chips and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Daniele Gulli
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
| | - Caterina Alfano
- Structural Biology and Biophysics Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry (DiFC) Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Building 17, V.le delle Scienze, Palermo 90128, Italy.
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11
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Zhang L, Fan W, Jia D, Feng Q, Ren W, Liu C. Microchamber-Free Digital Flow Cytometric Analysis of T4 Polynucleotide Kinase Phosphatase Based on Single-Enzyme-to-Single-Bead Space-Confined Reaction. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14828-14836. [PMID: 34713697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Digital bioassays have attracted extensive attention in biomedical applications due to their ultrahigh sensitivity. However, traditional digital bioassays require numerous microchambers such as droplets or microwells, which restricts their application scope. Herein, we propose a microchamber-free flow cytometric method for the digital quantification of T4 polynucleotide kinase phosphatase (T4 PNKP) based on an unprecedented phenomenon that each T4 PNKP molecule-catalyzed reaction can be spatially self-confined on a single microbead, which ultimately enables the one-target-to-one-fluorescence-positive microbead digital signal transduction. The digital signal-readout mode can clearly detect T4 PNKP concentrations as low as 1.28 × 10-10 U/μL, making it most sensitive method to date. Significantly, T4 PNKP can be specifically distinguished from other phosphatases and nucleases in complex samples by digitally counting the fluorescence-positive microbeads, which cannot be realized by traditional bulk measurement-based methods. Taking advantage of the novel space-confined enzymatic feature of T4 PNKP, this digital mechanism can use T4 PNKP as the enzyme label to fabricate digital sensing systems toward various biomolecules such as digital enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Therefore, this work not only enlarges the toolbox for high-sensitivity biomolecule detection but also opens new gates to fabricate next-generation digital assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wenjiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Dailu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Qinya Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
| | - Chenghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province; School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China
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12
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Loy ACM, Lim JY, How BS, Yoo CK. Blockchain as a frontier in biotechnology and bioenergy applications. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:255-258. [PMID: 34629171 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fourth Industrial Revolution is stimulating a fast-paced and resilient industrial internet of things (IIoT) ecosystem. Blockchain, a decentralized digital ledger technology, plays a crucial role in improvising, securing, and streamlining traditional biotechnology-related industrial processes with IoT and creates a sustainable nexus between social, economic, and environmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Chun Minh Loy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Juin Yau Lim
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Bing Shen How
- Biomass Waste-to-Wealth Special Interest Group, Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing, and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Chang Kyoo Yoo
- Integrated Engineering, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Gilboa T, Ogata AF, Walt D. Single-molecule enzymology for diagnostics: profiling alkaline phosphatase activity in clinical samples. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100358. [PMID: 34375495 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes can be used as biomarkers for a variety of diseases. However, profiling enzyme activity in clinical samples is challenging due to the heterogeneity in enzyme activity, and the low abundance of the target enzyme in biofluids. Single-molecule methods can overcome these challenges by providing information on the distribution of enzyme activities in a sample. Here, we describe the concept of using the single-molecule enzymology (SME) method to analyze enzymatic activity in clinical samples. We present recent work focused on measuring alkaline phosphatase isotypes in serum samples using SME. Future work will involve improving and simplifying this technology, and applying it to other enzymes for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Gilboa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, pathology, 60 Fenwood Rd, Bbf-8006, 02115-6195, Boston, UNITED STATES
| | - Alana F Ogata
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, pathology, UNITED STATES
| | - David Walt
- Harvard Medical School, -, -, -, -, UNITED STATES
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