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Giagu G, Fracassa A, Fiorani A, Villani E, Paolucci F, Valenti G, Zanut A. From theory to practice: understanding the challenges in the implementation of electrogenerated chemiluminescence for analytical applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:359. [PMID: 38819653 PMCID: PMC11143011 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06413-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) stands out as a remarkable phenomenon of light emission at electrodes initiated by electrogenerated species in solution. Characterized by its exceptional sensitivity and minimal background optical signals, ECL finds applications across diverse domains, including biosensing, imaging, and various analytical applications. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide to the utilization of ECL in analytical applications. Beginning with a brief exposition on the theory at the basis of ECL generation, we elucidate the diverse systems employed to initiate ECL. Furthermore, we delineate the principal systems utilized for ECL generation in analytical contexts, elucidating both advantages and challenges inherent to their use. Additionally, we provide an overview of different electrode materials and novel ECL-based protocols tailored for analytical purposes, with a specific emphasis on biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giagu
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fracassa
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Andrea Fiorani
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, Padua, 35131, Italy.
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2
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Chen L, You S, Wang X, Li D, Ren S, Chen L. Dual carminic acid/hemin-marked DNA probes for simultaneously detecting CV-A16 and EV-A71 based on the mechanism of dimer to monomer transition. Talanta 2023; 265:124884. [PMID: 37392710 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare two hairpin-structure DNA probes by conjugating carminic acid (CA) or hemin into two ends of specific genes of coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) (probeCV-A16-CA and probeEV-A71-hemin). Then, probeCV-A16-CA and probeEV-A71-hemin as the signal molecules were adsorbed onto NH2-MIL-53 (Al) (MOF). Based on these biocomposites, an electrochemical biosensor with dual-signal outputs for simultaneous assay of CV-A16 and EV-A71 was constructed. The stem-loops of probes switched both CA and hemin monomer to dimer, reducing the electrical activity of both CA and hemin. Subsequently, the target-induced opening of the stem-loop switched both CA and hemin dimers to monomers, resulting in two nonoverlapping increasing electrical signals. This sensitively reflected the concentration of targetCV-A16 and targetEV-A17 ranging from 10-10 to 10-15 M with a detection limit of 0.19 and 0.24 fM. This strategy was mainly applied to the simultaneous determination of targetCV-A16 and targetEV-A17 in 100% serum with satisfactory results. The MOF combined with the high loading capacity broke through the intrinsic limitation on sensitivity using the traditional methods. An increase of three orders of magnitude was observed. This study involved simple one-step detection, and only a simple replacement of a gene could trigger its potential in clinical and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Shuang You
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Shuna Ren
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, PR China.
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3
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Li Z, Wang P, Liang Z, Wang D, Nie Y, Ma Q. Bismuth Nano-Nest/Ti 3CN Quantum Dot-Based Surface Plasmon Coupling Electrochemiluminescence Sensor for Ascites miRNA-421 Detection. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37294618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel surface plasmon-coupled electrochemiluminescence (SPC-ECL) biosensor was developed based on bismuth nano-nest and Ti3CN quantum dots (Ti3CN QDs). First, MXene derivative QDs (Ti3CN QDs) with excellent luminescence performance were prepared as the ECL luminescent. The N doping in Ti3CN QDs can effectively improve the luminescence performance and catalytic activity. Therefore, the luminescence performance of QDs has been effectively improved. Furthermore, the bismuth nano-nest structure with a strong localized surface plasmon resonance effect has been designed as the sensing interface via the electrochemical deposition method. It was worth noticed that the morphology of bismuth nanomaterials can be controlled effectively on the electrode surface by the step potential method. Due to the abundant surface plasmon hot spots generated between the bismuth nano-nests, the isotropic ECL signal of Ti3CN QDs can be not only significantly enhanced by 5.8 times but also converted into polarized emission. Finally, the bismuth nano-nest/Ti3CN QD-based SPC-ECL sensor was used to quantify miRNA-421 in the range of 1 fM to 10 nM. The biosensor has been successfully used for miRNA in ascites samples from gastric cancer patients, which indicated that the SPC-ECL sensor developed in this study has great potential for clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenrun Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peilin Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zihui Liang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yixin Nie
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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4
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Nasrollahpour H, Khalilzadeh B, Naseri A, Mamaghani S, Isildak I, Rashidi MR. Chitosan/luminol/AgNPs nanocomposite for electrochemiluminescent determination of prostate-specific antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:90. [PMID: 36786882 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
A green, environmentally friendly protocol was developed for ultrasensitive and highly specific recognition of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based on the ECL effect of luminol supported by chitosan-silver nanoparticles (CS/AgNPs) nanocomposites. The transducing surface was fabricated through two consecutive electrodeposition steps of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and chitosan (CS)-AgNPs-luminol electrochemiluminophore onto the glassy carbon electrode. In addition to an appropriate desirable biocompatibility, the electrochemical synthesis presents low-cost preparation and ultrafast determination opportunity. AgNPs play a linking role to attach luminol, as an ECL agent to the CS support via donor-acceptor bonds between Ag atoms with NH groups of luminol and CS. Also, AgNPs can amplify the ECL intensity as a consequence of their excellent specific surface area and conductivity. To enhance the performance of the nanobiosensor, AuNPs were also used due to their high-specific surface area and excellent affinity toward amine groups of CS. Based on this high-performance analysis strategy, ultrasensitive screening of PSA was attained with a desirable limit of detection of 0.6 ng mL-1 and a broad linear range between 1 pg mL-1 and 10 ng⋅mL-1 (R2=0.994). Approximately, the same results were recorded for the analysis of the unprocessed serum samples of patients with prostate cancer at different stages. This research provided significant insight into electrografting methods to construct ECL transducers for clinical monitoring of PSA and other tumor biomarkers in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasrollahpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51664-14766, Iran.
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahab Mamaghani
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ibrahim Isildak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemistry-Metallurgy, Yildiz Technical University, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad-Reza Rashidi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ma T, Grzȩdowski AJ, Doneux T, Bizzotto D. Redox-Controlled Energy Transfer Quenching of Fluorophore-Labeled DNA SAMs Enables In Situ Study of These Complex Electrochemical Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23428-23437. [PMID: 36516982 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces modified by a molecular monolayer can be challenging to study, particularly in situ, requiring novel approaches. Coupling electrochemical and optical approaches can be useful when signals are correlated. Here we detail a methodology that uses redox electrochemistry to control surface-based fluorescence intensity for detecting DNA hybridization and studying the uniformity of the surface response. A mixed composition single-strand DNA SAM was prepared using potential-assisted thiol exchange with two alkylthiol-modified ssDNAs that were either labeled with a fluorophore (AlexaFluor488) or a methylene blue (MB) redox tag. A significant change in fluorescence was observed when reducing MB to colorless leuco-MB. In situ fluorescence microscopy on a single-crystal gold bead electrode showed that fluorescence intensity depended on (1) the potential controlling the oxidation state of MB, (2) the surface density of DNA, (3) the MB:AlexFluor488 ratio in the DNA SAM, and (4) the local environment around the DNA SAM. MB efficiently quenched AlexaFluor488 fluorescence. Reduction of MB showed a significant increase in fluorescence resulting from a decrease in quenching or energy transfer efficiency. Hybridization of DNA SAMs with its unlabeled complement showed a large increase in fluorescence due to MB reduction for surfaces with sufficient DNA coverage. Comparing electrochemical-fluorescence measurements to electrochemical (SWV) measurements showed an improvement in detection of a small fraction of hybridized DNA SAM for surfaces with optimal DNA SAM composition and coverage. Additionally, this coupled electrochemical redox-fluorescence microscopy method can measure the spatial heterogeneity of electron-transfer kinetics and the influence of the local interfacial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiao Ma
- AMPEL and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, CanadaV6T1Z4
| | - Adrian Jan Grzȩdowski
- AMPEL and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, CanadaV6T1Z4
| | - Thomas Doneux
- Chemistry of Surfaces, Interfaces and Nanomaterials (ChemSIN), Faculté des Sciences, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe 2, CP 255, B-1050Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Dan Bizzotto
- AMPEL and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, CanadaV6T1Z4
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Nikolaou P, Sciuto EL, Zanut A, Petralia S, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Prodi L, Conoci S. Ultrasensitive PCR-Free detection of whole virus genome by electrochemiluminescence. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rossetti M, Merlo R, Bagheri N, Moscone D, Valenti A, Saha A, Arantes PR, Ippodrino R, Ricci F, Treglia I, Delibato E, van der Oost J, Palermo G, Perugino G, Porchetta A. Enhancement of CRISPR/Cas12a trans-cleavage activity using hairpin DNA reporters. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:8377-8391. [PMID: 35822842 PMCID: PMC9371913 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA programmed non-specific (trans) nuclease activity of CRISPR-Cas Type V and VI systems has opened a new era in the field of nucleic acid-based detection. Here, we report on the enhancement of trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a enzymes using hairpin DNA sequences as FRET-based reporters. We discover faster rate of trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a due to its improved affinity (Km) for hairpin DNA structures, and provide mechanistic insights of our findings through Molecular Dynamics simulations. Using hairpin DNA probes we significantly enhance FRET-based signal transduction compared to the widely used linear single stranded DNA reporters. Our signal transduction enables faster detection of clinically relevant double stranded DNA targets with improved sensitivity and specificity either in the presence or in the absence of an upstream pre-amplification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Merlo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Neda Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Valenti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aakash Saha
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 52512 USA
| | - Pablo R Arantes
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 52512 USA
| | - Rudy Ippodrino
- Ulisse BioMed S.r.l. Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ida Treglia
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Delibato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
| | - John van der Oost
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giulia Palermo
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA 52512 USA
| | - Giuseppe Perugino
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Ed. 7, Via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Porchetta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133, Rome, Italy
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Wang L, Zhang H, Zhuang T, Liu J, Sojic N, Wang Z. Sensitive electrochemiluminescence biosensing of polynucleotide kinase using the versatility of two-dimensional Ti 3C 2T X MXene nanomaterials. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339346. [PMID: 35033259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a powerful readout method for the development of (bio)sensors, whose performances depend on the electrode materials and the architecture of its surface. Herein, we demonstrate that the precise control of the sensing interface using the versatility of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (Ti3C2TX MXene) leads to the enhancement of the ECL signal. This electrode material, which exhibits remarkable structural and electrochemical properties was decorated by the in situ formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) owing to the Ti reducibility. Then, a large amount of the luminophore, Ru(bpy)32+, was immobilized on Ti3C2TX MXene thanks to its unique negative charge and large specific surface area to obtain Ru-Ti3C2TX-AuNPs. The presented approach exploits the high catalytic activity and excellent conductivity of this 2D nanomaterial as illustrated by the enhanced ECL emission performance of the Ru-Ti3C2TX-AuNPs nanoprobes. Finally, DNA phosphorylated with polynucleotide kinase (PNK) was recognized efficiently by the chelation between Ti and phosphate group. A highly sensitive and selective ECL biosensor was developed for the detection of PNK and the screening of its inhibitors. A lower detection limit of 0.0002 U mL-1 and wide linear relationship ranged from 0.002 to 10 U mL-1 were obtained. Furthermore, the practicality of our method was tested in MCF-7 cell lysate, which opens enticing perspectives for future applications of Ti3C2TX materials in the ECL bioanalysis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Huixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Jingxu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac, 33607, France; Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, 454080, Russian Federation
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Instrumental Analysis Center of Qingdao University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266071, China.
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Kerr E, Hayne DJ, Soulsby LC, Bawden JC, Blom SJ, Doeven EH, Henderson LC, Hogan CF, Francis PS. A redox-mediator pathway for enhanced multi-colour electrochemiluminescence in aqueous solution. Chem Sci 2022; 13:469-477. [PMID: 35126979 PMCID: PMC8729815 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05609c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The classic and most widely used co-reactant electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reaction of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and tri-n-propylamine is enhanced by an order of magnitude by fac-[Ir(sppy)3]3- (where sppy = 5'-sulfo-2-phenylpyridinato-C 2,N), through a novel 'redox mediator' pathway. Moreover, the concomitant green emission of [Ir(sppy)3]3-* enables internal standardisation of the co-reactant ECL of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. This can be applied using a digital camera as the photodetector by exploiting the ratio of R and B values of the RGB colour data, providing superior sensitivity and precision for the development of low-cost, portable ECL-based analytical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Lachlan C Soulsby
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Steven J Blom
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University Geelong Victoria 3220 Australia
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Rebeccani S, Zanut A, Santo CI, Valenti G, Paolucci F. A Guide Inside Electrochemiluminescent Microscopy Mechanisms for Analytical Performance Improvement. Anal Chem 2021; 94:336-348. [PMID: 34908412 PMCID: PMC8756390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rebeccani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Claudio Ignazio Santo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
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