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Lu R, Luo Y, Su L, Ye S, Wang X, Ren W, Zhang J, Zhao F, Zheng C. Field Detection of Uranyl in Coastal Water of China Using a Portable Device via DNA Photocleavage. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11525-11532. [PMID: 38966896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
The urgent need for field detection of uranium in seawater is 2-fold: to provide prompt guidance for uranium extraction and to prevent human exposure to nuclear radiation. However, current methods for this purpose are largely hindered by bulky instrumentation, high costs of developed materials, and severe matrix interferences, which limit their further application in the field. Herein, we demonstrated a portable and label-free strategy for the field detection of uranyl in seawater based on the efficient photocleavage of DNA. Further experiments confirmed the generation of ultraviolet (UV) light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O2•- and •OH, which fragmented oligomeric DNA in the presence of uranyl and UV light. Detailed studies showed that DNA significantly enhances uranyl absorption in the UV-visible region, leading to the generation of more ROS. A fluorescence system for the selective detection of uranyl in seawater was established by immobilizing two complementary oligonucleotides with the fluorescent dye SYBR Green I. The strategy of UV-induced photocleavage offers high selectivity, excellent interference immunity, and high sensitivity for uranyl, with a detection limit of 6.8 nM. Additionally, the fluorescence can be visually detected using a 3D-printed miniaturized device integrated with a smartphone. This method has been successfully applied to the on-site detection of uranyl in seawater in 18 Chinese coastal cities and along the coast of Hainan Island within 3 min for a single sample. The sample testing and field analysis results indicate that this strategy has promising potential for real-time monitoring of trace uranyl in China's coastal waters. It is expected to be utilized for the rapid assessment of nuclear contamination and nuclear engineering construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yijing Luo
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Lei Su
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Simin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wei Ren
- School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China
- Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Ye L, Yang W, Yang R, Wu Y, Pang Z, Wang X, Huang K, Luo H, Zhang J, Zheng C. Portable purge and trap-microplasma optical emission spectrometric device for field detection of iodine in water. Talanta 2024; 272:125833. [PMID: 38430867 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Iodine is essential for human growth and can enter the body through food, water, and air. Analyzing its presence in the environment is crucial for ensuring healthy human development. However, current large-scale instruments have limitations in the field analysis of iodine. Herein, a miniaturized purge and trap point discharge microplasma optical emission spectrometric (P&T-μPD-OES) device was developed for the field analysis of iodine in water. Volatile iodine molecules were produced from total inorganic iodine (TII) through a basic redox reaction under acidic conditions, then the purge and trap module effectively separated and preconcentrated iodine molecules. The iodine molecules were subsequently atomized and excited by the integrated point discharge microplasma and an iodine atomic emission line at 206.24 nm was monitored by the spectrometer. Under optimal conditions, this proposed method had a detection limit of 16.2 μg L-1 for iodine and a precision better than 4.8%. Besides, the accuracy of the portable device was validated by successful analysis of surface and groundwater samples and a comparison of the mass spectrometry method. This proposed portable, low-power device is expected to support rapid access to iodine levels and distribution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Ye
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Yuke Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zhengqin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Hong Luo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China; State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, 541004, China.
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.
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Ren T, Lin Y, Su Y, Ye S, Zheng C. Machine Learning-Assisted Portable Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometer for Food Safety Monitoring. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5170-5177. [PMID: 38512240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
To meet the needs of food safety for simple, rapid, and low-cost analytical methods, a portable device based on a point discharge microplasma optical emission spectrometer (μPD-OES) was combined with machine learning to enable on-site food freshness evaluation and detection of adulteration. The device was integrated with two modular injection units (i.e., headspace solid-phase microextraction and headspace purge) for the examination of various samples. Aromas from meat and coffee were first introduced to the portable device. The aroma molecules were excited to specific atomic and molecular fragments at excited states by room temperature and atmospheric pressure microplasma due to their different atoms and molecular structures. Subsequently, different aromatic molecules obtained their own specific molecular and atomic emission spectra. With the help of machine learning, the portable device was successfully applied to the assessment of meat freshness with accuracies of 96.0, 98.7, and 94.7% for beef, pork, and chicken meat, respectively, through optical emission patterns of the aroma at different storage times. Furthermore, the developed procedures can identify beef samples containing different amounts of duck meat with an accuracy of 99.5% and classify two coffee species without errors, demonstrating the great potential of their application in the discrimination of food adulteration. The combination of machine learning and μPD-OES provides a simple, portable, and cost-effective strategy for food aroma analysis, potentially addressing field monitoring of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Simin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Geng C, Dong Z, Zhang T, Yang Z, Xu Z, Liang S, Ding X. Advances in atmospheric pressure plasma-based optical emission spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals. Talanta 2024; 270:125634. [PMID: 38215585 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, miniaturized optical emission spectrometry (OES) systems utilizing atmospheric pressure plasmas (APPs) as radiation sources have exhibited impressive capabilities in trace heavy metal analysis. As the core of the analytical system, APPs sources possess unique properties such as compact size, light weight, low energy requirement, ease of fabrication, and relatively low manufacturing cost. This critical review focuses on recent progress of APP-based OES systems employed for the determination of heavy metals. Influences of technical details including the sample introduction manner, the sampling volume, the sample flow rate, the pH of the solutions on the plasma stability and the intensity of analytical signals are comprehensively discussed. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the analytical challenges faced by these techniques and highlights the opportunities for further development in the field of heavy metal detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Geng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Shandong Qingdao Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Qingdao, 266002, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Qingdao Institute for Food and Drug Control, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zewen Xu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Xuelu Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Zhang R, Zhong Y, Hu Y, Chen Y, Xia L, Li G. Liquid-Phase Cyclic Chemiluminescence for the Identification of Cobalt Speciation. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3933-3941. [PMID: 38359085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Accurate discrimination of metal species is a significant analytical challenge. Herein, we propose a novel methodology based on liquid-phase cyclic chemiluminescence (CCL) for the identification of cobalt speciation. The CCL multistage signals (In) of the luminol-H2O2 reaction catalyzed by different cobalt species have different decay coefficients k. Thereby, we can facilely identify various cobalt species according to the distinguishable k values, including the complicated and structurally similar cobalt complexes, such as analogues of [Co(NH3)5X]n+ (X = Cl-, H2O, and NH3), Co(II) porphyrins, and bis(2,4-pentanedione) cobalt(II) derivatives. Especially, the number of substituent atoms also influences the k value greatly, which allows excellent discrimination between complexes that only have a subtle difference in the substituent group. In addition, linear discriminant analysis based on In provides a complementary solution to improve the differentiating ability. We performed density functional theory calculations to investigate the interaction mode of H2O2 over cobalt species. A close negative correlation between the adsorption energy and the k value is observed. Moreover, the calculation of energy evolutions of H2O2 decomposition into a double hydroxide radical shows that a high level of consistency exists between the activation energy barrier and the k value. The results further demonstrate that the decay coefficient of the CCL multistage signal is associated with the catalytic reactivity of the cobalt species. Our work not only broadens the application of chemiluminescence but also provides a complementary technology for speciation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runkun Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yufei Hu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Spectroscopy, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ling Xia
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Ren T, Li Y, Wang X, Deng Y, Zheng C. Portable Pyrolysis-Point Discharge Optical Spectrometer for In Situ Plastic Polymer Identification by Coupling with Machine Learning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2554-2563. [PMID: 38266240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Rapid and in situ identification of specific polymers is a challenging and crucial step in plastic recycling. However, conventional techniques continue to exhibit significant limitations in the rapid and field classification of plastic products, especially with the wide range of commercially available color polymers because of their large size, high energy consumption, and slow and complicated analysis procedures. In this work, a simple analytical system integrating a miniature and low power consumption (22.3 W) pyrolyzer (Pyr) and a low temperature, atmospheric pressure point discharge optical emission spectrometer (μPD-OES) was fabricated for rapidly identifying polymer types. Plastic debris is decomposed in the portable pyrolyzer to yield volatile products, which are then swept into the μPD-OES instrument for monitoring the optical emission patterns of the thermal pyrolysis products. With machine learning, five extensively used raw polymers and their consumer plastics were classified with an accuracy of ≥97.8%. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to the identification of the aged polymers and plastic samples collected from a garbage recycling station, indicating its great potential for identification of environmentally weathered plastics. This portable Pyr-μPD-OES system provides a cost-effective tool for rapid and field identification of polymer types of recycled plastic for proper management and resource recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 ,China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 ,China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 ,China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 ,China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 ,China
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Li K, Zhou J, Yuan X, Zhang M, Huang K. Miniaturized ascorbic acid assay platform based on point discharge atomic emission spectrometry coupling with gold filament enrichment. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342064. [PMID: 38182370 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miniaturized microplasma-based atomic emission spectrometry (AES) has been extensively used for element analysis in recent years due to the advantages of low power consumption, low gas consumption, relatively low manufacturing and running cost, and the potential for real-time and field analysis. However, few applications in bioassay detection have been reported based on microplasma AES systems because of their relatively low sensitivity and the absence of indirect analytical strategies. It is still a challenge to develop a simple, sensitive, and portable microplasma-based AES bioassay approach. RESULTS In this work, a portable analytical system was designed based on point discharge chemical vapor generation atomic emission spectrometry (PD-CVG-AES) coupling with gold filament enrichment. The detection of ascorbic acid (AA) was realized indirectly by means of the highly sensitive analysis of Hg2+. The measurement was based on Ag + can decrease the concentration of Hg2+ by forming Ag-Hg amalgam in the presence of the reductant SnCl2, while AA can pre-reduce Ag + to Ag0, leading to the generation of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The pre-reduce procedure can decrease the generation of Ag-Hg amalgam, resulting in the recovery of Hg2+ signal. The dissociative Hg2+ was further detected by PD-CVG-AES combination of gold filament enrichment, which significantly improved the detection sensitivity for both Hg2+ and AA. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of AA is as low as 19 nM with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 5) of 0.7 %. SIGNIFICANCE The developed novel analytical strategy obviously broadens the application of microplasma-based AES, and it is well demonstrated by the determination of AA in several traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), offering a higher level of sensitivity compared to current AA detection techniques. It has potential for future application in point-of-care testing (POCT) assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuemei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Kejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinrong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China.
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Cai Z, Chen H, Gao M, Wang Z. Quantification of lithium in molten chlorides by optical emission spectrometry using a novel molten-salt-electrode microplasma source. Talanta 2024; 266:125111. [PMID: 37647816 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
A new molten-salt-electrode microplasma (MSEMP) source for optical emission spectrometry (OES) was constructed, equipped with a molten salt electrode and a metal hollow tube (fed with helium) counter electrode. The use of the MSEMP-OES for constituent analysis of molten salt was primarily evaluated. The acquirement of characteristic spectral lines of some elements in several molten chloride samples verified the good qualitative ability of the proposed MSEMP-OES. Solid copper was dissolved via charge transfer and excited in glow discharge, indicating its potential application in solid sample analysis. The temperature and composition of molten salt were found to have no influence on the lithium response and the accurate quantification of lithium in molten salt was achieved. This work provides new insights for promoting the application of microplasma technology in the in-situ analysis of elements, even in special samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Cai
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huixiu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201899, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y, Liu L, Liang Y, He B, Hu L, Jiang G. Application of three-dimensional printing technology in environmental analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341742. [PMID: 38783729 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The development of environmental analysis devices with high performance is essential to assess the potential risks of environmental pollutants. However, it is still challenging to develop environmental analysis equipment with miniaturization, portability, and high sensitivity based on traditional processing techniques. In recent years, the popularity of 3D printing technology (3DP) with high precision, low cost, and unlimited design freedom has provided opportunities to solve the existing challenges of environmental analysis. 3D printing has brought solutions to promote the high performance and versatility of environmental analysis equipment by optimizing printing materials, enhancing equipment structure, and integrating multidisciplinary technology. In this paper, we comprehensively review the latest progress in 3D printing in various aspects of environmental analysis procedures, including but not limited to sample collection, pretreatment, separation, and detection. We highlight their advantages and challenges in determining various environmental contaminants through passive sampling, solid-phase extraction, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometry detection. The manufacturing of 3D-printed environmental analysis devices is also discussed. Finally, we look forward to their development prospects and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dingyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China
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Wang Y, Lin Y, Ren T, Yang Y, He Z, Deng Y, Zheng C. Battery-Operated and Self-Heating Solid-Phase Microextraction Device for Field Detection and Long-Term Preservation of Mercury in Soil. Anal Chem 2023; 95:10873-10878. [PMID: 37436933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for mercury preservation and detection still has several shortcomings, including the use of high-temperature desorption chamber, the consumption of expensive reagent (NaBEt4 or NaBPr4), and analyte loss during sample storage. Herein, a self-heating HS-SPME device using a gold-coated tungsten (Au@W) fiber was developed for the field detection of mercury in soil by miniature point discharge optical emission spectrometry (μPD-OES). Hg2+ was reduced to Hg0 with NaBH4 solution and then preconcentrated with the Au@W fiber. The adsorbed Hg0 could be rapidly desorbed by directly heating the fiber with a mini lithium battery and subsequently detected by μPD-OES. A limit of detection (LOD) of 0.008 mg kg-1 was obtained with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 2.4%. The accuracy of the self-heating HS-SPME was evaluated by analyzing a soil certified reference material (CRM) and nine soil samples with satisfactory recoveries (86-111%). Compared to the conventional external heating method, the proposed method reduces desorption time and power consumption from 80 s and 60 W to 20 s and 2.5 W, respectively. Moreover, the self-heating device enables the μPD-OES system to remove the high-temperature desorption chamber, making it more compact and suitable for field analytical chemistry. Interestingly, the Au@W SPME fiber can be also used for the long-term preservation of mercury with a sample loss rate <5% after 30 days of storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tian Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, China
| | - Zhao He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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Yang H, Qi L, Zhou J, Li Q, Yuan X, Zhang M, He Y, Huang K, Chen P. Metal ions-regulated chemical vapor generation of Hg 2+:mechanism and application in miniaturized point discharge atomic emission spectrometry assay of oxalate in clinical urolithiasis samples. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1262:341223. [PMID: 37179054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the coexisting metal ions could significantly influence the atomic spectroscopy (AS) analysis. In this work, a cation-modulated mercury ions (Hg2+) strategy via chemical vapor generation (CVG) was developed for oxalate assay due to the phenomenon that the Ag + can significantly reduce the Hg2+ signal. The regulation effect was studied in depth via experimental investigations. Since Ag + can be reduced to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by reductant SnCl2, the decrease of the Hg2+ signal is attributed to the formation of a silver-mercury (Ag-Hg) amalgam. Due to the oxalate can react with Ag + to generate Ag2C2O4, which can reduce the generation of Ag-Hg amalgam, a portable and low-power point discharge chemical vapor generation atomic emission spectrometry (PD-CVG-AES) system was constructed to quantify the content of oxalate via monitoring the signal of Hg2+. Under optimal conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 40 nM in the range of 0.1-10 μM for oxalate assay, while exhibiting good specificity. This method was applied to quantitative oxalate in 50 clinical urine samples of urinary stones patients. The levels of oxalate detected in clinical samples were consistent with clinical imaging results, which is promising for point-of-care testing in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Liping Qi
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Jinrong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611137, China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610068, China.
| | - Piaopiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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12
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Xu D, Li C, Yang L, Zhu W, Huang B, Zhang C, Shao T. Detection of sulfur mustard simulants using the microwave atmospheric pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy method. Front Chem 2023; 11:1173870. [PMID: 37332893 PMCID: PMC10272426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1173870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM) is one kind of highly toxic chemical warfare agent and easy to spread, while existing detection methods cannot fulfill the requirement of rapid response, good portability, and cost competitiveness at the same time. In this work, the microwave atmospheric pressure plasma optical emission spectroscopy (MW-APP-OES) method, taking the advantage of non-thermal equilibrium, high reactivity, and high purity of MW plasma, is developed to detect three kinds of SM simulants, i.e., 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, dipropyl disulfide, and ethanethiol. Characteristic OES from both atom lines (C I and Cl I) and radical bands (CS, CH, and C2) is identified, confirming MW-APP-OES can preserve more information about target agents without full atomization. Gas flow rate and MW power are optimized to achieve the best analytical results. Good linearity is obtained from the calibration curve for the CS band (linear coefficients R 2 > 0.995) over a wide range of concentrations, and a limit of detection down to sub-ppm is achieved with response time on the order of second. With SM simulants as examples, the analytical results in this work indicate that MW-APP-OES is a promising method for real-time and in-site detection of chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Wenchao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, China
| | - Bangdou Huang
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Beijing International S&T Cooperation Base for Plasma Science and Energy Conversion, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Wei J, Su Y, Lin Y, Luo Y, Li Y, Deng Y, Zheng C. Nozzle Electrode Point Discharge-Enhanced Oxidation and Portable Gas Phase Molecular Fluorescence Spectrometry for Sensitive Field Detection of Sulfide. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7409-7415. [PMID: 37144840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
It is still a challenge to accurately determine dissolved sulfide due to its susceptibility to contamination and loss during transportation, storage, and analysis in the laboratory, thus highlighting the necessity for its sensitive field analysis. Herein, a robust nozzle electrode point discharge (NEPD) enhanced oxidation coupling with chemical vapor generation (CVG) is described for the highly efficient and flameless conversion of sulfide (S2-) to SO2. Subsequently, a portable and low-power consumption gas phase molecular fluorescence spectrometry (GP-MFS) was constructed for the highly selective and sensitive determination of the generated SO2 via detecting its molecular fluorescence excited by a zinc hollow cathode lamp. Under optimal conditions, a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μM was obtained for dissolved sulfide with a relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 11) of 2.6%. The accuracy and practicability of the proposed method were validated by the analyses of two certified reference materials (CRMs) and several river and lake water samples with satisfactory recoveries of 99%-107%. This work confirms that NEPD enhanced oxidation is a low energy consumption yet highly efficient method for the flameless oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and thus is suitable for the easy field detection of dissolved sulfide in environmental water by CVG-GP-MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yubin Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yijing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yurong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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14
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Jing J, He S, Yang J, Yang R, Lin Y, Zheng C. Rapid and sensitive quantification of cyclamate in beverages by miniature microplasma optical emission spectrometry. Food Chem 2023; 406:135077. [PMID: 36462350 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most of the available methods for the quantification of cyclamate depend on laboratory instruments and their application in the field was limited. Herein, a simple and sensitive method was developed for the determination of cyclamate in beverage samples based on chemical vapor generation and miniature point discharge optical emission spectrometry (μPD-OES). The combination of headspace sampling and μPD-OES not only simplifies the separation process of cyclamate, improves sensitivity, and alleviates matrix interference but also eliminates the use of a bulky and expensive instrument. Under the optimal conditions, this method provided a limit of detection of 0.1 mg L-1 comparable to or better than most reported methods. The method eventually was applied to 14 different beverages and cyclamate was found below the threshold set by Chinese Standards for Food Additives. The proposed method provides great potential for the field analysis of cyclamate in the supervision of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Jing
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
| | - Siyu He
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Yao Lin
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Chengbin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of MOE, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
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15
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Zhang M, Tang Q, Li P, He L, Hou X, Jiang X. Array Point Discharge as Enhanced Tandem Excitation Source for Miniaturized Optical Emission Spectrometer. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5151-5158. [PMID: 36878017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
A new compact tandem excitation source was designed and constructed by using an array point discharge (ArrPD) microplasma for a miniaturized optical emission spectrometer through coupling a hydride generation (HG) unit as a sample introduction device. Three pairs of point discharges were arranged in sequence in a narrow discharge chamber to construct the ArrPD microplasma, for improved excitation capability owing to the serial excitation. Besides, the discharge plasma region was greatly enlarged, therefore, more gaseous analytes could be intercepted to enter into the microplasma for sufficient excitation, for improved excitation efficiency and OES signal. To better understand the effectiveness of the proposed ArrPD source, a new instrument for simultaneous detection of atomic emission and absorption spectral responses was also proposed, designed, and constructed to reveal the excitation and enhancement process in the discharge chamber. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) of As, Ge, Hg, Pb, Sb, Se, and Sn were 0.7, 0.4, 0.05, 0.7, 0.3, 2, and 0.08 μg L-1, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were all less than 4%. Compared with a commonly used single point discharge microplasma source, the analytical sensitivities of these seven elements were improved by 3-6-fold. Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were successfully analyzed with this miniaturized spectrometer, which features low power, compactness, portability, and high detectability, and is thereby a great prospect in the field of elemental analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Qingsong Tang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Peixia Li
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Lin He
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Key Lab of Green Chemistry and Technology of MOE, and College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Xiaoming Jiang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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16
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Yang R, Li Q, Zhou W, Yu S, Liu J. Speciation Analysis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Inorganic Selenium Species by Dual-Cloud Point Extraction and ICP-MS Determination. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16328-16336. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qingcun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing100085, China
| | - Sujuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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17
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Development of a miniaturized hydride generation-dielectric barrier discharge atomic absorption spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Direct coupling of liquid–liquid extraction with 3D-printed microplasma optical emission spectrometer for speciation analysis of mercury in fish oil. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Greda K, Welna M, Szymczycha-Madeja A, Pohl P. Sensitive determination of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry combined with the microplasma-assisted vapor generation. Talanta 2022; 249:123694. [PMID: 35738207 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A technique of vapor generation assisted by a microplasma was used for sample introduction into inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). Replacing a pneumatic nebulizer with a novel microplasma device improved the sensitivities of analytical signals for Ag, Bi, Cd, Pb, Tl, and Zn (by 2-13 times), as well as a concomitant reduction in their detection limits (DLs). Moreover, an outstanding improvement (30-fold) was achieved for Hg. The factors contributing to the boosted signal intensities were higher analyte fluxes and less water vapor produced by the microplasma system. The DLs of Ag, Bi, Cd, Hg, Pb, Tl, and Zn in microplasma-ICP OES were 0.4, 4, 0.06, 0.2, 2, 5, and 0.2 μg L-1, respectively, and the measurement precision was within the range of 0.7-2.4% (it was significantly improved as compared to that achievable with pneumatic nebulization). The proposed microplasma-assisted vapor generation eliminates the use of toxic reductants, e.g., sodium tetrahydridoborate, and it is characterized by higher resistance to matrix effects from transition metal ions (as compared to chemical vapor generation (CVG) and photochemical vapor generation (PVG)). To validate the trueness of the SAGD-ICP OES method, certified reference materials of lobster hepatopancreas (TORT-2), cormorant tissue (MODAS-4) as well as spiked tap water and seawater samples were analyzed to determine levels Cd and Hg. The standard additions method was used for calibration in both cases. Recoveries of the analytes in the case of the analysis of TORT-2 and MODAS-4 samples as well as the spiked tap water and seawater was within the range of 98-113%, which indicated that the developed sample introduction system can be successfully used for very sensitive determinations of selected hazardous elements in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Greda
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Welna
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szymczycha-Madeja
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Wybrzeze Stanislawa Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
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